CN109364064A - 青蒿素在防治脑卒中的应用 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了青蒿素在防治脑卒中的应用,本发明青蒿素副作用低,通过激活小鼠脑中ERK1/2信号通路,改善脑缺血再灌注小鼠缺血后的神经功能;减轻脑缺血再灌注小鼠缺血后的脑水肿和氧化损伤,降低脑缺血再灌注小鼠脑梗塞面积,减少脑缺血再灌注小鼠神经细胞凋亡及细胞缺失等对改善脑卒中具有积极作用。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及中药单体的应用领域,具体涉及青蒿素在防治脑卒中的应用。
背景技术
目前,脑卒中是我国第一位死亡原因,也是成年人残疾的首要原因。脑卒中发病率高、死亡率高和致残率高,目前尚无安全有效的药物用于治疗脑卒中。
TTC(2,3,5-三苯基氯化四氮唑)的氧化态是无色的,可被氢还原成不溶性的红色三苯甲月替(TTF)。应用TTC的水溶液浸泡脑组织,使之渗入脑组织的细胞内,如果细胞具有生命力,其中的脱氢酶就可以将TTC作为受氢体使之还原成为三苯甲月替而呈红色(正常脑组织染色为红色),如果为梗死区则染色为苍白色。应用Belayev等的计算公式纠正水肿:矫正梗死体积百分比=(矫正梗死体积/非缺血侧半球体积)×100%。免疫组织化学,是指带显色剂标记的特异性抗体在组织细胞原位通过抗原抗体反应和组织化学的呈色反应,对相应抗原进行定性、定位、定量测定的一项新技术。在生物医学研究中具有十分广泛的作用。蛋白质印迹(WesternBlot),是分子生物学、生物化学和免疫遗传学中常用的一种实验方法。其基本原理是通过特异性抗体对凝胶电泳处理过的细胞或生物组织样品进行着色。通过分析着色的位置和着色深度获得特定蛋白质在所分析的细胞或组织中表达情况的信息。
青蒿素作为一种抗疟药而广为熟知,除此之外,其被研究发现还具有多种作用,其中包括抗炎,抗凋亡等。但目前尚无青蒿素与脑卒中神经保护的关系的相关报道。
发明内容
本发明的目的之一在于提供青蒿素在防治脑卒中的应用。
本发明提供了青蒿素在防治脑卒中的应用,包括改善缺血后的神经功能、减轻脑缺血性后梗死体积、减轻缺血后的脑水肿、改善氧化损伤、细胞凋亡及细胞缺失。研究发现,ERK级联在脑缺血再灌注损伤过程中被抑制,小鼠脑缺血再灌注后,小鼠脑缺血再灌注脑组织ERK的磷酸化水平显著降低。我们的研究发现,给予青蒿素后小鼠脑缺血再灌注侧ERK的磷酸化水平明显激活,而给予ERK抑制剂(PD98059)能逆转ERK的磷酸化水平、青蒿素致小鼠脑缺血梗塞面积降低作用也因PD98059的逆转而消失。说明青蒿素通过诱导ERK的磷酸化而对脑卒中起到神经保护作用。
本发明所采取的技术方案是:
青蒿素在制备预防或/和治疗脑卒中药剂中的应用。
进一步的,脑卒中是由大脑动脉闭塞造成的缺血性脑卒中。
青蒿素在制备预防/治疗脑梗塞的药剂中的应用。
进一步的,所述的脑梗塞为脑缺血梗塞。
青蒿素在制备预防/治疗脑水肿药剂中的应用。
进一步的,所述的脑水肿为脑缺血后脑水肿。
青蒿素在制备抑制脑卒中细胞损伤及凋亡药剂中的应用。
青蒿素在制备抗脑卒中氧化损伤药剂中的应用。
进一步的,所述抗脑卒中氧化损伤药剂为能够减少自由基及丙二醛和/或提高增加脑内抗
氧化能力或物质。
一种预防/治疗脑卒中的药物,活性成分包括青蒿素。
本发明的有益效果是:
青蒿素可以提高小鼠脑缺血后的神经功能、改善小鼠缺血后神经功能以及降低小鼠缺血后脑水肿和氧化损伤,降低脑缺血再灌注小鼠脑梗塞面积,减少脑缺血再灌注小鼠神经细胞凋亡及细胞缺失等。青蒿素激活小鼠脑中ERK信号通路相关蛋白的磷酸化,使受试小鼠的脑梗塞面积、神经功能、脑水肿与模型组(给与等量PBS)相比得到明显改善,包括脑梗塞面积减少,神经功能状态好转,缺血性脑水肿降低等。而且临床副作用低,为治疗脑卒中的临床应用提供实验基础,具有良好的临床应用前景。
附图说明
图1青蒿素改善了脑缺血再灌注小鼠的神经功能。
为青蒿素在脑缺血再灌注0小时和24小时的神经学评估,再灌注0小时时,模型组与青蒿素治疗组的神经功能评分一致,而在24小时,青蒿素治疗组小鼠的神经功能得到了改善,而模型组的神经功能未得到改善。Blank为空白组,Model为模型组,ART为青蒿素,下同。
图2青蒿素剂量依赖性降低脑缺血再灌注小鼠的脑梗塞面积。
小鼠在缺血1小时后给予青蒿素,再灌注24小时后取材并对各组脑组织行TTC染色所获得梗塞面积。其中,A组为空白对照组(给与等量生理盐水),B组为模型组(给与等量生理盐水),C组为模型组+青蒿素2mg/kg,D组模型组+青蒿素6mg/kg,E组模型组+青蒿素18mg/kg。与模型组相比,青蒿素6mg/kg及18mg/kg组显著降低脑缺血再灌注小鼠的脑梗塞面积。
图3青蒿素时间依赖性改善脑缺血再灌注小鼠的脑梗塞面积。
小鼠在脑缺血开始0小时、1小时、3小时、4.5小时、6小时给予6mg/kg青蒿素,总计再灌注24小时后取材并对各组脑组织行TTC染色所获得梗塞面积。其中,A组为空白对照组,B组为模型组,C组为缺血0小时给予青蒿素,D组为缺血1小时给予青蒿素,E组为缺血3小时给予青蒿素,F组为缺血4.5小时给予青蒿素,G组为缺血6小时给予青蒿素。青蒿素可以明显的减少C57/B6L小鼠脑缺血再灌注后的梗死区域面积(即苍白色区域减少),不管是缺血时给药还是缺血再灌注后给药(0h、1h、3h、4.5h四个给药时间点),青蒿素的保护效果都很明显,这种保护效果在再灌注6h(6h)后不明显。
图4青蒿素改善脑缺血再灌注小鼠的脑水肿情况。
各组小鼠在脑缺血再灌注给药处理后进行脑组织含水量测定,从而观察脑水肿的变化。结果说明青蒿素改善脑缺血再灌注小鼠的脑水肿情况。与对照组相比,模型组小鼠脑组织含水量明显升高(P<0.05)。与模型组相比,青蒿素治疗组(2mg/kg,6mg/kg,18mg/kg)脑含水量均显著降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);但青蒿素治疗组组间无统计学差异(P>0.05),即青蒿素可以显著降低C57/B6L小鼠脑梗塞引起的脑水肿。
图5青蒿素减弱脑缺血再灌注小鼠大脑皮质中的细胞损伤及凋亡。
通过HE染色检测细胞形态变化,然后使用Nissl染色检查神经元细胞活力,并且使用末端脱氧核苷酸转移的UTP缺口末端标记(TUNEL)测定法测定皮质中的凋亡细胞。结果说明青蒿素能减弱脑缺血再灌注小鼠大脑皮质中的细胞损伤及凋亡。
图6青蒿素增加脑缺血再灌注小鼠大脑皮层的神经元细胞数量。
NeuN是神经元的标记,用于检查青蒿素对脑缺血再灌注小鼠脑组织中神经元数量。结果说明青蒿素能增加脑缺血再灌注小鼠大脑皮层的神经元细胞数量。
图7青蒿素降低脑缺血再灌注小鼠的丙二醛(MDA)水平和增加超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的水平。
