CN109344475B - FDTD-based carbon fiber composite material radiation characteristic numerical simulation method - Google Patents
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Abstract
FDTD-based numerical simulation method for radiation characteristics of carbon fiber composite material. The method for calculating the radiation characteristic of the carbon fiber composite material is lacked at present. According to the invention, FDTD Solution software is used for carrying out simulation on a material model, and the structures of carbon fibers and composite materials thereof are simulated through the software, so that a plurality of groups of parameter data of absorption cross sections, scattering cross sections, absorption factors and scattering factors are obtained; adopting a time domain finite difference method, and carrying out analog calculation on an absorption cross section, a scattering cross section, an absorption factor and a scattering factor to obtain the proportion of absorption scattering energy to incident energy, thereby calculating the radiation characteristic of the carbon fiber; the influence of the structure of the carbon fiber composite material on the radiation characteristic thereof is obtained through the analysis. Through theoretical calculation of thermal radiation characteristics, the influence of each influence factor on the radiation characteristics of the carbon fiber is better analyzed, and the structure of the carbon fiber and the composite material thereof is further improved according to the theory, so that the carbon fiber and the composite material thereof are better applied to thermal protection.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a numerical simulation method for radiation characteristics of a carbon fiber composite material based on FDTD.
Background
From solar irradiation in our daily life, heat treatment process in industrial production, high temperature flame at fire explosion site, to a great amount of heat generated by air friction when high speed aircraft flies. The enormous amount of heat energy released by these heat sources can cause safety hazards. The thermal protection plays an indispensable role in avoiding safety accidents caused by heat, and if corresponding thermal protection measures are not taken, the operation personnel can be caused to suffer from diseases such as heat shooting disease, heat failure and the like, and great influence is caused on the health of the operation personnel. For a high-speed aircraft, the thermal protection measures are adopted to avoid the damage of the severe thermal environment to the high-speed aircraft, improve the safety and reliability of the high-speed aircraft during flight and avoid the occurrence of disassembly accidents caused by heat. The carbon fiber has various excellent performances such as good heat resistance, strong corrosion resistance and the like, so that the carbon fiber plays an important role in a heat-proof layer of an aircraft.
The carbon fiber is formed by high-temperature decomposition and carbonization of organic fiber, and the carbon content in the material can reach more than 90% through a series of changes. The structure is mainly composed of graphite. The excellent properties of carbon fibers, other than their use alone, make them equally useful as reinforcing phases in composite materials. Carbon fibers may be formed into carbon fiber composites with other materials depending on the function of the desired material. Due to the difference of composite material substrates, carbon fiber composite materials are mainly divided into 4 types: carbon fiber/resin matrix composite materials, carbon fiber/carbon composite materials, carbon fiber/ceramic matrix composite materials and carbon fiber/metal matrix composite materials. The carbon fiber composite material also has the advantages of good heat resistance, corrosion resistance, high strength and the like. These advantages make carbon fibers and carbon fiber composites have great application in the thermal protection of spacecraft. Taking the c/c composite material as an example, the composite material is applied to a heat-proof system of a spacecraft and a high-speed aircraft, so that the damage of the severe high-temperature environment to the aircraft is reduced, safety accidents are avoided, and a safety guarantee is provided for the aircraft to finish flight tasks.
The radiation characteristic of the carbon fiber is further researched through theoretical calculation of the heat radiation characteristic, the influence of various influencing factors on the radiation characteristic is analyzed, and a numerical simulation method is used for providing a further improvement scheme for the structures of the carbon fiber and the composite material thereof, so that the carbon fiber and the composite material thereof are better applied to heat protection.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the problem that a radiation characteristic calculation method of a carbon fiber composite material is lacked at present, and provides a numerical simulation method of the radiation characteristic of the carbon fiber composite material based on FDTD.
