CN109346830B - All-metal four-arm equiangular spiral circularly polarized antenna unit - Google Patents

All-metal four-arm equiangular spiral circularly polarized antenna unit Download PDF

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CN109346830B
CN109346830B CN201811148309.XA CN201811148309A CN109346830B CN 109346830 B CN109346830 B CN 109346830B CN 201811148309 A CN201811148309 A CN 201811148309A CN 109346830 B CN109346830 B CN 109346830B
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arm
dipole
antenna
equiangular
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CN109346830A (en
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姜兆能
乔旭光
赵宏志
赵晓燕
姬仲宁
刘凡
刘建
殷文斐
税明月
黄诗纯
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Hefei University of Technology
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01QANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/36Structural form of radiating elements, e.g. cone, spiral, umbrella; Particular materials used therewith
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01QANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/48Earthing means; Earth screens; Counterpoises
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01QANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/50Structural association of antennas with earthing switches, lead-in devices or lightning protectors
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01QANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q15/00Devices for reflection, refraction, diffraction or polarisation of waves radiated from an antenna, e.g. quasi-optical devices
    • H01Q15/14Reflecting surfaces; Equivalent structures

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Abstract

本发明提供了一种全金属四臂等角螺旋圆极化天线单元,包括全金属等角螺旋结构的辐射臂、金属反射空腔、同轴馈线、圆柱谐振腔;以单个垂直地面的同轴馈电探针作为同轴电缆馈电、与一中心金属馈电圆环连接,通过该金属馈电圆环对辐射臂中的一对上偶极子臂进行并联馈电;将另外并联的一对下偶极子臂与同轴的接地端相连,从而保证四个偶极子臂空间位置、臂上电磁波相位均正交,以构成圆极化所需的条件。为解决同轴线非平衡馈电问题,将同轴馈线设计为同轴锥削巴伦结构,使得负载与馈电线阻抗匹配。为实现天线单向辐射功能,在天线背部添加金属反射空腔。本发明具有频带宽、尺寸小、增益高、可装嵌等特点,适用于现代通信系统和电子对抗领域。

Figure 201811148309

The invention provides an all-metal four-arm equiangular helical circularly polarized antenna unit, comprising a radiating arm of an all-metal equiangular helical structure, a metal reflection cavity, a coaxial feeder, and a cylindrical resonant cavity; The feed probe is used as coaxial cable feed and is connected to a central metal feed ring, and the pair of upper dipole arms in the radiating arm is fed in parallel through the metal feed ring; The lower dipole arm is connected to the coaxial ground terminal, so as to ensure that the spatial positions of the four dipole arms and the phases of the electromagnetic waves on the arms are orthogonal, so as to form the conditions required for circular polarization. In order to solve the problem of unbalanced feeding of coaxial lines, the coaxial feeding line is designed as a coaxial tapered balun structure, so that the impedance of the load and the feeding line are matched. In order to realize the unidirectional radiation function of the antenna, a metal reflection cavity is added on the back of the antenna. The invention has the characteristics of wide frequency band, small size, high gain, and can be embedded, and is suitable for modern communication systems and electronic countermeasure fields.

Figure 201811148309

Description

一种全金属四臂等角螺旋圆极化天线单元An all-metal four-arm equiangular helical circularly polarized antenna unit

技术领域technical field

本发明涉及现代无线通信技术领域,更具体地说是一种全金属四臂等角螺旋圆极化天线单元。The present invention relates to the technical field of modern wireless communication, and more particularly relates to an all-metal four-arm equiangular helical circularly polarized antenna unit.

背景技术Background technique

随着军事设备、航天飞行器的性能不断向高精度、高速度的方向迈进,对天线实时通讯的质量也不断提出了更高的要求。高效、实时、抗干扰以及高容量的通信天线将成为未来天线研发的总体趋势。圆极化天线兼备显著的防雨雾、抗电磁干扰、抗多孔径衰减等特质,已经被广泛用于无人驾驶技术、远程视频通讯、全球定位系统以及信号屏蔽等领域中。As the performance of military equipment and aerospace vehicles continues to move towards high precision and high speed, higher requirements are constantly put forward for the quality of antenna real-time communication. Efficient, real-time, anti-jamming and high-capacity communication antennas will become the general trend of future antenna research and development. Circularly polarized antennas have remarkable anti-rain and fog, anti-electromagnetic interference, anti-multi-aperture attenuation and other characteristics, and have been widely used in the fields of unmanned driving technology, remote video communication, global positioning system and signal shielding.

