CN109328062A - 小分子活性氧簇诱导剂和线粒体活性抑制剂 - Google Patents
小分子活性氧簇诱导剂和线粒体活性抑制剂 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明属于药物化学领域。具体来说,本发明涉及一类新的具有喹唑啉二酮结构的小分子,所述小分子在癌细胞(例如胰腺癌细胞)内充当活性氧簇(ROS)诱导剂和线粒体活性抑制剂;以及它们用作用于治疗癌症(例如胰腺癌)和其他疾病的治疗剂的用途。
Description
关于联邦政府资助的研究或开发的声明
本发明是在政府支持下根据国家卫生研究院授予的CA188252进行。政府享有本发明的某些权利。
发明领域
本发明属于药物化学领域。具体来说,本发明涉及一类新的具有喹唑啉二酮结构的小分子,所述小分子在癌细胞(例如胰腺癌细胞)内充当活性氧簇(ROS)诱导剂和线粒体活性抑制剂;以及它们用作用于治疗癌症(例如胰腺癌)和其他疾病的治疗剂的用途。
引言
胰腺癌是美国两种性别中癌症相关死亡的第四大原因,仅在2014年就夺走了39590条生命(Siegel等人,2014)。鉴于胰腺癌具有无症状和转移性质,超过50%的胰腺癌病例是在晚期阶段在肿瘤已经发生转移并且不可切除时被诊断出的。因此,胰腺癌的治疗在很大程度上依赖于全身化疗。自基于吉西他滨(gemcitabine)的方案在1996年被FDA批准以来,所述方案一直是用于胰腺癌的护理标准(Ryan等人,2014)。然而,受到晚期阶段诊断和对当前化疗的固有/获得性抗性的限制,胰腺癌的总体五年存活率仅是6.7%,这是所有类型癌症中最低的之一。最近,具有适度临床活性的两种组合方案已经被添加到选择方案中。向吉西他滨增添nab-紫杉醇(白蛋白结合的紫杉醇)使中值总存活期从6.7个月延长到8.5个月(Von Hoff等人,2013)。组合FOLFIRINOX(奥沙利铂(oxaliplatin)、伊立替康(irinotecan)、氟尿嘧啶(fluorouracil)以及甲酰四氢叶酸(leucovorin))由于使中值总存活期从吉西他滨组中的6.8个月延长到FOLFIRINOX组中的11.1个月而被批准用于治疗转移性胰腺癌(Conroy等人,2011),但是毒性增加是这些新治疗选择方案的主要担忧。
因此,迫切需要新型治疗剂来提高患有这种毁灭性疾病的患者的存活率。
发明内容
癌细胞中的氧化还原稳态发生改变为肿瘤干预提供了新的机会。活性氧簇(ROS)是来自线粒体呼吸的天然副产物,作为第二信使在细胞信号转导中起重要作用(Li等人,2013)。然而,当以高浓度存在时,ROS可能对细胞过程有害,从而通过氧化诱导对DNA、脂质以及蛋白质的损伤。因此,过量的细胞内ROS由受ROS解毒机制调节的抗氧化剂不断消除以确保健康的氧化还原状态。在肿瘤细胞中,抗氧化酶常常由于固有ROS的水平升高而具有活性(Fruehauf和Meyskens,2007)。通常存在于胰腺导管腺癌(PDAC)中的致癌突变,如KrasG12D激活处于基础状态的主抗氧化开关Nrf2(DeNicola等人,2011;Kong等人,2013)。肿瘤中的氧化还原稳态发生改变使得它们更容易受到诱导氧化应激的影响,所述诱导氧化应激会超过它们的适应性抗氧化能力并且触发ROS介导的细胞死亡(Pelicano等人,2004;Sabharwal和Schumacker,2014)。
先前,证实了喹唑啉二酮QD232在胰腺癌模型中发挥ROS依赖性细胞毒性(Pathania等人,2015;Pathania等人,2014)。在开发本发明的实施方案的过程中进行的实验执行了先导优化活动并且鉴定QD325()是用于深入的临床前和机制研究的先导化合物。这些实验证实了选择性抑制线粒体D环可能是有效的并且被进一步探索作为创新的治疗方法以靶向严重依赖于线粒体功能的癌症。
因而,本发明提供了一类新的具有喹唑啉二酮结构的小分子,所述小分子充当ROS诱导剂和线粒体功能抑制剂,并且充当用于治疗癌症(例如胰腺癌)(例如任何类型的癌症)和其他疾病的治疗剂。
