CN109347071B - Single-phase high-resistance grounding protection system based on voltage phasor plane and method thereof - Google Patents
Single-phase high-resistance grounding protection system based on voltage phasor plane and method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
- H02H7/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
- H02H3/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection
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Abstract
The invention discloses a single-phase high-resistance grounding protection system and a method thereof based on a voltage phasor plane in the technical field of power system relay protection. The system comprises a data acquisition module, a current included angle calculation module, a phase angle difference value calculation module and a protection action module. The method comprises the steps of collecting data; calculating a calculated value of a current included angle at two ends of the line by using phase current and sequence current at the current differential protection installation positions at the two ends of the line; calculating a single-phase earth protection phase angle difference value by using a phase current at the current differential protection installation position at two ends of the line and a current included angle calculated value at two ends of the line; and determining whether to send a tripping command or not according to the single-phase earth protection phase angle difference value and the single-phase earth protection setting value. The invention is not influenced by factors such as fault phase, transition resistance, fault position, operation condition and the like, can accurately reflect faults inside and outside a protection area, has high sensitivity and reliability, and can be used as effective supplement of current differential protection.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of power system relay protection, and particularly relates to a single-phase high-resistance grounding protection system and a single-phase high-resistance grounding protection method based on a voltage phasor plane.
Background
The kirchhoff current law-based current differential protection principle is simple, high in reliability and high in action speed, and is widely used as main protection of a power transmission line. However, in the face of the most common single-phase earth faults in power systems, the presence of transition resistances can lead to reduced sensitivity, or even rejection, of the current differential protection.
Aiming at the problem that the current differential protection sensitivity is influenced by the transition resistance, expert scholars provide various solutions, and mainly have 2 ideas: 1) the protection action characteristic is adaptively adjusted according to the system state reflected by the current magnitude information after the fault, the sensitivity of the protection criterion is improved, but the requirement on data synchronism is high. 2) The voltage quantity information after system fault is introduced, the protection criterion is constructed by utilizing the characteristic of the subsequent component of the fault, or the protection criterion is constructed by utilizing the fault characteristic of the transition resistor, so that the reliability is higher, the requirement on data synchronism is low, and the voltage transformer fails when disconnection occurs.
The invention provides a single-phase high-resistance grounding protection system and method based on a voltage phasor plane, which are very suitable for relay protection analysis in view of the fact that the voltage phasor plane can quantitatively and qualitatively reflect the fault characteristics of a power transmission line. Firstly, calculating a current included angle at two ends of a line by utilizing the characteristic that the phase of a sequence current at a protection installation position is approximately equal to that of a fault point current; then, obtaining a single-phase grounding protection phase angle difference value by calculating the difference between the measured value and the calculated value of the current included angle at two ends of the line; and finally, constructing a protection criterion of the single-phase high-resistance earth fault according to the difference between the in-zone fault and the out-zone fault of the single-phase earth protection phase angle difference value. The effectiveness and feasibility of the invention are verified based on the simulation result of PSCAD/EMTDC.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a single-phase high-resistance grounding protection system and method based on a voltage phasor plane, which are used for solving the problems of reduced sensitivity and even failure of current differential protection when a single-phase grounding fault occurs through a transition resistor.
In order to achieve the purpose, the technical invention provided by the invention is a single-phase high-resistance grounding protection system based on a voltage phasor plane, which is characterized by comprising a data acquisition module, a current included angle calculation module, a phase angle difference calculation module and a protection action module;
the data acquisition module is respectively connected with the current included angle calculation module and the phase angle difference calculation module;
the current included angle calculation module is connected with the phase angle difference value calculation module;
the phase angle difference value calculation module is connected with the protection action module;
the data acquisition module is used for acquiring phase current and sequence current at the current differential protection installation positions at the two ends of the circuit, transmitting the acquired phase current and sequence current data at the current differential protection installation positions at the two ends of the circuit to the current included angle calculation module, and transmitting the phase current data at the current differential protection installation positions at the two ends of the circuit to the phase angle difference value calculation module.