An FDTD-based numerical simulation method for radiation characteristics of carbon fiber composite materials is realized by the following steps:
firstly, performing simulation on a material model by using FDTD Solution software, and simulating the structures of carbon fibers and composite materials thereof by using the software;
setting a simulation area and obtaining parameters of absorption cross sections, scattering cross sections, absorption factors and scattering factors under different optical wave lengths;
step three, sorting multiple groups of parameter data of the obtained absorption cross section, scattering cross section, absorption factor and scattering factor, comparing the multiple groups of data, and analyzing the influence of each factor on the radiation characteristics of the carbon fiber and the composite material thereof by observing the trend of the curve;
step four, adopting a time domain finite difference method, and performing analog calculation to obtain the proportion of the absorption scattering energy to the incident energy by using an absorption cross section, a scattering cross section, an absorption factor and a scattering factor so as to calculate the radiation characteristic of the carbon fiber;
analyzing the results to obtain the influence of the structure of the carbon fiber composite material on the radiation characteristic of the carbon fiber composite material;
and step six, improving the thermal protection performance of the carbon fibers and the composite material thereof through the influence of the density degree of the carbon fibers on the radiation characteristic, the influence of the substrate on the radiation characteristic of the carbon fiber composite material, the influence of three-dimensional disordered structure arrangement on the radiation characteristic of the carbon fibers and the influence of the carbon nanotubes on the radiation characteristic of the carbon fibers.
The beneficial effects of the invention are as follows:
the invention basically researches the radiation characteristics of carbon fibers and composite materials thereof through experimental measurement at present, lacks theoretical calculation, and aims to better improve the structure of the materials so as to adapt to more complex application environments.
According to the invention, FDTD Solution software is used for simulating a material model, the structure of the carbon fiber and the composite material thereof can be simulated through the software, then a simulation area is set, parameters such as scattering cross sections under different optical wave lengths can be obtained, after data are collated, a plurality of groups of data are compared, and the influence of various factors on the radiation characteristics of the carbon fiber and the composite material thereof can be analyzed through the trend of an observation curve.
The invention can analyze the radiation characteristics of the carbon fiber not only from the influence of the structure on the carbon fiber and the composite material thereof, but also from other materials, such as carbon nano tubes coated on the surface of the carbon fiber or other matrixes added in the carbon fiber, so that the analysis can be relatively comprehensive.
By calculating the radiation characteristics of the carbon fibers, the carbon fibers are theoretically analyzed to obtain data of absorption cross sections, scattering cross sections, absorption factors and scattering factors, and the proportion of absorption scattering energy to incident energy is analyzed, so that the heat radiation characteristics of different carbon fibers and composite materials thereof are reflected. Through the analysis, the influence of the structure of the carbon fiber composite material on the radiation characteristic of the carbon fiber composite material can be obtained, and therefore the carbon fiber and the composite material thereof have better heat protection performance.
Detailed Description
The first embodiment is as follows:
the FDTD-based carbon fiber composite material radiation characteristic numerical simulation method is realized by the following steps:
firstly, performing simulation on a material model by using FDTD Solution software, and simulating the structures of carbon fibers and composite materials thereof by using the software;
setting a simulation area and obtaining parameters of absorption cross sections, scattering cross sections, absorption factors and scattering factors under different optical wave lengths;
step three, sorting multiple sets of parameter data of the obtained absorption cross section, scattering cross section, absorption factor and scattering factor, comparing the multiple sets of data, and analyzing the influence of each factor on the radiation characteristics of the carbon fiber and the composite material thereof through the trend of an observation curve;
step four, adopting a time domain finite difference method, and performing analog calculation to obtain the proportion of the absorption scattering energy to the incident energy by using an absorption cross section, a scattering cross section, an absorption factor and a scattering factor so as to calculate the radiation characteristic of the carbon fiber;
analyzing the results to obtain the influence of the structure of the carbon fiber composite material on the radiation characteristic of the carbon fiber composite material;
and step six, improving the thermal protection performance of the carbon fibers and the composite material thereof through the influence of the density degree of the carbon fibers on the radiation characteristic, the influence of the substrate on the radiation characteristic of the carbon fiber composite material, the influence of three-dimensional disordered structure arrangement on the radiation characteristic of the carbon fibers and the influence of the carbon nanotubes on the radiation characteristic of the carbon fibers.
