CN109358309A - The DC component influence experimental rig and method of electrical energy measurement - Google Patents

The DC component influence experimental rig and method of electrical energy measurement Download PDF

Info

Publication number
CN109358309A
CN109358309A CN201811427309.3A CN201811427309A CN109358309A CN 109358309 A CN109358309 A CN 109358309A CN 201811427309 A CN201811427309 A CN 201811427309A CN 109358309 A CN109358309 A CN 109358309A
Authority
CN
China
Prior art keywords
electrical energy
energy measurement
current
electric energy
standard set
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
CN201811427309.3A
Other languages
Chinese (zh)
Inventor
熊魁
岳长喜
李登云
朱凯
余佶成
李智成
刘洋
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
State Grid Corp of China SGCC
China Electric Power Research Institute Co Ltd CEPRI
Original Assignee
State Grid Corp of China SGCC
China Electric Power Research Institute Co Ltd CEPRI
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by State Grid Corp of China SGCC, China Electric Power Research Institute Co Ltd CEPRI filed Critical State Grid Corp of China SGCC
Priority to CN201811427309.3A priority Critical patent/CN109358309A/en
Publication of CN109358309A publication Critical patent/CN109358309A/en
Pending legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01RMEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R35/00Testing or calibrating of apparatus covered by the other groups of this subclass
    • G01R35/04Testing or calibrating of apparatus covered by the other groups of this subclass of instruments for measuring time integral of power or current
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01RMEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R35/00Testing or calibrating of apparatus covered by the other groups of this subclass
    • G01R35/02Testing or calibrating of apparatus covered by the other groups of this subclass of auxiliary devices, e.g. of instrument transformers according to prescribed transformation ratio, phase angle, or wattage rating

Landscapes

  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Measuring Instrument Details And Bridges, And Automatic Balancing Devices (AREA)

Abstract

The present invention relates to the DC component influence experimental rigs and method of a kind of electrical energy measurement, it include: common electric energy metering device and electrical energy measurement standard set-up, it further include power controller, measure-controlling unit, voltage source, ac and dc current source, error calculation display device, wherein the power controller is connected with the voltage source and the ac and dc current source respectively, the common electric energy metering device includes voltage transformer, current transformer and the first electric energy meter, the voltage source and the ac and dc current source are connected with the electrical energy measurement standard set-up and first electric energy meter respectively, the voltage transformer passes through the measure-controlling unit with the current transformer and is connected with the power controller, the electrical energy measurement standard set-up and first electric energy meter are connected with the error calculation display device.The method of the present invention is simple, and accuracy rate is high.