螺旋结构天线因自身具有的宽频带、宽角度圆极化、高增益、良好的阻抗匹配,以及造价成本低等特点被广泛应用。并且,此结构的天线可通过尺寸的变化来改变方向图,能够快速适应不同的应用场合,无线电通信常采用此结构。但是传统的螺旋结构天线也存在着体积大、结构复杂、制作较难、加工成本高、隐蔽性弱的缺点。Helical antennas are widely used because of their wide frequency band, wide angle circular polarization, high gain, good impedance matching, and low cost. In addition, the antenna of this structure can change the direction pattern by changing the size, and can quickly adapt to different applications. This structure is often used in radio communications. However, the traditional helical structure antenna also has the disadvantages of large volume, complex structure, difficult manufacture, high processing cost and weak concealment.

为了克服上述早期螺旋天线的缺点,具有非频变特性的平面螺旋结构的天线被设计出来。现在工程中常见到的平面螺旋结构的天线有:开槽螺旋天线、等角螺旋天线、阿基米德螺旋天线等。这类天线都具有其他天线不可替代的宽频带内稳定且优良的特性。工程应用中一般需要加设背腔来将该类天线的双向辐射变为单向辐射,以此来提高天线的定向辐射能力以及法向增益和天线效率。但目前现有的螺旋天线多采用微带天线,微带天线不容易实现宽频带的功能,效率偏低,介质易损耗且环境适应性不及金属导体。In order to overcome the shortcomings of the above-mentioned early helical antennas, a planar helical antenna with frequency-invariant characteristics is designed. Antennas with planar helical structure commonly seen in engineering now include: slotted helical antenna, equiangular helical antenna, and Archimedes helical antenna. These antennas have stable and excellent characteristics in a wide frequency band that cannot be replaced by other antennas. In engineering applications, it is generally necessary to add a back cavity to convert the bidirectional radiation of this type of antenna into unidirectional radiation, so as to improve the directional radiation capability, normal gain and antenna efficiency of the antenna. However, most of the existing helical antennas use microstrip antennas. Microstrip antennas are not easy to achieve broadband functions, have low efficiency, are prone to medium loss, and are less adaptable to the environment than metal conductors.

发明内容SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

本发明旨在至少在一定程度上解决上述技术问题。为此,本发明提出一种宽频带、小尺寸、可装嵌、高增益的全金属四臂等角螺旋圆极化天线单元,以期能满足现代无线通信技术对天线带宽和抗干扰能力等指标要求。The present invention aims to solve the above-mentioned technical problems at least to a certain extent. To this end, the present invention proposes a wide-band, small-size, embeddable, high-gain all-metal four-arm equiangular helical circularly polarized antenna unit, in order to meet the requirements of modern wireless communication technology such as antenna bandwidth and anti-interference ability. Require.

为实现上述目的,本发明采用如下技术方案:To achieve the above object, the present invention adopts the following technical solutions:

一种全金属四臂等角螺旋圆极化天线单元,其结构特点是:An all-metal four-arm equiangular helical circularly polarized antenna unit, its structural features are:

以全金属等角螺旋结构的辐射臂为辐射区,以圆柱谐振腔为传输区,以同轴馈线为馈电区,利用辐射区、传输区与馈电区实现能量的接收与发送;The radiation arm of the all-metal equiangular spiral structure is used as the radiation area, the cylindrical resonant cavity is used as the transmission area, and the coaxial feeder is used as the feed area, and the radiation area, the transmission area and the feed area are used to realize the reception and transmission of energy;

所述辐射臂中,每两个等角螺旋臂的末端汇聚并镶嵌一个金属圆片,构成一个偶极子臂;两个偶极子臂的起始端分别连接于四分之三周长的金属馈电圆环缺口两端的长矩形金属块与短矩形金属块上,构成一个偶极子;以处于上下不同平面、呈中心对称分布的上偶极子与下偶极子构成所述辐射臂;In the radiating arm, the ends of every two equiangular spiral arms are converged and inlaid with a metal disc to form a dipole arm; the starting ends of the two dipole arms are respectively connected to three-quarter circumference metal The long rectangular metal block and the short rectangular metal block at both ends of the gap of the feeding ring form a dipole; the upper dipole and the lower dipole which are located in different planes up and down and are symmetrically distributed in the center constitute the radiation arm;