The current included angle calculation module is used for solving a calculated value of the current included angle at the two ends of the line according to the phase current and the sequence current at the current differential protection installation positions at the two ends of the line and sending the calculated value of the current included angle at the two ends of the line to the phase angle difference value calculation module;
the phase angle difference value calculation module is used for calculating a single-phase grounding protection phase angle difference value according to phase currents at current differential protection installation positions at two ends of the line and a calculated value of a current included angle at two ends of the line, and sending the single-phase grounding protection phase angle difference value to the protection action module;
the protection action module is used for determining whether to send a tripping command according to the single-phase grounding protection phase angle difference value and the single-phase grounding protection setting value.
A single-phase high-resistance grounding protection method based on a voltage phasor plane is provided, which is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step 1: collecting data including phase current and sequence current at the current differential protection installation positions at two ends of a line;
step 2: calculating a calculated value of a current included angle at two ends of the line according to phase current and sequence current at the current differential protection installation positions at the two ends of the line;
and step 3: calculating a single-phase earth protection phase angle difference value according to phase current at the current differential protection installation positions at two ends of the line and a calculated value of a current included angle at two ends of the line;
and 4, step 4: and determining whether to send a jump command according to the single-phase earth protection phase angle difference value and the single-phase earth protection setting value.
The calculation formula of the calculated value of the included angle of the currents at the two ends of the line is as follows:
wherein,
for the phase current at the installation of the current differential protection at the side of the bus M,
for the sequence current at the bus M side current differential protection installation,
for the phase current at the installation of the N-side current differential protection of the bus,
the sequence current at the installation of the bus N-side current differential protection.
The calculation formula of the single-phase earth protection phase angle difference value is as follows:
wherein,
for the phase current at the installation of the current differential protection at the side of the bus M,
for the phase current at the installation of the N-side current differential protection of the bus,
the calculated value of the included angle of the current at the two ends of the line is obtained.
The invention is not influenced by factors such as fault phase, transition resistance, fault position, operation condition and the like, can accurately reflect faults inside and outside a protection area, has high sensitivity and reliability, and can be used as effective supplement of current differential protection.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a structural diagram of a single-phase high-resistance ground protection system based on a voltage phasor plane according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a diagram of a dual power supply system;
FIG. 3 is a voltage phasor diagram at a single phase ground fault;
FIG. 4 is a diagram of an out-of-range fault timing network;
fig. 5(a) is a schematic diagram of a simulation result of an a-phase fault occurring via a 100 Ω transition resistance at 70km from the M side of the bus when δ is 15 °;
fig. 5(b) is a schematic diagram of a simulation result of an a-phase fault occurring via a 100 Ω transition resistance at 70km from the M side of the bus when δ is 15 °;
fig. 5(c) is a schematic diagram of a simulation result of an a-phase fault occurring via a 100 Ω transition resistance at 70km from the M side of the bus when δ is 15 °;
fig. 6(a) is a schematic diagram of a simulation result of a B-phase fault occurring via a 10 Ω transition resistance at 160km from the M side of the bus when δ is 15 °;
fig. 6(B) is a schematic diagram of a simulation result of a B-phase fault occurring via a 100 Ω transition resistance at 160km from the M side of the bus when δ is 15 °;
fig. 6(c) is a schematic diagram of a simulation result of a B-phase fault occurring through a 200 Ω transition resistance at 160km from the M side of the bus when δ is 15 °;
fig. 6(d) is a schematic diagram of a simulation result of a B-phase fault occurring at 160km from the M side of the bus at an interval of δ 15 ° via a 300 Ω transition resistance;
fig. 7(a) is a schematic diagram of a simulation result when an a-phase ground fault occurs at 5km from the M side of the bus at δ 15 ° through a 100 Ω transition resistance;
fig. 7(b) is a schematic diagram of a simulation result when an a-phase ground fault occurs through a 100 Ω transition resistance at a time interval of δ 15 ° from the M side 100km of the bus;
fig. 7(c) is a schematic diagram of a simulation result when an a-phase ground fault occurs through a 100 Ω transition resistance at 195km of the M side of the bus when δ is 15 °;
FIG. 8(a) is a diagram showing simulation results when a phase-C ground fault occurs at a reverse outlet of a bus M side outside a protection area through a 10 Ω transition resistor;