因此,本发明考虑了使患有癌症(例如胰腺癌)(例如PDAC)(例如和/或癌症相关病症)(例如任何类型的癌症)的动物(例如人)暴露于治疗有效量的诱导ROS并且抑制线粒体活性的具有喹唑啉二酮结构的一种或多种药物(例如具有喹唑啉二酮结构的小分子)将完全抑制癌细胞(例如PDAC细胞)(例如任何类型的癌症)和/或支持细胞生长和/或使这些细胞成为对癌症治疗性药物或放射疗法的细胞死亡诱导活性更敏感的群体。
在一些实施方案中,抑制线粒体活性经由例如激活Nrf2介导的氧化应激和未折叠蛋白反应而发生。举例来说,在一些实施方案中,这样的激活Nrf2介导的氧化应激和未折叠蛋白反应经由代表性基因NQO1、HMOX1、DDIT3以及HSPA5的新生RNA合成增加而发生。
在一些实施方案中,抑制线粒体活性经由例如抑制mtDNA转录物的合成和下调mtDNA编码的OXPHOS酶而发生。
本发明考虑了PDAC细胞中的线粒体活性的抑制剂满足了对PDAC治疗的未满足的需求,无论是在作为单一疗法施用以在这些癌细胞中诱导细胞生长抑制、细胞凋亡和/或细胞周期停滞时,还是在与一种或多种另外的药剂,如其他细胞死亡诱导或细胞周期破坏癌症治疗性药物或放射疗法以一定的时间关系施用(组合治疗)时,以使得与仅接受单独的癌症治疗性药物或放射疗法治疗的动物中细胞的相应比例相比,更大比例的癌细胞或支持细胞易于执行细胞凋亡程序。
在本发明的某些实施方案中,用治疗有效量的本发明的化合物和抗癌剂疗程对动物进行组合治疗与接受单独的所述化合物或抗癌药/放射治疗的那些相比在这些动物中产生更大的肿瘤反应和临床益处。由于所有批准的抗癌药和放射疗法的剂量是已知的,因此本发明考虑了它们与本发明的化合物的各种组合。
本发明的申请人已经发现某些喹唑啉二酮化合物充当ROS诱导剂和线粒体活性抑制剂,并且用作用于治疗癌症(例如PDAC)和其他疾病的治疗剂。因此,本发明涉及可用于诱导ROS、抑制线粒体活性(例如从而促进细胞凋亡)以及增加细胞对细胞凋亡和/或细胞周期停滞诱导剂的敏感性的喹唑啉二酮化合物。本发明的某些喹唑啉二酮化合物可以作为包括光学异构体的立体异构体存在。本发明包括作为纯的单个立体异构体制剂和每一种的富集制剂的所有立体异构体、以及这些立体异构体的外消旋混合物、以及可以根据本领域技术人员公知的方法分离的单个非对映体和对映体。
在具体的实施方案中,提供了式I内所涵盖的喹唑啉二酮化合物:或包括其药学上可接受的盐、溶剂化物和/或前药。
式I不限于R1、R2以及R3的特定化学部分。式II不限于R4的特定化学部分。
在一些实施方案中,R1、R2以及R3的特定化学部分独立地包括容许所得化合物在癌细胞内诱导ROS并且抑制线粒体活性的任何化学部分。在一些实施方案中,R4的特定化学部分包括容许所得化合物在癌细胞内诱导ROS并且抑制线粒体活性的任何化学部分。
在一些实施方案中,R1、R2以及R3的特定化学部分独立地包括容许所得化合物在癌细胞内经由激活Nrf2介导的氧化应激和未折叠蛋白反应(例如经由代表性基因NQO1、HMOX1、DDIT3以及HSPA5的新生RNA合成增加)来诱导ROS并且抑制线粒体活性的任何化学部分。在一些实施方案中,R4的特定化学部分包括容许所得化合物在癌细胞内经由激活Nrf2介导的氧化应激和未折叠蛋白反应(例如经由代表性基因NQO1、HMOX1、DDIT3以及HSPA5的新生RNA合成增加)来诱导ROS并且抑制线粒体活性的任何化学部分。
在一些实施方案中,R1、R2以及R3的特定化学部分独立地包括容许所得化合物经由例如抑制mtDNA转录物的合成和下调mtDNA编码的OXPHOS酶来诱导ROS并且抑制线粒体活性的任何化学部分。在一些实施方案中,R4的特定化学部分包括容许所得化合物经由例如抑制mtDNA转录物的合成和下调mtDNA编码的OXPHOS酶来诱导ROS并且抑制线粒体活性的任何化学部分。
在一些实施方案中,R1是选自以下的化学部分:氢、 以及三苯基磷 +溴-。
在一些实施方案中,R2是选自以下的化学部分:氢、氟以及
在一些实施方案中,R3是选自以下的化学部分:氢、 氟以及三苯基磷 +溴-。
在一些实施方案中,R4是选自以下的化学部分:氢、 以及