金属反射空腔设于辐射臂的正下方,顶部敞口,所述圆柱谐振腔设于下偶极子的长矩形金属块末端中心;所述同轴馈线以同轴馈线探针为内导体,以锥削巴伦结构的外导体为接地端,内导体与外导体竖置、自金属反射空腔的底部中心向上贯穿至:内导体的顶部穿过所述圆柱谐振腔与上偶极子的金属馈电圆环相连,外导体的顶部与下偶极子的金属馈电圆环相连,使一对偶极子的四个偶极子臂空间位置、臂上电磁波相位均正交。The metal reflection cavity is set directly below the radiation arm, and the top is open, and the cylindrical resonant cavity is set at the center of the end of the long rectangular metal block of the lower dipole; the coaxial feeder uses the coaxial feeder probe as the inner conductor, Taking the outer conductor of the tapered balun structure as the ground terminal, the inner conductor and the outer conductor are vertically arranged and penetrate upward from the bottom center of the metal reflection cavity to: the top of the inner conductor passes through the cylindrical resonant cavity and the upper dipole. The metal feeding ring is connected, and the top of the outer conductor is connected with the metal feeding ring of the lower dipole, so that the spatial positions of the four dipole arms of a pair of dipoles and the phases of the electromagnetic waves on the arms are orthogonal.

本发明的结构特点也在于:The structural feature of the present invention also lies in:

锥削巴伦结构的外导体具有自顶部呈0-20°逐渐向下切开的切口。The outer conductor of the tapered balun structure has a notch that is gradually cut downward at 0-20° from the top.

所述金属反射空腔为全金属空心正方体结构,深度与所述下偶极子距离地面的间距相同。The metal reflection cavity is an all-metal hollow cube structure, and the depth is the same as the distance between the lower dipole and the ground.

所述等角螺旋臂的等角螺旋结构由等角螺旋天线的通用公式绘制得到,任意两等角螺旋臂的旋转角均为45°。The equiangular helical structure of the equiangular helical arm is drawn by the general formula of the equiangular helical antenna, and the rotation angle of any two equiangular helical arms is 45°.

所述内导体的顶部是与上偶极子金属馈电圆环上的长矩形金属块相连,外导体的顶部是与下偶极子金属馈电圆环上的长矩形金属块相连。The top of the inner conductor is connected to the long rectangular metal block on the upper dipole metal feeding ring, and the top of the outer conductor is connected to the long rectangular metal block on the lower dipole metal feeding ring.

所述等角螺旋臂、金属圆片、金属馈电圆环的厚度相同。The thickness of the equiangular helical arm, the metal disc, and the metal feeding ring are the same.

与已有技术相比,本发明有益效果体现在:Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of the present invention are reflected in:

1、为实现天线的小型化以及提高天线的效率,本发明采用自互补结构的非频变天线,强调等角螺旋结构在角度上对电性能的影响;1. In order to realize the miniaturization of the antenna and improve the efficiency of the antenna, the present invention adopts a non-frequency-variable antenna with a self-complementary structure, emphasizing the influence of the equiangular helical structure on the electrical performance in angle;

2、本发明在辐射臂的末端镶嵌金属圆片,可以将残余的电流互相抵消,从而最大限度地减小来自末端的不良反射,优化方向图以及天线的轴比;2. In the present invention, metal discs are inlaid at the end of the radiation arm, which can cancel the residual currents each other, thereby minimizing the bad reflection from the end, optimizing the pattern and the axial ratio of the antenna;

3、本发明采用同轴馈线垂直馈电,这种馈电方法是由单个垂直地面的同轴馈电探针来完成馈电,避免在天线下方设计馈电网络;同时这种馈电方法的设计使得天线的金属比、增长率以及其他螺旋参数等方面具有一定的灵活性;3. The present invention adopts the coaxial feeder to feed vertically. This feeding method is completed by a single vertical coaxial feeder probe on the ground, so as to avoid designing a feeding network under the antenna; The design allows flexibility in the metal ratio, growth rate, and other helical parameters of the antenna;

4、为避免同轴馈线垂直馈电方式馈电点的单一性,本发明将同轴馈电探针与一中心金属馈电圆环连接,通过该圆环对一对上偶极子臂进行并联馈电,将另外并联的一对下偶极子臂与同轴的接地端相连,从而保证四个偶极子臂空间位置、臂上电磁波相位均正交,以构成圆极化所需的条件;4. In order to avoid the unity of the feed point in the vertical feed mode of the coaxial feeder, the present invention connects the coaxial feed probe to a central metal feed ring, and the pair of upper dipole arms is subjected to Parallel feeding, connecting another pair of lower dipole arms in parallel with the coaxial ground terminal, so as to ensure that the spatial positions of the four dipole arms and the phases of the electromagnetic waves on the arms are orthogonal to form the required circular polarization. condition;