FIG. 8(B) is a diagram showing simulation results when a phase-B ground fault occurs at a reverse outlet of a bus M side outside a protection area through a transition resistor of 300 Ω;
FIG. 8(c) is a diagram showing simulation results when an A-phase grounding fault occurs at the N-side reverse outlet of the bus outside the protection area through a 10 Ω transition resistor;
FIG. 8(d) is a diagram showing simulation results when a phase-C ground fault occurs at the reverse outlet of the bus at the N side of the protection zone through a 200 Ω transition resistor;
fig. 9(a) is a simulation diagram of a C-phase ground fault occurring at 140km from the M side of the bus in the protection area via a 150 Ω transition resistor, where δ is 30 °;
fig. 9(b) is a simulation diagram of a C-phase ground fault occurring at 140km from the M side of the bus in the protection area via a 150 Ω transition resistor when δ is-30 °;
fig. 10(a) is a simulation diagram of a fault at the reverse outlet of the bus N when δ is 20 °;
fig. 10(b) is a simulation diagram of a fault at the reverse outlet of the bus M at-20 °;
FIG. 11(a) is a schematic diagram of a simulation of no fault within a protection zone;
FIG. 11(B) is a simulation diagram showing a fault of phase B to ground occurring via a 50 Ω transition resistance at 150km from the M side of the bus.
Detailed Description
The preferred embodiments will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. It should be emphasized that the following description is merely exemplary in nature and is not intended to limit the scope of the invention or its application.
Fig. 1 is a structural diagram of a single-phase high-resistance ground protection system based on a voltage phasor plane, and as shown in fig. 1, the single-phase high-resistance ground protection system based on the voltage phasor plane includes a data acquisition module, a current included angle calculation module, a phase angle difference calculation module and a protection action module;
the data acquisition module is respectively connected with the current included angle calculation module and the phase angle difference calculation module;
the current included angle calculation module is connected with the phase angle difference value calculation module;
the phase angle difference value calculation module is connected with the protection action module;
the data acquisition module is used for acquiring phase current and sequence current at the current differential protection installation positions at the two ends of the circuit, transmitting the acquired phase current and sequence current data at the current differential protection installation positions at the two ends of the circuit to the current included angle calculation module, and transmitting the phase current data at the current differential protection installation positions at the two ends of the circuit to the phase angle difference value calculation module.
The current included angle calculation module is used for solving a calculated value of the current included angle at the two ends of the line according to the phase current and the sequence current at the current differential protection installation positions at the two ends of the line and sending the calculated value of the current included angle at the two ends of the line to the phase angle difference value calculation module;
the phase angle difference value calculation module is used for calculating a single-phase grounding protection phase angle difference value according to phase currents at current differential protection installation positions at two ends of the line and a calculated value of a current included angle at two ends of the line, and sending the single-phase grounding protection phase angle difference value to the protection action module;
the protection action module is used for determining whether to send a tripping command according to the single-phase grounding protection phase angle difference value and the single-phase grounding protection setting value.
Taking the double-ended power supply system shown in fig. 2 as an example, the working principle of the single-phase high-resistance ground protection system based on the voltage phasor plane provided by the invention is as follows:
let the system voltages of the M side and the N side of the bus respectively be
And
equivalent impedances are respectively ZMAnd ZN. And respectively configuring a protection 1 and a protection 2 on the M side and the N side of the bus, and acquiring the electric quantity of the opposite end through an optical fiber network to realize the differential protection function.
When a single-phase ground fault occurs at point F on line MN, the voltage component diagram is shown in fig. 3. Wherein,
respectively representing the voltage of a protection 1 part, a protection 2 part and a fault point F before the fault;
respectively representing the measured voltage and current at protection 1 after a fault;
represents the measured current at protection 2 after the fault;
respectively representing the voltage and the current of a fault point F after the fault, when the fault occurs through different transition resistors,
will be at the same time
Moving on a circular arc of a chord and having a higher fault resistance
The closer to
To represent
And
the included angle of (A);
to represent
And
the included angle of (a).
As can be seen from fig. 3, the current included angle at the protection installation positions on both sides of the line MN is:
in the formula, arg represents a phase angle.