使用酶联免疫吸附测定法测定丙二醛(MDA)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的水平。结果表明青蒿素能降低脑缺血再灌注小鼠脑中的丙二醛(MDA)水平和升高脑缺血再灌注小鼠脑中的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)水平。
图8青蒿素刺激ERK1/2,CREB的磷酸化。
蛋白免疫印迹实验检测p-ERK和p-CREB的蛋白磷酸化。结果表明青蒿素刺激ERK1/2和CREB的磷酸化。
图9抑制ERK的表达减弱了青蒿素对脑缺血再灌注小鼠的保护作用。用药前给予ERK抑制剂(PD98059)后,降低了青蒿素的治疗作用,如小鼠脑缺血再灌注侧脑梗塞面积降低作用消失,且青蒿素刺激ERK1/2,CREB的磷酸化作用减弱,结果表明青蒿素是通过部分激活ERK的磷酸化而对脑卒中起到神经保护作用。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例对本发明作进一步说明。
实施例1青蒿素对脑缺血再灌注小鼠的神经功能评估的影响
取40只C57/B6L小鼠分成5组,每组8只。给药前分别称取体重,并根据体重计算用药量。A组为空白对照组(给与等量生理盐水);B组为模型组(给与等量生理盐水);C组为模型组+青蒿素2mg/kg;D组模型组+青蒿素6mg/kg;E组模型组+青蒿素18mg/kg。我们使用大脑中动脉闭塞法制作小鼠脑缺血再灌注模型,将模型小鼠脑缺血1小时后拔出线栓,进行再灌注,给与不同浓度的青蒿素(2mg/kg、6mg/kg和18mg/kg)对大脑中动脉闭塞模型小鼠进行腹腔注射给药,分别在给药0小时和给药24小时后进行神经功能评分。
神经系统评分(Zea-longaScale)标准:0分,无神经损伤症状;1分,轻微神经功能损伤,不能完全伸展对侧前爪;2分,重度局灶性神经功能缺损,向对侧转圈;3分,重度局灶性神经功能缺损,向对侧倾侧;4分,不能自发行走,意识丧失。
结果:脑卒中为大脑动脉闭塞造成的脑缺血性脑卒中。图1为青蒿素在脑缺血再灌注0小时和24小时的神经功能评估。再灌注0小时时,模型组与青蒿素治疗组的神经功能评分一致,而在24小时,青蒿素治疗组小鼠的神经功能得到了改善,而模型组的神经功能未得到改善。
实施例2:青蒿素剂量依赖性及时间依赖性改善脑缺血再灌注小鼠的脑梗塞面积
取40只C57/B6L小鼠分成5组,每组8只。给药前分别称取体重,并根据体重计算用药量。A组为空白对照组(给与等量生理盐水);B组为模型组(给与等量生理盐水);C组为模型组+青蒿素2mg/kg;D组模型组+青蒿素6mg/kg;E组模型组+青蒿素18mg/kg。首先,我们使用大脑中动脉闭塞法制作小鼠脑缺血再灌注模型,将大脑中动脉闭塞模型小鼠脑缺血1小时后拔出线栓,进行再灌注。针对剂量依赖性脑梗塞面积测定时,在再灌注0小时时用不同浓度的青蒿素(2mg/kg、6mg/kg和18mg/kg)对大脑中动脉闭塞模型小鼠进行腹腔注射给药;针对时间依赖性脑梗塞面积测定时,在再灌注后不同时间点给予6mg/kg青蒿素,再灌注24小时对脑组织进行取材并行TTC染色,对各组小鼠脑部的梗塞面积进行评价。实验过程中,控制室内光线及温度恒定,使整个实验过程尽可能环境条件保持不变。