在一些实施方案中,对于式I或式II考虑以下化合物:
三苯基磷 +溴-(340)、和三苯基磷 +溴-(359)、
以及或其药学上可接受的盐、溶剂化物或前药。
表1(参见实施例)示出了这些QD化合物的结构以及通过MTT测定在MiaPaCa2细胞、Panc-1细胞以及BxPC-3细胞中的细胞毒性。
本发明还提供了经由遵循实施例中所述的技术的至少一部分来制备本发明的化合物中的任一种的方法。
本发明还涉及化合物用于使细胞对一种或多种另外的药剂,如细胞凋亡和/或细胞周期停滞诱导剂敏感以及在用化疗剂治疗之前经由诱导细胞周期停滞来对正常细胞进行化学保护的用途。本发明的化合物可用于治疗、改善或预防病症,如对诱导细胞凋亡性细胞死亡有反应的那些,例如特征在于细胞凋亡失调的病症,包括过度增殖性疾病,如癌症(例如PDAC)。在某些实施方案中,所述化合物可以用于治疗、缓解或预防特征在于对癌症疗法具有抗性的癌症(例如具有化学抗性、放射抗性、激素抗性等的那些癌细胞)。在某些实施方案中,所述癌症是胰腺癌和/或PDAC。在一些实施方案中,所述癌症选自乳腺癌、前列腺癌、淋巴瘤、皮肤癌、结肠癌、黑色素瘤、恶性黑色素瘤、卵巢癌、脑癌、原发性脑癌、头颈部癌、神经胶质瘤、成胶质细胞瘤、肝癌、膀胱癌、非小细胞肺癌、头部或颈部癌、乳腺癌、卵巢癌、肺癌、小细胞肺癌、肾母细胞瘤(Wilms'tumor)、宫颈癌、睾丸癌、膀胱癌、胰腺癌、胃癌、结肠癌、前列腺癌、泌尿生殖器癌、甲状腺癌、食道癌、骨髓瘤、多发性骨髓瘤、肾上腺癌、肾细胞癌、子宫内膜癌、肾上腺皮质癌、恶性胰腺胰岛素瘤、恶性类癌、绒毛膜癌、蕈样真菌病、恶性高钙血症、宫颈增生、白血病、急性淋巴细胞性白血病、慢性淋巴细胞性白血病、急性骨髓性白血病、慢性骨髓性白血病、慢性粒细胞性白血病、急性粒细胞性白血病、毛细胞白血病、成神经细胞瘤、横纹肌肉瘤、卡波西肉瘤(Kaposi's sarcoma)、真性红细胞增多症、原发性血小板增多症、霍奇金氏病(Hodgkin's disease)、非霍奇金氏淋巴瘤、软组织肉瘤、成骨肉瘤、原发性巨球蛋白血症以及成视网膜细胞瘤。
本发明还提供了药物组合物,所述药物组合物在药学上可接受的载体中包含本发明的化合物。
本发明还提供了药盒,所述药盒包括本发明的化合物和用于向动物施用所述化合物的说明书。所述药盒可以任选地含有其他治疗剂,例如抗癌剂或细胞凋亡调节剂。
附图说明
图1A-C:QD化合物的细胞毒性与ROS诱导相关。A)基于细胞的ROS检测测定的图示。将细胞可渗透的H2DCFDA探针添加到MiaPaCa-2细胞中并且在ROS存在下转化成高度荧光DCF。通过BioTek H1板读数器检测荧光信号作为ROS水平的指标。B)H2O2(一种形式的ROS)以剂量和时间依赖性方式诱导H2DCFDA转化成DCF。C)根据结构组排列,新QD类似物在24小时处理之后在10μM下显示出不同的ROS诱导活性。300μM的H2O2处理24小时用作阳性对照,其代表完全激活。将QD化合物的ROS诱导活性相对于阳性对照归一化。图解数据被示为来自三次独立实验的平均值±SD。
图2示出了QD化合物的细胞毒性与ROS诱导相关。QD化合物的细胞毒性通过在MiaPaCa-2细胞中处理72小时之后在3.3μm或10μm下对细胞增殖的抑制(%)来表示。在MiaPaCa-2细胞中处理24小时之后测定3.3μm或10μm的QD化合物的ROS诱导。数据点代表三次独立实验的平均值。通过Prism分析线性相关。
图3A-C:在MiaPaCa-2细胞中通过NAC降低QD化合物的细胞毒性。A)母体化合物QD232以剂量和时间依赖性方式诱导ROS积累。新类似物QD325和QD326在MiaPaCa-2细胞中诱导更强和更快速的ROS积累。以10μM、3.3μM或1.1μM测试化合物。DMSO用作阴性对照以确定测定的基础信号(DMSO)。在相同的条件下用10μM的化合物处理没有预先负载H2DCFDA的细胞以确定所述化合物的内源性荧光(无染色)。数据点代表来自两个重复测定的平均值±SD。图表代表三次独立实验。B)QD232、QD325以及QD326对ROS的诱导被NAC预处理(5mM,持续30分钟)抑制。数据点代表来自两个重复测定的平均值±SD。图表代表三次独立实验。C)5mM的NAC的存在降低了QD232、QD325以及QD326的细胞毒性。在处理72小时之后通过MTT测定来确定细胞毒性。数据点代表来自三次独立实验的平均值±SD。