According to a composite sequence network diagram during single-phase earth fault, a relation exists between fault point sequence current and fault point current:
in the formula,
indicating a fault current, i-2, 0.
Thus, the relationship between sequence current and fault point current at the protection installation can be expressed as:
in the formula,
represents the sequence current at protection 1; cmiRepresents the sequence current distribution coefficient at protection 1;
represents the sequence current at protection 2; cniRepresents the sequence current distribution coefficient at protection 2; zMiRepresenting the equivalent sequence impedance of an M-side system; zNiRepresenting the equivalent sequence impedance of an N-side system; zmniRepresents the sequence impedance of the line MN; alpha represents the distance percentage between the fault point F and the bus M, and alpha is more than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 1.
The current distribution coefficient can be considered as real in a high voltage system, i.e. the protection installation sequence current phase is approximately equal to the fault point current phase. Thus, formula (1) can be further expressed as:
according to the formula (4), the included angle of the currents at the protection installation positions on the two sides of the line MN can be calculated by using the sequence currents at the protection installation positions during the internal fault.
When an out-of-range fault occurs on bus N side in the system shown in fig. 2, the sequence network is as shown in fig. 4. In the figure, the position of the upper end of the main shaft,
indicating F-sequence voltage, R, of the fault pointfThe transition resistance is represented by i being 2, 0.
Due to out-of-range fault
Is a cross current and is equal to the sequence current
In the opposite direction, therefore
At this time, the process of the present invention,
defining a single-phase earth protection phase angle difference value:
according to the analysis, when a fault occurs in the region, psi is approximately equal to 0; when a fault occurs outside the zone, Ψ ≈ 180 °. According to the difference of the phase angle difference of the single-phase earth protection when the fault occurs inside and outside the protection area, the protection criterion is constructed:
in the formula, ΨsetIs a setting value. When the fault is judged to be in the area, a tripping command is sent; and when the fault is judged to be an out-of-area fault, no tripping command is sent.
The invention is used as the backup protection of the high-resistance grounding fault on the transmission line, and the action delay is set to be delta t; the current quantity of two ends of the required line in the protection criterion is based on the optical fiber network of current differential protectionThe transmission is carried out, but the optical fiber network automatically exits under the condition of failure; for the setting value ΨsetFactors such as current transformer error, line distributed capacitance, current transfer error, current distribution coefficient as real number processing error need to be fully considered.
Calculated in equation (4)
The principle of which sequence current is preferably adopted is as follows: for a strong power supply, the error of the zero sequence current distribution coefficient is larger than that of the negative sequence current distribution coefficient when the zero sequence current distribution coefficient is taken as a real number for processing, so that the calculation is carried out
The negative sequence current is preferably adopted; for weak power supplies, the calculation may be very error due to the fact that the negative-sequence current distribution coefficient is treated as a real number
Zero sequence current is preferably used.
It should be noted that, because the sequence current is adopted in the protection criterion, the phase selection capability does not exist in the invention, but the scheme is considered as the backup protection of the high-resistance grounding fault, and the requirement can be met when the phase selection element is matched with the phase selection element. In addition, for the high-resistance grounding fault which occurs when one end of the line is in no-load, the current differential protection has enough sensitivity and can reliably act for tripping, and the invention is not considered any more; for system oscillation, the present invention should not act since there is no sequence current.
According to the principle, the single-phase high-resistance ground protection method based on the voltage phasor plane comprises the following steps:
step 1: collecting data including phase current and sequence current at the current differential protection installation positions at two ends of a line;
step 2: calculating a calculated value of a current included angle at two ends of the line according to phase current and sequence current at the current differential protection installation positions at the two ends of the line;
and step 3: calculating a single-phase earth protection phase angle difference value according to phase current at the current differential protection installation positions at two ends of the line and a calculated value of a current included angle at two ends of the line;
and 4, step 4: and determining whether to send a tripping command or not according to the single-phase earth protection phase angle difference value and the single-phase earth protection setting value.