Description

The DC component influence experimental rig and method of electrical energy measurement
Technical field
The present invention relates to the technical fields of electrical energy measurement, refer in particular to a kind of DC component influence test dress of electrical energy measurement It sets and method.
Background technique
As power electronics load and nonlinear load are widely applied in AC system, to bringing certain direct current in power grid Component, and DC component can generate apparent influence to the error of electrical energy measurement Current Transformer.By taking current transformer as an example, Main flux will will appear DC component in the case of DC component, and direct current flux is overlapped mutually with exchange flux, and DC component is complete Portion is used to excitation.Due to the excitation property of iron core be it is non-linear, with the increase of DC component, exciting current will be presented positive and negative half All asymmetrically shapes, and a large amount of harmonic waves are generated, so that the Transfer characteristic of current transformer is deteriorated, finally make core sataration, leads Cause its ratio difference mobile toward negative direction, phase difference is mobile toward positive direction, and existing research is about transformer error under DC component And its it is seldom to the quantitative analysis of electrical energy measurement, and lack corresponding hardware means and it is emulated and is tested.
In order to overcome the above problem, Chinese invention patent (CN107748346A) discloses a kind of load containing DC component pair High-voltage electric energy measurement influence test method, using one through mutual inductor access electric energy meter, a V/v type voltage transformer, Two current transformers, an error calculation unit, alterating and direct current energy measurement criteria, an a set of load containing DC component, will Three phase half wave rectification unit simulation load containing DC component, using alterating and direct current energy measurement criteria as measurement criteria, through mutual inductance Device access electric energy meter detects transformer and high-voltage electric-energy meter under loading effects containing DC component as checked object Electric energy metering error analyzes influence of the load containing DC component to high-voltage electric energy measurement with this.Although above-mentioned solve containing direct current Component load influences the problem of lacking research technique to high-voltage electric energy measurement, but method is complicated, and accuracy rate is not high.
Summary of the invention
For this purpose, technical problem to be solved by the present invention lies in method complexity in the prior art is overcome, and accuracy rate is low Problem, to provide, a kind of method is simple and the DC component influence test dress of the electrical energy measurement that can effectively improve test accuracy rate It sets and method.
In order to solve the above technical problems, a kind of DC component influence experimental rig of electrical energy measurement of the invention, common electricity Energy metering device and electrical energy measurement standard set-up, further include power controller, measure-controlling unit, voltage source, ac and dc current Source, error calculation display device, wherein the power controller is connected with the voltage source and the ac and dc current source respectively, The common electric energy metering device includes voltage transformer, current transformer and the first electric energy meter, the voltage source with it is described Voltage transformer is connected, and the ac and dc current source is connected with the current transformer, the voltage source and the alterating and direct current Stream source is connected with the electrical energy measurement standard set-up and first electric energy meter respectively, and the voltage transformer and the electric current are mutual Sensor passes through the measure-controlling unit and is connected with the power controller, the electrical energy measurement standard set-up and described first Electric energy meter is connected with the error calculation display device.
In one embodiment of the invention, the electrical energy measurement standard set-up includes current ratio standard device and Two electric energy meters.
In one embodiment of the invention, the current ratio standard device includes toroidal core, and the annular magnetic Primary current line and secondary current line are wound on core, and the primary current line passes through the toroidal core, the secondary current Line uniform winding is on the toroidal core.
In one embodiment of the invention, it is set on the toroidal core there are two groove, described two grooves are symmetrical It is arranged in the geometrical symmetry line of the toroidal core.
In one embodiment of the invention, two detection magnetic cores, the detection magnetic core are respectively fixed in the groove Winding differential concatenation is simultaneously fixed on magnetic flux gate circuit.
In one embodiment of the invention, the magnetic flux gate circuit is positive respectively, is reversely fixed on the toroidal core Two grooves in.
In one embodiment of the invention, the input terminal of the output end of the magnetic flux gate circuit and amplifying circuit connects, The output end of the amplifying circuit is connect with the input terminal of secondary current line, the output end and protection circuit of the secondary current line Input terminal connection.
In one embodiment of the invention, the output end of the protection circuit and load connect.
The present invention also provides a kind of DC component influence test methods of electrical energy measurement, include the following steps: using two The electric energy in a channel directly acts on common electric energy metering device and electrical energy measurement standard set-up, with the electrical energy measurement standard The be calculated as a reference value of device, with common the be calculated as subject value of electric energy metering device, be the common electric energy metering device and The electrical energy measurement standard set-up power supply;Output voltage signal and current signal respectively measure output voltage, current signal, meter It calculates and locks output voltage and current parameter;By the electric energy of the common electric energy metering device and the output of electrical energy measurement standard set-up It compares, obtains active and reactive energy measurement error.