5、为使天线与馈线之间的阻抗匹配,满足馈电平衡,同时为避免同轴馈线在馈电时,外导体表面有高频电流流出导致馈电无法平衡这一问题,本发明的外导体采用同轴锥削巴伦结构,将同轴馈线外导体逐渐呈0-20°角度切开,同时使同轴线缓变等效为双传输线,从而实现平衡馈电,随着外导体的切开口逐渐变化,馈线的特性阻抗也随着切口线变化,使得负载与馈线阻抗匹配;5. In order to match the impedance between the antenna and the feeder to satisfy the balance of feeding, and at the same time to avoid the problem that high-frequency current flows out of the surface of the outer conductor when the coaxial feeder is feeding, the feeding cannot be balanced. The conductor adopts a coaxial tapered balun structure, and the outer conductor of the coaxial feeder is gradually cut at an angle of 0-20°, and at the same time, the coaxial line is gradually changed to be equivalent to a double transmission line, so as to achieve balanced feeding. The opening of the cut gradually changes, and the characteristic impedance of the feeder also changes with the cut line, so that the impedance of the load and the feeder are matched;

6、由于天线为等角螺旋结构,会出现双向辐射,为使天线实现单向辐射,拥有较高效率,提高增益,本发明在天线背部添加全金属空心正方体结构的金属反射空腔。6. Since the antenna is an equiangular helical structure, there will be two-way radiation. In order to make the antenna realize one-way radiation, have higher efficiency, and improve the gain, the present invention adds a metal reflection cavity with an all-metal hollow cube structure on the back of the antenna.

附图说明Description of drawings

图1是本发明的三维结构示意图;Fig. 1 is the three-dimensional structure schematic diagram of the present invention;

图2是图1中上偶极子的结构示意图;Fig. 2 is the structural representation of the upper dipole in Fig. 1;

图3是图1中下偶极子的结构示意图;Fig. 3 is the structural representation of lower dipole among Fig. 1;

图4是图1中同轴馈线的结构示意图;Fig. 4 is the structural representation of the coaxial feeder in Fig. 1;

图5是本发明的回波损耗图;Fig. 5 is the return loss diagram of the present invention;

图6是本发明的电压驻波比图;Fig. 6 is the voltage standing wave ratio diagram of the present invention;

图7是本发明的轴比图;Fig. 7 is the axial ratio diagram of the present invention;

图8是本发明的增益图。Figure 8 is a gain diagram of the present invention.

图中,1等角螺旋臂;2金属圆片;3金属馈电圆环;4长矩形金属块;5短矩形金属块;6圆柱谐振腔;7内导体;8外导体;9金属反射空腔。In the figure, 1 isometric spiral arm; 2 metal disc; 3 metal feed ring; 4 long rectangular metal block; 5 short rectangular metal block; 6 cylindrical resonant cavity; 7 inner conductor; 8 outer conductor; 9 metal reflection space cavity.

具体实施方式Detailed ways

为使本发明实施例的目的、技术方案和优点更加清楚,下面将结合本发明实施例,对本发明实施例中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述,显然,所描述的实施例是本发明一部分实施例,而不是全部的实施例。基于本发明中的实施例,本领域普通技术人员在没有作出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例,都属于本发明保护的范围。In order to make the purposes, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below in conjunction with the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are part of the present invention. examples, but not all examples. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art without creative efforts shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.

请参照图1至图4,本实施例根据现代无线通信对带宽、抗干扰等指标要求,设计出一种全金属四臂等角螺旋圆极化天线单元,该天线单元具有宽阻抗带宽带、宽轴比带宽、圆极化等性能,同时还具有小尺寸、可装嵌、高增益、馈电简单、损耗低等优点,且是全部采用金属材料,可以加强整个天线的物理强度,在恶劣条件下使用时间更加持久。选择全金属结构一方面能够在保证结构所必要的支撑强度的同时节省了材料,降低成本,另一方面单一加工材料也降低了天线加工的复杂程度。Please refer to FIG. 1 to FIG. 4 , according to the requirements of modern wireless communication on indicators such as bandwidth and anti-interference, an all-metal four-arm equiangular helical circularly polarized antenna unit is designed. The antenna unit has a wide impedance bandwidth, Wide-axis ratio bandwidth, circular polarization and other properties, but also has the advantages of small size, can be installed, high gain, simple feeding, low loss, etc., and all use metal materials, which can strengthen the physical strength of the entire antenna, in harsh environments Under the conditions of use time is more durable. Choosing an all-metal structure can save materials and reduce costs while ensuring the necessary support strength of the structure, and on the other hand, a single processing material can also reduce the complexity of antenna processing.