The second embodiment is as follows:
different from the first specific embodiment, in the FDTD-based carbon fiber composite material radiation characteristic numerical simulation method of the present embodiment, the thermal protection performance of the carbon fiber and the composite material thereof is improved in the following manner in the sixth step:
1, simulating the influence of the change of the density degree of carbon fibers on radiation characteristics, and improving the thermal protection performance:
setting the longitudinal directions of the carbon fibers to be parallel, simplifying the cross section of the structure body in the XY direction into circles distributed randomly, designing and calculating the cross section area of the structure body in the XY direction to be unchanged, representing the number of the carbon fibers by using the number of the simplified circles, representing the density degree of the carbon fibers, carrying out simulation calculation analysis by using FDTD Solution software, processing data by using orgin software, and simulating the influence of the density degree change of the carbon fibers on the radiation characteristics of the carbon fibers;
and 2, simulating the influence of different substrates on the radiation characteristic of the carbon fiber composite material, and improving the thermal protection performance:
inputting different matrixes into a material library of FDTD Solution software according to refractive indexes of the different matrixes, introducing a planar light source to calculate a scattering section, an absorption section, a scattering factor and an absorption factor of the carbon fiber under specified wavelength through a full field/scattering field method based on Maxwell equation and combining with a time domain finite difference method, and simulating the influence of different absorption matrixes on the radiation characteristics of the carbon fiber under the condition that the carbon fibers are longitudinally parallel;
and 3, simulating the influence of three-dimensional disordered structure arrangement on the radiation characteristic of the carbon fiber, and improving the thermal protection performance:
simplifying carbon fibers into a cylinder in simulation, simulating a carbon fiber crisscross state model, and analyzing the radiation characteristic of the carbon fibers in the state through calculation;
and 4, simulating the influence of the carbon nano tube on the radiation characteristic of the carbon fiber, and improving the thermal protection performance:
and establishing a structural model of coating the carbon nano tube on the surface of the carbon fiber, performing analog simulation, and analyzing the influence of the carbon nano tube on the radiation characteristic of the carbon fiber.
The third concrete implementation mode:
different from the first or second specific embodiments, in the FDTD-based carbon fiber composite material radiation characteristic numerical simulation method of the present embodiment, the process of simulating the influence of different absorption matrixes on the radiation characteristic thereof based on maxwell equations is that a maxwell equation set has both a differential form and an integral form, wherein the differential form can basically represent most of the basic principles of electromagnetism, and due to the characteristics of the differential form, it can calculate the electromagnetic phenomenon of the complex structure of a micro object, and the form is as follows:
in the formula, each term is represented as follows: e is the electric field intensity, D is the electric flux density, H is the magnetic field intensity, B is the magnetic flux, J is the current density;
in fact, maxwell's equations only provide a method for propagating a wave in a medium, and do not provide a connection between the wave and the medium, that is, different media affect the propagation process of the light wave in various media. Therefore, before calculating the propagation process of the wave by using the maxwell equation set, the action of the medium must be considered, and the maxwell equation and the material property are related by using the material equation, which is expressed as follows:
D＝εE
B＝μH
J＝σE
in the formula, each term is represented as follows: epsilon is dielectric constant, mu is dielectric permeability, and sigma is conductivity;
after writing the Maxwell equation into a rectangular coordinate form, solving the Maxwell equation set by FDTD, thereby obtaining the required physical quantity; handle type
The last two equations of (a) are rewritten in rectangular coordinates in the form:
the fourth concrete implementation mode:
different from the third specific embodiment, in the FDTD-based carbon fiber composite material radiation characteristic numerical simulation method according to the third specific embodiment, the process of setting the simulation region and obtaining the parameters of the absorption cross section, the scattering cross section, the absorption factor and the scattering factor under different optical wavelength is that the spectral scattering cross section is defined as C scat ＝k scat N, wherein N is the particle density; obtaining: the scattering cross-section is the scattering coefficient of a single particle per unit volume, for a medium with only scattering properties, let us say the incident radiation I λ Perpendicularly projected onto a section A of the medium, the energy scattered over a distance dx is dI λ Then, then
Where dV = Adx, the physical meaning of this formula can be written as:
the ratio of scattering intensity to incident intensity within the dx distance is equal to the ratio of the total scattering area to incident area within the dV volume. It is thus seen that the scattering cross section is an equivalent cross section of the scattering power of the scatterer. The following relationships exist for non-uniform particle size populations
In the formula C sλ (r) is a scattering cross-section of particles with radius r; n (r) is the particle number density with radius r;
the absorption characteristic and the attenuation characteristic of the particle can be expressed by an absorption section and an attenuation section, and are defined as follows:
C abs ＝k abs /N
C ext ＝k ext /N
the fifth concrete implementation mode is as follows:
different from the first, second or fourth specific embodiments, in the FDTD-based carbon fiber composite material radiation characteristic numerical simulation method according to the first embodiment, the process of sorting the obtained multiple sets of parameter data of the absorption cross section, the scattering cross section, the absorption factor and the scattering factor is that the radiation characteristic of the particles utilizes the absorption factor Q abs Scattering factor Q scat And an attenuation factor Q ext To describe, the scattering factor is defined as the ratio of the scattering cross section to the geometric projection area a of the scattering body in the incident direction, and is defined as:
the absorption factor is defined as follows:
the attenuation factor is defined as:
and the three have the following relations:Q ext ＝Q abs +Q scat 。
Claims (4)
1. a FDTD-based carbon fiber composite material radiation characteristic numerical simulation method is characterized by comprising the following steps: the method is realized by the following steps:
firstly, performing simulation on a material model by using FDTD Solution software, and simulating the structures of carbon fibers and composite materials thereof by using the software;
setting a simulation area and obtaining parameters of absorption cross sections, scattering cross sections, absorption factors and scattering factors under different optical wave lengths;
step three, sorting multiple sets of parameter data of the obtained absorption cross section, scattering cross section, absorption factor and scattering factor, comparing the multiple sets of data, and analyzing the influence of each factor on the radiation characteristics of the carbon fiber and the composite material thereof through the trend of an observation curve;
step four, adopting a time domain finite difference method, and performing analog calculation to obtain the proportion of the absorption scattering energy to the incident energy by using an absorption cross section, a scattering cross section, an absorption factor and a scattering factor so as to calculate the radiation characteristic of the carbon fiber;
analyzing the results to obtain the influence of the structure of the carbon fiber composite material on the radiation characteristic of the carbon fiber composite material;
sixthly, improving the thermal protection performance of the carbon fibers and the composite material thereof through the influence of the density degree of the carbon fibers on the radiation characteristic, the influence of the substrate on the radiation characteristic of the carbon fiber composite material, the influence of three-dimensional disordered structure arrangement on the radiation characteristic of the carbon fibers and the influence of carbon nanotubes on the radiation characteristic of the carbon fibers;
and sixthly, improving the thermal protection performance of the carbon fiber and the composite material thereof by the following modes:
the method comprises the following steps of 1, simulating the influence of carbon fiber density degree change on radiation characteristics, and improving thermal protection performance:
setting the longitudinal directions of the carbon fibers to be parallel, simplifying the XY-direction section of the structure body into a randomly distributed circle, designing and calculating the XY-direction section area of the structure body to be unchanged, representing the number of the carbon fibers by using the number of the simplified circles, representing the density degree of the carbon fibers, carrying out simulation calculation analysis by using FDTD Solution software, processing data by using orgin software, and simulating the influence of the density degree change of the carbon fibers on the radiation characteristics of the carbon fibers;