In one embodiment of the invention, the parameter includes the parameters such as frequency, amplitude, waveform, phase.
The above technical solution of the present invention has the following advantages over the prior art:
The DC component influence experimental rig and method of electrical energy measurement of the present invention, the measure-controlling unit are calculated and are locked Determine output voltage and current parameter, is conducive to carry out error analysis according to parameter;Common electric energy metering device and the electric energy meter The electric energy of amount standard set-up output is compared by the error calculation display device, obtains active and reactive energy metering Error is tested electrical energy measurement influence to may be implemented under the operating conditions such as different DC components, voltage and current, be can be used for straight Transformer error and its quantitative analysis to electrical energy measurement under flow component, not only simply, and accuracy rate is high.
Detailed description of the invention
In order to make the content of the present invention more clearly understood, it below according to specific embodiments of the present invention and combines Attached drawing, the present invention is described in further detail, wherein
Fig. 1 is the schematic diagram of the DC component influence experimental rig of electrical energy measurement of the present invention;
Fig. 2 is the schematic diagram of electrical energy measurement standard set-up of the present invention.
Figure of description description of symbols: 11- power controller, 12- measure-controlling unit, 13- voltage source, 14- voltage are mutual Sensor, 15- ac and dc current source, 16- current transformer, 17- electrical energy measurement standard set-up, 171- toroidal core, 172- are primary Current mode, 173- secondary current line, 174- groove, 175- magnetic flux gate circuit, 176- amplifying circuit, 177- protect circuit, 18- the One electric energy meter, 19- error calculation display device.
Specific embodiment
Embodiment one
As shown in Figure 1, the present embodiment provides a kind of DC component influence experimental rig of electrical energy measurement, including common electrical energy measurement Device and electrical energy measurement standard set-up 17 further include power controller 11, measure-controlling unit 12, voltage source 13, alterating and direct current Stream source 15, error calculation display device 19, wherein the power controller 11 respectively with the voltage source 13 and the alternating current-direct current Current source 15 is connected, and the common electric energy metering device includes voltage transformer 14, current transformer 16 and the first electric energy meter 18, the voltage source 13 is connected with the voltage transformer 14, the ac and dc current source 15 and 16 phase of current transformer Even, the voltage source 13 and the ac and dc current source 15 respectively with the electrical energy measurement standard set-up 17 and first electric energy Table 18 is connected, and the voltage transformer 14 passes through the measure-controlling unit 12 and the power with the current transformer 16 Controller 11 is connected, the electrical energy measurement standard set-up 17 and first electric energy meter 18 with the error calculation display device 19 are connected.
The DC component influence experimental rig of electrical energy measurement described in the present embodiment, including power controller 11, measurement control Unit 12, voltage source 13, ac and dc current source 15, common electric energy metering device, electrical energy measurement standard set-up 17, error calculation are aobvious Showing device 19, wherein the power controller 11 is connected with the voltage source 13 and the ac and dc current source 15 respectively, it is described Voltage source 13 and the ac and dc current source 15 pass through the power controller 11 difference output voltage signal and current signal, institute Stating common electric energy metering device includes voltage transformer 14, current transformer 16 and the first electric energy meter 18, the voltage source 13 It is connected with the voltage transformer 14, the ac and dc current source 15 is connected with the current transformer 16, the voltage source 13 It is connected respectively with the electrical energy measurement standard set-up 17 and first electric energy meter 18 with the ac and dc current source 15, so as to Think the voltage transformer 14, current transformer 16 and first electric energy meter 18 power supply, while being the electrical energy measurement Standard set-up 17 is powered;The voltage transformer 14 passes through the measure-controlling unit 12 and institute with the current transformer 16 It states power controller 11 to be connected, the voltage source 13 and the ac and dc current source 15 difference output voltage signal and electric current are believed Number, and the voltage transformer 14 and the current transformer 16 are acted on simultaneously, measure output voltage, the signal of electric current passes through Sampling returns to the measure-controlling unit 12, and the measure-controlling unit 12 calculates and locks output voltage and current parameter, has Error analysis is carried out conducive to according to parameter;The electrical energy measurement standard set-up 17 and first electric energy meter 18 with the error It calculates display device 19 to be connected, the electric energy of common electric energy metering device and the electrical energy measurement standard set-up 17 output passes through described Error calculation display device 19 compares, and active and reactive energy measurement error is obtained, to may be implemented in different direct currents Electrical energy measurement influence is tested under the operating conditions such as component, voltage and current, can be used under DC component transformer error and its right The quantitative analysis of electrical energy measurement, not only simply, and accuracy rate is high.