上述天线单元是以全金属等角螺旋结构的辐射臂为辐射区,以圆柱谐振腔6为传输区,以同轴馈线为馈电区,利用辐射区、传输区与馈电区实现能量的接收与发送;The above-mentioned antenna unit uses the radiating arm of the all-metal equiangular helical structure as the radiation area, the cylindrical resonant cavity 6 as the transmission area, and the coaxial feeder as the feed area, and uses the radiation area, transmission area and feed area to achieve energy reception. and send;

辐射臂中,每两个等角螺旋臂1的末端汇聚并镶嵌一个金属圆片2,构成一个偶极子臂;两个偶极子臂的起始端分别连接于四分之三周长的金属馈电圆环3缺口两端的长矩形金属块4与短矩形金属块5上,构成一个偶极子;以处于上下不同平面、呈中心对称分布、外形尺寸均相同的上偶极子与下偶极子构成辐射臂;其中,等角螺旋臂1、金属圆片2、金属馈电圆环3的厚度相同;In the radiation arm, the ends of every two equiangular helical arms 1 converge and inlaid with a metal disc 2 to form a dipole arm; the starting ends of the two dipole arms are respectively connected to three-quarter circumference metal plates. The long rectangular metal block 4 and the short rectangular metal block 5 at both ends of the gap of the feeding ring 3 form a dipole; the upper and lower dipoles are located in different planes up and down, symmetrically distributed in the center, and have the same external dimensions. The poles constitute the radiating arm; wherein, the equiangular spiral arm 1, the metal disc 2, and the metal feeding ring 3 have the same thickness;

金属反射空腔9设于辐射臂的正下方,顶部敞口,圆柱谐振腔6设于下偶极子的长矩形金属块4末端中心;同轴馈线以同轴馈线探针为内导体7,以锥削巴伦结构的外导体8为接地端,内导体7与外导体8竖置、自金属反射空腔9的底部中心向上贯穿至:内导体7的顶部穿过圆柱谐振腔6与上偶极子金属馈电圆环3上的长矩形金属块4相连,外导体8的顶部与下偶极子金属馈电圆环3上的长矩形金属块4相连,保证了一对偶极子的四个偶极子臂空间位置、臂上电磁波相位均正交,以构成圆极化所需的条件。由同轴馈线对金属馈电圆环3上的矩形金属块馈电,再通过金属馈电圆环3对辐射臂的一对偶极子进行并联馈电,最后通过辐射臂和金属反射空腔9向上辐射能量。The metal reflection cavity 9 is set directly below the radiation arm, the top is open, the cylindrical resonator 6 is set at the center of the end of the long rectangular metal block 4 of the lower dipole; the coaxial feeder uses the coaxial feeder probe as the inner conductor 7, Taking the outer conductor 8 of the tapered balun structure as the ground terminal, the inner conductor 7 and the outer conductor 8 are erected, and penetrate upward from the bottom center of the metal reflection cavity 9 to: the top of the inner conductor 7 passes through the cylindrical resonant cavity 6 and the upper part. The long rectangular metal block 4 on the dipole metal feeding ring 3 is connected, and the top of the outer conductor 8 is connected with the long rectangular metal block 4 on the lower dipole metal feeding ring 3, which ensures a pair of dipoles. The spatial positions of the four dipole arms and the phases of the electromagnetic waves on the arms are orthogonal to form the conditions required for circular polarization. The rectangular metal block on the metal feed ring 3 is fed by the coaxial feed line, and then the pair of dipoles of the radiating arm are fed in parallel through the metal feed ring 3, and finally the radiating arm and the metal reflection cavity 9 are fed in parallel. Radiate energy upwards.