结果:图2~图3可知,所述的脑梗塞为脑缺血梗塞。针对青蒿素剂量依赖性脑梗塞面积测定时,与空白对照相比,模型组C57/B6L小鼠脑IRI后的梗死区域面积(即苍白色区域)显著增加,腹腔注射青蒿素可以明显的减少C57/B6L小鼠脑IRI后的梗死区域面积(即苍白色区域减少);青蒿素剂量为6mg/kg时的保护效果已经非常明显,继续增加药物剂量(18mg/kg)不会增加神经保护效果。针对青蒿素时间依赖性脑梗塞面积测定时,TTC染色实验结果发现,腹腔注射青蒿素(剂量为6mg/kg)可以明显发挥对C57/B6L小鼠脑IR损伤的保护效应。1%TTC染色后正常未发生脑梗死的区域为红色,发生梗死的区域则染成苍白色。腹腔注射青蒿素可以明显的减少C57/B6L小鼠脑IRI后的梗死区域面积(即苍白色区域减少),不管是缺血时给药还是缺血再灌注后给药(0h、1h、3h、4.5h四个给药时间点),青蒿素的保护效果都很明显,这种保护效果在再灌注6h(6h)后不明显。
实施例3:青蒿素对脑缺血再灌注小鼠的脑水肿情况的影响
取40只C57/B6L小鼠分成5组,每组8只。给药前分别称取体重,并根据体重计算用药量。A组为空白对照组(给与等量生理盐水);B组为模型组(给与等量生理盐水);C组为模型组+青蒿素2mg/kg;D组模型组+青蒿素6mg/kg;E组模型组+青蒿素18mg/kg。首先,我们使用大脑中动脉闭塞法制作小鼠脑缺血再灌注模型,脑缺血1小时后拔出线栓,进行再灌注,同时用不同浓度的青蒿素(2mg/kg,6mg/kg,18mg/kg)对小鼠进行腹腔注射给药,采用干湿重法进行脑含水量测定。即在给药24小时后立即将小鼠断头处死,采用干湿法,去除额极后取梗塞侧大脑半球用于脑含水量测定。
⑴将脑组织放入事先称重(A)的锡纸中,立即称重(B),B-A即得湿重;
⑵用锡纸包裹脑组织,放入95℃烤箱内烘干24h后取出恢复到室温,称重(C),C-A即得干重,反复称量至恒重;
⑶代入公式计算脑组织含水量:(脑组织湿重-脑组织干重)/湿重×100%,即(B-C)/(B-A)×100%。
结果:脑含水量测定用干湿重法测得的脑组织含水量结果(图4)显示:与对照组相比,模型组组小鼠脑组织含水量明显升高(P<0.05)。与模型组相比,青蒿素治疗组(2mg/kg,6mg/kg,18mg/kg)脑含水量均显著降低差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);但青蒿素治疗组组件无统计学差异(P>0.05),即青蒿素可以显著降低C57/B6L小鼠脑梗塞引起的脑水肿。
实施例4:青蒿素减对缺血再灌注小鼠大脑皮质中的细胞损伤及凋亡的影响
取40只C57/B6L小鼠分成5组,每组8只。给药前分别称取体重,并根据体重计算用药量。A组为空白对照组(给与等量生理盐水);B组为模型组(给与等量生理盐水);C组为模型组+青蒿素2mg/kg;D组模型组+青蒿素6mg/kg;E组模型组+青蒿素18mg/kg。脑缺血1小时后拔出线栓,进行再灌注,同时用不同浓度的青蒿素(2mg/kg,6mg/kg,18mg/kg)对小鼠进行腹腔注射给药,再灌注24小时后立即将小鼠断头处死,于冰上迅速取出小鼠全脑,放入多聚甲醛后固定24h,常规脱水透明石蜡包埋(70%乙醇2h,80%乙醇2h,90%乙醇1h,95%乙醇1h,100%乙醇Ⅰ30min,100%乙醇Ⅱ30min,二甲苯Ⅰ10min,二甲苯Ⅱ10min,软蜡1h,硬蜡1h),蜡块进行冠状面切片,厚度为5μm。