The electrical energy measurement standard set-up 17 includes current ratio standard device and the second electric energy meter.As shown in Fig. 2, institute Stating current ratio standard device includes toroidal core 171, and primary current line 172 and secondary is wound on the toroidal core 171 Current line 173, and the primary current line 172 passes through the toroidal core 171,173 uniform winding of secondary current line exists On the toroidal core 171, to be conducive to generate magnetic field after being powered.Specifically, the last winding of the toroidal core 171, It is designed using punching, passes through the toroidal core 171 and input tested electric current, secondary winding is uniformly wound on the toroidal core On 171.It is set on the toroidal core 171 there are two groove 174, described two grooves 174 are arranged symmetrically on the annular magnetic In the geometrical symmetry line of core 171, to be conducive to reduce the error of measurement.Two detections are respectively fixed in the groove 174 Magnetic core, the detection magnetic core winding differential concatenation are simultaneously fixed on magnetic flux gate circuit 175, and the magnetic flux gate circuit 175 can be realized The size of primary current is changed into the signal followed with primary current size dullness.The magnetic flux gate circuit 175 is distinguished Forward direction is reversely fixed in two grooves 174 of the toroidal core 171, to be conducive to for the magnetic signal of generation being converted into Electric signal.The output end of the magnetic flux gate circuit 175 is connect with the input terminal of amplifying circuit 176, the amplifying circuit 176 it is defeated Outlet is connect with the input terminal of secondary current line 173, the input of the output end and protection circuit 177 of the secondary current line 173 End connection.
For the primary current line 172 as tested current input terminal, 173 output end of the secondary current line connection is described negative It carries.Specifically, the output end of the protection circuit 177 and load connect, and can obtain measuring signal by the load.Work as institute It, can be in the toroidal core when number of ampere turns of the number of ampere turns and the secondary current line 173 of stating primary current line 172 is unequal Magnetic flux is generated in 171, and then can be generated dullness on two magnetic flux gate circuits 175 and be followed primary current and secondary current The voltage signal of the difference of number of ampere turns.When the number of ampere turns of the primary current line 172 is less than the number of ampere turns of the secondary current line 173 When, two magnetic flux gate circuits 175 can generate the signal of negative, by the amplifying circuit 176, reduce the secondary current line 173 numbers of ampere turns;When the number of ampere turns of the primary current line 172 is greater than the number of ampere turns of the secondary current line 173, two magnetic fluxs Gate circuit 175 can generate the signal of positive, by the amplifying circuit 176, increase 173 number of ampere turns of secondary current line, from And a dynamic balance is formed, so that the number of ampere turns of the secondary current line 173 is equal to the ampere-turn of the primary current line 172 Number.
The measure-controlling unit 12 from definition calculating and locks output voltage and electric current ginseng by its software function Amount, comprising: the parameters such as frequency, amplitude, waveform, phase, to be conducive to obtain active and reactive energy measurement error.
Embodiment two
The present embodiment provides a kind of DC component influence test methods of electrical energy measurement, include the following steps: step S1: using two The electric energy in a channel directly acts on common electric energy metering device and electrical energy measurement standard set-up, with the electrical energy measurement standard The be calculated as a reference value of device, with common the be calculated as subject value of electric energy metering device, be the common electric energy metering device and The electrical energy measurement standard set-up power supply;Step S2: output voltage signal and current signal respectively measure output voltage, electric current Signal calculates and locks output voltage and current parameter;Step S3: by the common electric energy metering device and electrical energy measurement standard The electric energy of device output compares, and obtains active and reactive energy measurement error.
The DC component influence test method of electrical energy measurement described in the present embodiment in the step S1, uses two channels Electric energy directly act on common electric energy metering device and electrical energy measurement standard set-up, with the electrical energy measurement standard set-up institute It is calculated as a reference value, is the common electric energy metering device and the electricity with common the be calculated as subject value of electric energy metering device It can metrological standard unit power supply;In the step S2, output voltage signal and current signal, measure output voltage, electric current respectively Signal calculates and locks output voltage and current parameter, is conducive to carry out error analysis according to parameter;It, will in the step S3 The electric energy that the common electric energy metering device is exported with electrical energy measurement standard set-up compares, and obtains active and reactive energy Measurement error, it can be achieved that under the operating conditions such as different DC components, voltage and current on electrical energy measurement influence testing, can be used for Transformer error and its quantitative analysis to electrical energy measurement under DC component.
The parameter includes the parameters such as frequency, amplitude, waveform, phase, to be conducive to obtain active and reactive energy Measurement error.
Obviously, the above embodiments are merely examples for clarifying the description, does not limit the embodiments.For For those of ordinary skill in the art, other different form variations can also be made on the basis of the above description or are become It is dynamic.There is no necessity and possibility to exhaust all the enbodiments.And obvious variation extended from this or change It moves still within the protection scope of the invention.