上述等角螺旋结构的基础模型为双臂结构,偶极子臂的其中一边螺旋臂可由等角螺旋天线的通用公式(1)绘制得到,另一边螺旋臂可由它旋转角度δ得到:The basic model of the above equiangular helical structure is a double-arm structure. One of the helical arms of the dipole arm can be drawn by the general formula (1) of the equiangular helical antenna, and the other helical arm can be obtained by its rotation angle δ:

Figure BDA0001817332380000041
Figure BDA0001817332380000041

将这一条偶极子臂绕z轴旋转180°便可以得到另一条偶极子臂。其中,r0为螺旋臂的内径,大小与天线的最高工作频率有关,通常取r0=c/(4·fh),rmax为螺旋臂的外半径,大小与天线的最低工作频率有关,通常取rmax=c/(4·fl),α为衡量螺旋臂卷曲松紧程度的常量,同时也可以控制螺旋臂的旋向,当α>0时,顺时针螺旋;当α<0时,逆时针螺旋。

Figure BDA0001817332380000042
为天线臂旋转角度。δ为两螺旋臂之间的角度差,当δ=90°时,两偶极子臂之间的夹缝与其中任一偶极子臂形成自互补结构。由于天线的极化方向与其螺旋方向一致,天线单元沿z轴极化方向为逆时针的右旋圆极化,沿-z轴极化方向相反。同时因为天线的可用辐射区域由天线的波长决定,所以它的最大半径rmax和最小半径r0与天线设计的频段有关,天线的最佳设计绕长为1.5圈,α为0.221时可以获取最优的方向图。The other dipole arm can be obtained by rotating this one dipole arm by 180° around the z-axis. Among them, r 0 is the inner diameter of the helical arm, and the size is related to the highest operating frequency of the antenna. Usually, r 0 =c/(4·f h ) is taken, and r max is the outer radius of the helical arm, and the size is related to the lowest operating frequency of the antenna. , usually take r max =c/(4·f l ), α is a constant that measures the degree of coiling tightness of the helical arm, and can also control the handedness of the helical arm. When α>0, the spiral is clockwise; when α<0 , spiral counterclockwise.
Figure BDA0001817332380000042
is the rotation angle of the antenna arm. δ is the angle difference between the two helical arms. When δ=90°, the gap between the two dipole arms forms a self-complementary structure with any of the dipole arms. Since the polarization direction of the antenna is consistent with its helical direction, the polarization direction of the antenna element along the z-axis is a counterclockwise right-hand circular polarization, and the polarization direction along the -z-axis is opposite. At the same time, because the available radiation area of the antenna is determined by the wavelength of the antenna, its maximum radius r max and minimum radius r 0 are related to the frequency band of the antenna design. The optimal design winding length of the antenna is 1.5 turns. When α is 0.221, the maximum Excellent orientation map.

在上述双臂结构的基础上,为构成本实施例四臂式的自互补结构,可将其中一螺旋臂旋转角度δ=45°形成偶极子臂的另一个螺旋臂,再将得到的偶极子臂绕z轴依次旋转90°、180°、270°,从而构成天线的四臂。在天线的末端加入金属圆片,可以将残余的电流互相抵消,从而最大限度地减小来自末端的不良反射,优化方向图以及天线的轴比。On the basis of the above double-arm structure, in order to form the self-complementary structure of the four-arm type in this embodiment, one of the helical arms can be rotated at an angle of δ=45° to form the other helical arm of the dipole arm, and then the obtained dipole arm can be converted into the other helical arm of the dipole arm. The pole arms are rotated 90°, 180°, and 270° in turn around the z-axis, thereby forming the four arms of the antenna. Adding a metal disc at the end of the antenna can cancel the residual currents, thereby minimizing the bad reflections from the end, optimizing the pattern and the axial ratio of the antenna.

如图4所示,由于四臂等角螺旋天线为自互补结构,阻抗一定且较高,因此在平衡馈电的同时需要进行阻抗匹配。对于同轴馈线馈电而言,需要进行巴伦设计,考虑到渐变式平衡器性能相对优越,适用范围广,且易于在同轴馈线上实现,故选用渐变式平衡器,设计为同轴锥削巴伦结构。锥削巴伦结构的外导体8是通过特殊工艺加工,将其自顶部逐渐呈0-20°向下切开。最后使得同轴馈线缓变等效为双传输线,从而实现平衡馈电。同时,随着外导体8的切口逐渐变化,馈线的特性阻抗也随着切口线变化,使得负载与馈线阻抗匹配。As shown in FIG. 4 , since the four-arm equiangular helix antenna is a self-complementary structure, the impedance is constant and high, so impedance matching needs to be performed while balancing the feeding. For coaxial feeder feeding, a balun design is required. Considering that the gradient balancer has relatively superior performance, a wide range of applications, and is easy to implement on coaxial feeders, the gradient balancer is selected and designed as a coaxial cone. Cut the balun structure. The outer conductor 8 of the tapered balun structure is processed by a special process, and it is gradually cut downward at 0-20° from the top. Finally, the gradual change of the coaxial feeder is equivalent to a double transmission line, so as to realize balanced feeding. At the same time, as the cutout of the outer conductor 8 changes gradually, the characteristic impedance of the feeder also changes with the cutout line, so that the impedance of the load and the feeder are matched.