4.1HE染色:将切好的石蜡切片,进行常规脱蜡水化之后苏木素浸染4min,自来水充分冲洗,伊红浸染1min,脱水、透明:95%乙醇5min,100%乙醇Ⅰ5min,100%乙醇Ⅱ5min,二甲苯5min,中性树胶封片,显微镜下观察染色结果。
4.2Nissl染色:将切好的石蜡切片,进行常规脱蜡水化之后尼氏染色液浸染15-20min,95%乙醇分色数秒,常规脱水、透明,中性树胶封片,显微镜下观察染色结果。
4.3TUNEL(末端脱氧核苷酸转移酶介导的dUTP缺口末端标记测定法):将切好的石蜡切片,进行常规脱蜡水化之后进行常规脱蜡水化之后浸入0.01M枸橼酸缓冲溶液中抗原修复。随后3%H2O2去离子水孵育12min,以消除内源性过氧化物酶活性。PBS清洗,3min×3次。滴加试剂封闭后勿洗,滴加TUNEL反应液,37℃,放置90分钟。PBS冲洗,5min×3次。滴加0.1-0.3ml标记反应终止液,室温孵育10分钟。PBS冲洗,5min×3次。滴加Streptavidin-HRP工作液,室温孵育30分钟,PBS冲洗,5min×3次,之后DAB显色,玻片置于显微镜下观察显色的程度,随时用蒸馏水终止反应。自来水充分冲洗。苏木素复染3min~5min,自来水充分冲洗,中性树胶封片。
结果:图5中显示的是各组小鼠脑内神经元的形态,数目及凋亡的情况,青蒿素改善脑缺血再灌注小鼠皮层中神经元的空泡样变性,增加尼氏小体的数量,并显著减少皮层中的细胞凋亡,说明青蒿素减弱脑缺血再灌注小鼠大脑皮质中的细胞损伤及凋亡。
实施例5:青蒿素对脑缺血再灌注小鼠大脑皮层的神经元细胞数量的影响
取40只C57/B6L小鼠分成5组,每组8只。给药前分别称取体重,并根据体重计算用药量。A组为空白对照组(给与等量生理盐水);B组为模型组(给与等量生理盐水);C组为模型组+青蒿素2mg/kg;D组模型组+青蒿素6mg/kg;E组模型组+青蒿素18mg/kg。脑缺血1小时后拔出线栓,进行再灌注,同时用不同浓度的青蒿素(2mg/kg,6mg/kg,18mg/kg)对小鼠进行腹腔注射给药,再灌注24小时后立即将小鼠断头处死,于冰上迅速取出小鼠全脑,放入多聚甲醛后固定24h,常规脱水透明石蜡包埋(70%乙醇2h,80%乙醇2h,90%乙醇1h,95%乙醇1h,100%乙醇Ⅰ30min,100%乙醇Ⅱ30min,二甲苯Ⅰ10min,二甲苯Ⅱ10min,软蜡1h,硬蜡1h),蜡块进行冠状面切片,厚度为5μm。
将切好的石蜡切片,进行常规脱蜡水化之后浸入0.01M枸橼酸缓冲溶液中抗原修复。随后3%H2O2孵育12min,以消除内源性过氧化物酶活性。PBS清洗,3min×3次。滴加试剂封闭1小时后,勿洗,滴加稀释好的一抗,4℃过夜。PBS冲洗,5min×3次。第二天滴加试剂二抗,室温孵育60min。PBS冲洗,5min×3次。之后DAB显色,玻片置于显微镜下观察显色的程度,使用蒸馏水终止反应,自来水充分冲洗干净。常规脱水透明,中性树胶封片。
结果:图6为各组小鼠皮层神经元NeuN染色(神经元特异染色)。结果显示脑缺血再灌注小鼠大脑皮层神经元数量减少,青蒿素治疗增加脑缺血再灌注小鼠脑中神经元数量。
实施例6:不同浓度的青蒿素对脑缺血再灌注小鼠抗氧化的影响