The calculation formula of the calculated value of the included angle of the currents at the two ends of the line is as follows:
wherein,
for the phase voltages at the installation of the current differential protection on the side of the bus M,
for the sequence current at the bus M side current differential protection installation,
for the phase voltage at the installation of the N-side current differential protection of the bus,
the sequence current at the installation of the bus N-side current differential protection.
The calculation formula of the single-phase earth protection phase angle difference value is as follows:
wherein,
for the phase voltages at the installation of the current differential protection on the side of the bus M,
for the phase voltage at the installation of the N-side current differential protection of the bus,
the calculated value of the included angle of the current at the two ends of the line is obtained.
The correctness and rationality of the above described system and method are verified by a simulation process as follows. Based on PSCAD/EMTDC simulation software, a simulation model shown in FIG. 2 is set up to perform simulation verification on the scheme. The parameters are as follows: line R1＝0.029Ω/km，X1＝0.362Ω/km，C1＝500MΩ*m；R0＝0.255Ω/km，X0＝0.971Ω/km，C0800M Ω × M; the total length was 200 km. System EMImpedance ZM1＝0.625+j3.545Ω，ZM0The voltage is 220 & lt delta kV when the voltage is 0.99+ j5.613 omega; system ENImpedance ZN1＝2.726+j15.461Ω，ZN03.595+ j20.386 Ω, and 220 & lt 0 deg. kV. Extracting the current magnitude in the protection criterion by adopting a full-period Fourier algorithm, wherein the sampling frequency is 2000 Hz; setting value psisetIs 90 degrees; the failure time t is 0.5 s.
When δ is 15 °, a single-phase ground fault of a different phase occurs in the protection zone at 70km from the bus M side via a 100 Ω transition resistance, the simulation results are shown in fig. 5(a), 5(b), and 5(c), respectively. It can be seen that the invention is not affected by the phase of the fault, can accurately act when a single-phase earth fault occurs in the region through the transition resistance, and has enough sensitivity.
When a point δ is 15 °, a point 160km away from the bus M side in the protection area has a ground fault due to B phase connection via different transition resistances, the simulation results are shown in fig. 6(a), 6(B), 6(c), and 6 (d). It can be seen that the invention is not affected by the transition resistance, and the scheme can reliably act regardless of the size of the transition resistance when the single-phase ground is connected in the protection area.
When δ is 15 °, an a-phase grounding fault occurs at a different position from the bus M side in the protection zone via a 100 Ω transition resistance, and the simulation results are shown in fig. 7(a), 7(b), and 7 (c). It can be seen that the invention is not affected by the fault position, and can correctly act no matter when the near end or the far end of the protection installation position has single-phase high-resistance earth fault, and the reliability is high.
When δ is 15 °, a single-phase ground fault occurs outside the protection zone via different transition resistances, and the simulation result is shown in fig. 8. The invention has good reliability, can not act correctly when a fault occurs outside a protection area no matter the size of the transition resistance, and is not influenced by the fault.
Under different operating conditions, when a C-phase grounding fault occurs at 140km from the M side of the bus in the protection area through a 150-omega transition resistor, the simulation results are shown in fig. 9(a) and 9 (b); fig. 10(a) and 10(b) show simulation results when a phase-to-ground fault occurs outside the protection region via a 200 Ω transition resistor. The method is not influenced by the operation condition, and can correctly act when a single-phase high-resistance earth fault occurs in the protection area; when a single-phase high-resistance earth fault occurs outside the protection area, the protection area can not act correctly.
In the non-full-phase operating state, when there is no fault in the protection area and a fault occurs in the B-phase ground through a 50 Ω transition resistor at a distance of 150km from the M side of the bus, the simulation results are shown in fig. 11(a) and 11 (B). It can be seen that the invention can not act correctly when there is no fault in the non-full phase operation state; the healthy phase can act correctly when high-resistance earth fault occurs in the protection area.
According to the simulation result, the single-phase high-resistance grounding protection based on the voltage phasor plane can accurately reflect the faults inside and outside the protection area.
The invention focuses on the problems that the current differential protection sensitivity is reduced and even the current is rejected due to the transition resistance from the angle based on the voltage phasor plane. The example verification result based on the PSCAD/EMTDC platform shows that the invention has the following characteristics:
1) the method is not influenced by factors such as fault phase, transition resistance, fault position and operation condition.