此外,平面等角螺旋天线是沿着z轴和-z轴方向进行双向辐射的,所以方向图是双向的,近似于“8”字形,因为有两个辐射波瓣,所以增益较低。为使天线实现单向辐射,拥有较高效率,提高增益,本发明实施例在天线背部添加全金属空心正方体结构的金属反射空腔9,根据天线的中心频率f=4GHz求得对应波长λ=75mm,一般可以设计空腔深度为天线中心频率对应波长的1/4,且与下偶极子距离地面的间距相同,因此,理论空腔深度为18.75mm,经优化取得空腔深度最佳值为18.4mm,背腔厚度为2mm。In addition, the planar equiangular helical antenna radiates bidirectionally along the z-axis and -z-axis, so the pattern is bidirectional and approximates a "8" shape. Because there are two radiation lobes, the gain is low. In order to realize unidirectional radiation of the antenna, have higher efficiency, and improve the gain, the embodiment of the present invention adds a metal reflection cavity 9 with an all-metal hollow cube structure on the back of the antenna, and obtains the corresponding wavelength λ= according to the center frequency of the antenna f=4GHz 75mm, the cavity depth can generally be designed to be 1/4 of the wavelength corresponding to the center frequency of the antenna, and the distance from the lower dipole to the ground is the same. Therefore, the theoretical cavity depth is 18.75mm, and the optimal cavity depth is obtained after optimization. It is 18.4mm, and the thickness of the back cavity is 2mm.

经过仿真测试,由图5、图6可以得到天线的阻抗带宽为2.87GHz~5.5GHz,电压驻波比带宽为2.7GHz~6GHz。由图7、图8可知,天线轴比带宽为2GHz~6GHz,法向最大天线增益为8.9dB。After the simulation test, it can be obtained from Figure 5 and Figure 6 that the impedance bandwidth of the antenna is 2.87GHz to 5.5GHz, and the voltage standing wave ratio bandwidth is 2.7GHz to 6GHz. It can be seen from Fig. 7 and Fig. 8 that the axial ratio bandwidth of the antenna is 2 GHz to 6 GHz, and the maximum antenna gain in the normal direction is 8.9 dB.

因此,综合考虑各个参数,本发明实施例的全金属四臂等角螺旋圆极化天线单元的可用工作带宽为2.87GHz~5.5GHz,绝对带宽为2.63GHz,相对带宽为62.8%。由此可知,本发明实现了小尺寸、高增益、具有优良的轴比以及方向图的宽带天线的设计目标。Therefore, considering various parameters comprehensively, the available working bandwidth of the all-metal four-arm equiangular helical circularly polarized antenna unit of the embodiment of the present invention is 2.87GHz-5.5GHz, the absolute bandwidth is 2.63GHz, and the relative bandwidth is 62.8%. It can be seen from this that the present invention achieves the design goals of a broadband antenna with small size, high gain, and excellent axial ratio and pattern.

尽管已经示出和描述了本发明的实施例,本领域的普通技术人员可以理解:在不脱离本发明的原理和宗旨的情况下可以对这些实施例进行多种变化、修改、替换和变型,本发明的范围由权利要求及其等同物限定。Although embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that various changes, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made in these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, The scope of the invention is defined by the claims and their equivalents.