取40只C57/B6L小鼠分成5组,每组8只。给药前分别称取体重,并根据体重计算用药量。A组为空白对照组(给与等量生理盐水);B组为模型组(给与等量生理盐水);C组为模型组+青蒿素2mg/kg;D组模型组+青蒿素6mg/kg;E组模型组+青蒿素18mg/kg。脑缺血1小时后拔出线栓,进行再灌注,同时用不同浓度的青蒿素(2mg/kg,6mg/kg,18mg/kg)对小鼠进行腹腔注射给药,再灌注24小时后立即将小鼠断头处死,于冰上迅速取出小鼠损伤侧半脑,随后加入预冷的PBS进行匀浆,随后匀浆液4℃离心,取上清作为待测样品,对SOD以及MDA进行检测。
结果:图7中显示使用青蒿素后,脑缺血再灌注小鼠体内的丙二醛的含量明显低于未给药的脑缺血再灌注小鼠,超氧化物歧化酶的含量明显高于未给药的脑缺血再灌注小鼠,说明青蒿素可减少脑缺血再灌注小鼠的氧化损伤作用,增加脑内抗氧化能力。
实施例7.不同浓度的青蒿素对ERK信号通路的影响
取40只C57/B6L小鼠分成5组,每组8只。给药前分别称取体重,并根据体重计算用药量。A组为空白对照组(给与等量生理盐水);B组为模型组(给与等量生理盐水);C组为模型组+青蒿素2mg/kg;D组模型组+青蒿素6mg/kg;E组模型组+青蒿素18mg/kg。脑缺血1小时后拔出线栓,进行再灌注,同时用不同浓度的青蒿素(2mg/kg,6mg/kg,18mg/kg)对小鼠进行腹腔注射给药,再灌注24小时后立即将小鼠断头处死,于冰上迅速解剖分离脑组织并去掉嗅球,取出完整无损的损伤侧半脑。在每10mL的RIPA蛋白裂解液中加入100μL的PMSF,浓度为100mM;以及加入磷酸酶抑制剂和蛋白酶抑制剂,充分混匀,置于冰上放置20min备用。将小鼠的缺血侧大脑组织在冰上充分剪碎,放入裂解液中,在冰上用研磨棒进行充分的组织匀浆。12000rpm、4℃离心15min,获得的上清液即为蛋白提取物,检测蛋白浓度,每孔加入等量蛋白,SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳后转移到PVDF膜,使用胎牛血清封闭1h,加入一抗孵育,4℃过夜。第二天二抗室温孵育1h后显影。检测ERK信号通路相关蛋白的表达情况。
结果:图8脑缺血再灌注小鼠给予不同浓度青蒿素后,青蒿素刺激ERK1/2,CREB的磷酸化。用药前给予PD98059(ERK抑制剂)后,PD98059用药导致青蒿素的小鼠脑缺血再灌注侧脑梗塞面积降低作用消失,结果表明青蒿素是通过/部分通过激活ERK的磷酸化而对脑卒中起到神经保护作用(图9)。
上述实施例为本发明较佳的实施方式,但本发明的实施方式并不受上述实施例的限制,其他的任何未背离本发明的精神实质与原理下所作的改变、修饰、替代、组合、简化,均应为等效的置换方式,都包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (8)
1.青蒿素在制备预防或/和治疗脑卒中药剂中的应用。
2.根据权利要求1所述的应用,脑卒中是由大脑动脉闭塞造成的缺血性脑卒中。
3.青蒿素在制备预防/治疗脑梗塞的药剂中的应用。
4.根据权利要求3所述的应用,所述的脑梗塞为脑缺血梗塞。
5.青蒿素在制备预防/治疗脑水肿药剂中的应用。
6.根据权利要求5所述的应用,所述的脑水肿为脑缺血后脑水肿。
7.青蒿素在制备抑制脑卒中细胞损伤及凋亡药剂中的应用。
8.青蒿素在制备抗脑卒中氧化损伤药剂中的应用。
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