2) The method has extremely high sensitivity and reliability, and can correctly act when a fault occurs in the protection area and reliably not act when a fault occurs outside the protection area.
3) The current differential protection device can be used for effectively supplementing current differential protection only by utilizing current magnitude information for calculation, and has higher engineering value.
The above description is only for the preferred embodiment of the present invention, but the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto, and any changes or substitutions that can be easily conceived by those skilled in the art within the technical scope of the present invention are included in the scope of the present invention. Therefore, the protection scope of the present invention shall be subject to the protection scope of the claims.
Claims (3)
1. The single-phase high-resistance grounding protection system based on the voltage phasor plane is characterized by comprising a data acquisition module, a current included angle calculation module, a phase angle difference value calculation module and a protection action module;
the data acquisition module is respectively connected with the current included angle calculation module and the phase angle difference calculation module;
the current included angle calculation module is connected with the phase angle difference value calculation module;
the phase angle difference value calculation module is connected with the protection action module;
the data acquisition module is used for acquiring phase current and sequence current at the current differential protection installation positions at the two ends of the circuit, sending the acquired phase current and sequence current data at the current differential protection installation positions at the two ends of the circuit to the current included angle calculation module, and sending the phase current data at the current differential protection installation positions at the two ends of the circuit to the phase angle difference value calculation module;
the current included angle calculation module is used for solving a calculated value of the current included angle at the two ends of the line according to the phase current and the sequence current at the current differential protection installation positions at the two ends of the line and sending the calculated value of the current included angle at the two ends of the line to the phase angle difference value calculation module;
the phase angle difference value calculation module is used for calculating a single-phase grounding protection phase angle difference value according to phase currents at current differential protection installation positions at two ends of the line and a calculated value of a current included angle at two ends of the line, and sending the single-phase grounding protection phase angle difference value to the protection action module;
the protection action module is used for determining whether to send a tripping command according to the single-phase grounding protection phase angle difference value and the single-phase grounding protection setting value;
the calculation formula of the calculated value of the included angle of the currents at the two ends of the line is as follows:
the calculation formula of the single-phase earth protection phase angle difference value is as follows:
2. The single-phase high-resistance grounding protection method based on the voltage phasor plane is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step 1: collecting data including phase current and sequence current at the current differential protection installation positions at two ends of a line;
step 2: calculating a calculated value of a current included angle at two ends of the line according to phase current and sequence current at the current differential protection installation positions at the two ends of the line;
and step 3: calculating a single-phase earth protection phase angle difference value according to phase current at the current differential protection installation positions at two ends of the line and a calculated value of a current included angle at two ends of the line;
and 4, step 4: determining whether to send a tripping command or not according to the single-phase earth protection phase angle difference value and the single-phase earth protection setting value;
the calculation formula for calculating the calculated value of the current included angle at the two ends of the line is as follows:
wherein,
phase current at the installation position of the M side current differential protection of the bus;
the calculation formula for solving the single-phase earth protection phase angle difference value is as follows:
wherein,
phase current at the installation position of the M side current differential protection of the bus;
3. The single-phase high-resistance ground protection method based on the voltage phasor plane according to claim 2, wherein the determining whether to send the trip command is specifically:
if phi<ψsetIf so, judging that the single-phase earth fault occurs in the protection area, and sending a tripping command;
if | ψ | ≧ ψ |setIf so, judging that the single-phase earth fault occurs outside the protection area, and not sending a tripping command;
wherein psi is a single-phase earth protection phase angle difference value; psi set is the single-phase earth protection setting value.
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| JP2013176177A (en) * | 2012-02-23 | 2013-09-05 | Tokyo Densetsu Service Kk | Method of detecting presence or absence of ground faults by utilizing ied |
| CN104682361A (en) * | 2015-03-05 | 2015-06-03 | 华北电力大学 | Single-phase grounding distance protection system and method on basis of voltage phase comparison |
| CN108023338A (en) * | 2017-11-28 | 2018-05-11 | 国网浙江省电力公司台州供电公司 | Determination methods for the differential protection of multiterminal T connection electric transmission lines |
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