Claims (5)

1.一种全金属四臂等角螺旋圆极化天线单元,其特征是:1. an all-metal four-arm equiangular spiral circularly polarized antenna unit, is characterized in that: 以全金属等角螺旋结构的辐射臂为辐射区,以圆柱谐振腔(6)为传输区,以同轴馈线为馈电区,利用辐射区、传输区与馈电区实现能量的接收与发送;The radiation arm of the all-metal equiangular helical structure is used as the radiation area, the cylindrical resonator cavity (6) is used as the transmission area, and the coaxial feeder is used as the feed area, and the radiation area, the transmission area and the feed area are used to realize the reception and transmission of energy ; 所述辐射臂中,每两个等角螺旋臂(1)的末端汇聚并镶嵌一个金属圆片(2),构成一个偶极子臂;两个偶极子臂的起始端分别连接于四分之三周长的金属馈电圆环(3)缺口两端的长矩形金属块(4)与短矩形金属块(5)上,构成一个偶极子;以处于上下不同平面、呈中心对称分布的上偶极子与下偶极子构成所述辐射臂;In the radiating arm, the ends of each two equiangular spiral arms (1) are converged and inlaid with a metal disc (2) to form a dipole arm; the starting ends of the two dipole arms are respectively connected to the quarters. The long rectangular metal block (4) and the short rectangular metal block (5) at both ends of the metal feeding ring (3) with the perimeter of the third circumference form a dipole; The upper dipole and the lower dipole constitute the radiation arm; 金属反射空腔(9)设于辐射臂的正下方,顶部敞口,所述圆柱谐振腔(6)设于下偶极子的长矩形金属块(4)末端中心;所述同轴馈线以同轴馈线探针为内导体(7),以锥削巴伦结构的外导体(8)为接地端,锥削巴伦结构的外导体(8)具有自顶部呈0-20°逐渐向下切开的切口,内导体(7)与外导体(8)竖置、自金属反射空腔(9)的底部中心向上贯穿至:内导体(7)的顶部穿过所述圆柱谐振腔(6)与上偶极子的金属馈电圆环(3)相连,外导体(8)的顶部与下偶极子的金属馈电圆环(3)相连,使一对偶极子的四个偶极子臂空间位置、臂上电磁波相位均正交。The metal reflection cavity (9) is arranged directly below the radiation arm, and the top is open, and the cylindrical resonator (6) is arranged at the center of the end of the long rectangular metal block (4) of the lower dipole; The coaxial feeder probe is the inner conductor (7), and the outer conductor (8) of the tapered balun structure is used as the ground terminal. The cut incision, the inner conductor (7) and the outer conductor (8) are vertical, and penetrate upwards from the bottom center of the metal reflection cavity (9) to: the top of the inner conductor (7) passes through the cylindrical resonant cavity (6) ) is connected to the metal feed ring (3) of the upper dipole, and the top of the outer conductor (8) is connected to the metal feed ring (3) of the lower dipole, so that the four dipoles of a pair of dipoles are connected The spatial position of the sub-arm and the phase of the electromagnetic wave on the arm are orthogonal. 2.根据权利要求1所述的全金属四臂等角螺旋圆极化天线单元,其特征是:所述金属反射空腔(9)为全金属空心正方体结构,深度与所述下偶极子距离地面的间距相同。2. The all-metal four-arm equiangular helical circularly polarized antenna unit according to claim 1, wherein the metal reflection cavity (9) is an all-metal hollow cube structure, and the depth is the same as that of the lower dipole. The same distance from the ground. 3.根据权利要求1所述的全金属四臂等角螺旋圆极化天线单元,其特征是:所述等角螺旋臂(1)的等角螺旋结构由等角螺旋天线的通用公式绘制得到,任意两等角螺旋臂(1)的旋转角均为45°。3. The all-metal four-arm equiangular spiral circularly polarized antenna unit according to claim 1, wherein the equiangular spiral structure of the equiangular spiral arm (1) is drawn by the general formula of the equiangular spiral antenna , the rotation angle of any two equal-angle helical arms (1) is 45°. 4.根据权利要求1所述的全金属四臂等角螺旋圆极化天线单元,其特征是:所述内导体(7)的顶部是与上偶极子金属馈电圆环(3)上的长矩形金属块(4)相连,外导体(8)的顶部是与下偶极子金属馈电圆环(3)上的长矩形金属块(4)相连。4. The all-metal four-arm equiangular helical circularly polarized antenna unit according to claim 1, wherein the top of the inner conductor (7) is connected to the upper dipole metal feed ring (3). The long rectangular metal block (4) is connected, and the top of the outer conductor (8) is connected with the long rectangular metal block (4) on the lower dipole metal feeding ring (3). 5.根据权利要求1所述的全金属四臂等角螺旋圆极化天线单元,其特征是:所述等角螺旋臂(1)、金属圆片(2)、金属馈电圆环(3)的厚度相同。5. The all-metal four-arm equiangular spiral circularly polarized antenna unit according to claim 1, characterized in that: the equiangular spiral arm (1), the metal disc (2), the metal feed ring (3) ) of the same thickness.
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