Claims (10)

1. a kind of DC component influence experimental rig of electrical energy measurement, common electric energy metering device and electrical energy measurement standard set-up, It is characterized by also including power controller, measure-controlling unit, voltage source, ac and dc current source, error calculation display dresses It sets, wherein the power controller is connected with the voltage source and the ac and dc current source respectively, the common electrical energy measurement Device includes voltage transformer, current transformer and the first electric energy meter, and the voltage source is connected with the voltage transformer, institute Ac and dc current source is stated to be connected with the current transformer, the voltage source and the ac and dc current source respectively with the electric energy Metrological standard unit and first electric energy meter are connected, and the voltage transformer and the current transformer pass through the measurement Control unit is connected with the power controller, the electrical energy measurement standard set-up and first electric energy meter with the error Display device is calculated to be connected.
2. the DC component influence experimental rig of electrical energy measurement according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: the electrical energy measurement Standard set-up includes current ratio standard device and the second electric energy meter.
3. the DC component influence experimental rig of electrical energy measurement according to claim 2, it is characterised in that: the current ratio Standard set-up includes toroidal core, and primary current line and secondary current line are wound on the toroidal core, and the primary electricity Streamline passes through the toroidal core, and the secondary current line uniform winding is on the toroidal core.
4. the DC component influence experimental rig of electrical energy measurement according to claim 3, it is characterised in that: the toroidal core On set there are two groove, described two grooves are arranged symmetrically in the geometrical symmetry line of the toroidal core.
5. the DC component influence experimental rig of electrical energy measurement according to claim 4, it is characterised in that: divide in the groove Gu Ding not be there are two magnetic core be detected, the detection magnetic core winding differential concatenation is simultaneously fixed on magnetic flux gate circuit.
6. the DC component influence experimental rig of electrical energy measurement according to claim 5, it is characterised in that: the fluxgate electricity Road is positive respectively, is reversely fixed in two grooves of the toroidal core.
7. the DC component influence experimental rig of electrical energy measurement according to claim 6, it is characterised in that: the fluxgate electricity The output end on road and the input terminal of amplifying circuit connect, and the output end of the amplifying circuit and the input terminal of secondary current line connect It connects, the output end of the secondary current line is connect with the input terminal of protection circuit.
8. the DC component influence experimental rig of electrical energy measurement according to claim 7, it is characterised in that: the protection circuit Output end and load connect.
9. a kind of DC component influence test method of electrical energy measurement, characterized by the following steps:
Step S1: being directly acted on common electric energy metering device and electrical energy measurement standard set-up using the electric energy in two channels, It with common the be calculated as subject value of electric energy metering device is described with the be calculated as a reference value of electrical energy measurement standard set-up Common electric energy metering device and electrical energy measurement standard set-up power supply;
Step S2: output voltage signal and current signal respectively measure output voltage, current signal, calculate and lock output electricity Pressure and current parameter;
Step S3: the electric energy that the common electric energy metering device is exported with electrical energy measurement standard set-up is compared, is had The measurement error of function and reactive energy.
10. a kind of DC component influence test method of electrical energy measurement according to claim 9, it is characterised in that: described Parameter includes the parameters such as frequency, amplitude, waveform, phase.
CN201811427309.3A 2018-11-27 2018-11-27 The DC component influence experimental rig and method of electrical energy measurement Pending CN109358309A (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN201811427309.3A CN109358309A (en) 2018-11-27 2018-11-27 The DC component influence experimental rig and method of electrical energy measurement