and 2, simulating the influence of different substrates on the radiation characteristic of the carbon fiber composite material, and improving the thermal protection performance:
inputting different matrixes into a material library of FDTD Solution software according to refractive indexes of the different matrixes, introducing a plane light source to calculate a scattering section, an absorption section, a scattering factor and an absorption factor of the carbon fiber under specified wavelength by combining a time domain finite difference method and a full field/scattering field method on the basis of Maxwell equation, and simulating the influence of different absorption matrixes on the radiation characteristics of the carbon fiber under the condition that the carbon fibers are longitudinally parallel;
and 3, simulating the influence of three-dimensional disordered structure arrangement on the radiation characteristic of the carbon fiber, and improving the thermal protection performance:
simplifying carbon fibers into a cylinder in simulation, simulating a carbon fiber crisscross state model, and analyzing the radiation characteristic of the carbon fibers in the state through calculation;
and 4, simulating the influence of the carbon nano tube on the radiation characteristic of the carbon fiber, and improving the thermal protection performance:
and establishing a structural model of coating the carbon nano tube on the surface of the carbon fiber, performing analog simulation, and analyzing the influence of the carbon nano tube on the radiation characteristic of the carbon fiber.
2. The FDTD-based carbon fiber composite radiation characteristic numerical simulation method of claim 1, wherein: the process of simulating the influence of different absorption matrixes on the radiation characteristics of the radiation matrixes based on Maxwell equations is that Maxwell equations have a differential form and an integral form, wherein the differential form can basically represent most basic principles of electromagnetism, and due to the characteristics of the differential form, the electromagnetic phenomenon of complex structures of micro objects can be calculated, and the form is as follows:
▽·B＝0
▽·D＝ρ
in the formula, each term is represented as follows: e is the electric field intensity, D is the electric flux density, H is the magnetic field intensity, B is the magnetic flux, J is the current density;
before computing the propagation process of the wave using maxwell's equations, maxwell's equations are used to relate the material properties to the following:
D＝εE
B＝μH
J＝σE
in the formula, each term is represented as follows: epsilon is dielectric constant, mu is dielectric permeability, and sigma is conductivity;
after writing the Maxwell equation into a rectangular coordinate form, solving the Maxwell equation set by FDTD, thereby obtaining the required physical quantity; handle type
The last two equations of (a) are rewritten in rectangular coordinates in the form:
3. the FDTD-based carbon fiber composite material radiation characteristic numerical simulation method of claim 2, wherein: the process of setting the simulation area and obtaining the parameters of the absorption cross section, the scattering cross section, the absorption factor and the scattering factor under different optical wave lengths is that the definition of the spectrum scattering cross section is C scat ＝k scat N, wherein N is the particle density; for media with only scattering properties, let the incident radiation I λ Perpendicularly projected onto a section A of the medium, the energy scattered over a distance dx is dI λ Then, then
Wherein dV = Adx, wherein the ratio of dV = Adx,
the non-uniform particle size of the population of particles has the following relationship:
in the formula C sλ (r) is a scattering cross-section of particles with radius r; n (r) is the particle number density with radius r; the absorption characteristic and the attenuation characteristic of the particle can be expressed by an absorption section and an attenuation section, and are defined as follows:
C abs ＝k abs /N
C ext ＝k ext /N。
4. the FDTD-based carbon fiber composite radiation characteristic numerical simulation method of claim 3, wherein: the process of the multiple groups of parameter data of the absorption cross section, the scattering cross section, the absorption factor and the scattering factor obtained by sorting comprises the following steps that the radiation characteristic of the particles utilizes the absorption factor Q abs Scattering factor Q scat And an attenuation factor Q ext To describe, the scattering factor is defined as:
the absorption factor is defined by the formula:
the attenuation factor is defined as:
and the three have the following relations: q ext ＝Q abs +Q scat 。
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