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN201811427309.3A CN109358309A (en) 2018-11-27 2018-11-27 The DC component influence experimental rig and method of electrical energy measurement

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
CN109358309A true CN109358309A (en) 2019-02-19

Family

ID=65343195

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
CN201811427309.3A Pending CN109358309A (en) 2018-11-27 2018-11-27 The DC component influence experimental rig and method of electrical energy measurement

Country Status (1)

Country Link
CN (1) CN109358309A (en)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN111693753A (en) * 2019-11-29 2020-09-22 中国计量大学 Novel direct current measuring device

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN101865986A (en) * 2009-04-15 2010-10-20 武汉国测科技股份有限公司 System and method for checking error of high-voltage electric energy measurement device
CN107102187A (en) * 2017-05-09 2017-08-29 中国电力科学研究院 A kind of Zero flux fluxgate current sensor for alternating current-direct current Super-Current Measurement

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN101865986A (en) * 2009-04-15 2010-10-20 武汉国测科技股份有限公司 System and method for checking error of high-voltage electric energy measurement device
CN107102187A (en) * 2017-05-09 2017-08-29 中国电力科学研究院 A kind of Zero flux fluxgate current sensor for alternating current-direct current Super-Current Measurement

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN111693753A (en) * 2019-11-29 2020-09-22 中国计量大学 Novel direct current measuring device

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
CN105699818A (en) Error measurement apparatus and measurement method for current transformer
CN103308743B (en) Direct current metering device
CN204679548U (en) A kind of unicoil magnetic modulation type residual current detection device
CN103207379B (en) Method and device for measuring direct current magnetic bias error characteristics of current transformer
WO2017045488A1 (en) Test system for anti-dc component and even-order harmonic of current transformer
CN105510742B (en) A kind of test method tested using low-frequency power transformer C-V characteristic and analysis calculation method
CN106772152B (en) A kind of measurement method of transformer core remanent magnetism
CN107015178A (en) The measuring method of transformer core material hysteresis curve under harmonic excitation
Fuchs et al. Measurement of three-phase transformer derating and reactive power demand under nonlinear loading conditions
CN103149478A (en) Method for detecting working point of current transformer under direct current magnetic biasing condition
CN104237837A (en) Current transformer ratio error and angle error detection system and method
CN107748346A (en) A kind of high voltage electric energy error detection method under load containing DC component
Wu et al. A novel current transformer based on virtual air gap and its basic measuring characteristics
CN104880686B (en) A kind of portable electronic piece formula current transformer calibration device and method
CN109358309A (en) The DC component influence experimental rig and method of electrical energy measurement
CN104914289B (en) A kind of method of measurement DC current
CN206960634U (en) Measure transformer core material hysteresis loop line equipment therefor under harmonic excitation
CN104076226B (en) Device and method based on voltage difference and current differential measuring transformer efficiency
CN109581265B (en) Method for detecting direct current resistance of current transformer based on power error
CN205594091U (en) Error measurement device for current transformer
CN105445526B (en) The measurement structure of single cable insulation leakage current under a kind of service condition
CN106501754A (en) The direct current of three-phase electric energy meter and the experimental rig of even-order harmonic influence amount
CN111693753A (en) Novel direct current measuring device
CN206074797U (en) The assay device of the direct current and even-order harmonic influence amount of three-phase electric energy meter
CN109799389A (en) A kind of measurement method of high frequency transformer distribution parameter

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
PB01 Publication
PB01 Publication
SE01 Entry into force of request for substantive examination
SE01 Entry into force of request for substantive examination
RJ01 Rejection of invention patent application after publication

Application publication date: 20190219

RJ01 Rejection of invention patent application after publication