图4示出了如用IPA所示的受QD化合物处理影响的前30个经典途径(z得分)。列表由IPA基于激活z得分生成,所述激活z得分指示了特定途径的激活/抑制。
图5示出了如用IPA所示的受QD化合物处理影响的前30个经典途径(p值)。列表由IPA比较分析基于p值而生成。列表按分层集群排序。
图6示出了如用GSEA所示的由QD化合物处理上调的前50个基因集。选择并且汇编受每一种QD处理影响的前30个基因集(FDRq值<0.1)。将所有处理的汇编列表根据归一化的富集得分(NES)的总和排序。示出了排序列表中前50个基因集。呈灰色的单元格表示空白,这意味着特定基因集不在受所示处理影响的前30个基因集当中。基于NES生成热图。
图7示出了如用GSEA所示的由QD化合物处理下调的前50个基因集。选择并且汇编受每一种QD处理影响的前30个基因集(FDRq值<0.1)。将所有处理的汇编列表根据归一化的富集得分(NES)的总和排序。示出了排序列表中前50个基因集。呈灰色的单元格表示空白,这意味着特定基因集不在受所示处理影响的前30个基因集当中。基于NES生成热图。
图8A-C:QD化合物诱导氧化应激和未折叠蛋白反应的细胞反应。A)如由Bru-seq数据的IPA分析所揭示的受QD232或QD325处理调节的前15个经典途径。将MiaPaCa-2细胞通过QD232(以IC50的1倍、2倍或3倍)或QD325(以IC50的1倍、2倍或5倍)处理4小时。在处理的最后30分钟内用溴尿苷标记新生RNA,将其分离,并且进行下一代测序。B)在MiaPaCa-2细胞中通过QD232或QD325处理以剂量依赖性方式上调氧化应激反应基因NQO1和HMOX1的转录。C)在MiaPaCa-2细胞中通过QD232或QD325处理上调未折叠蛋白反应靶基因DDIT3和HSPA5的转录。
图9A-C:QD化合物诱导氧化应激和未折叠蛋白反应的靶基因的蛋白质表达。在A)MiaPaCa-2细胞、B)Panc-1细胞以及C)BxPC-3细胞中通过QD232或QD325处理以时间依赖性方式将氧化应激反应蛋白NQO1、HO-1以及未折叠蛋白反应靶蛋白CHOP和GRP78的表达水平调节到不同的程度。通过ImageJ定量蛋白质水平并且相对于对应的负载对照归一化。定量图上的数据代表来自三次独立实验的平均值±SD。使用司图顿氏t检验(student's t-test)计算P值。*,p<0.05;**,p<0.01;***,p<0.001。
图10A-B:QD化合物抑制线粒体基因组的转录。A)4小时QD232(以6.9μM)或QD325(以5.0μM)处理抑制MiaPaCa-2细胞的新生RNA合成。顶部向前箭头代表来自重链的转录物。虽然更短的箭头代表由H1启动子调节的更短转录物,但是更长的箭头代表由H2启动子调节的覆盖线粒体基因组的全长的转录物。底部向后箭头代表由L启动子调节的轻链转录物。来自对照的信号以黄色示出,来自QD232处理的样品的信号以蓝色示出,并且来自QD325处理的样品的信号以红色示出。将来自重链和轻链这两者的全长转录物进一步加工成功能性tRNA分子、rRNA分子以及mRNA分子,它们的相应基因示于图的底部。B)在MiaPaCa-2中QD化合物的处理降低线粒体基因COIII的蛋白质(COXIII)表达水平。通过ImageJ定量蛋白质水平并且相对于对应的负载对照归一化。定量图上的数据代表来自三次独立实验的平均值±SD。使用司图顿氏t检验计算P值。*,p<0.05;**,p<0.01。
图11A-C示出了QD232或QD325处理选择性地抑制mtDNA转录物的合成。A)4小时QD232(以6.9μM)或QD325(以5.0μM)处理抑制MiaPaCa-2细胞的新生RNA合成。顶部曲线代表定位到由HSP2启动子调节的重链转录物的读段,底部曲线代表定位到由LSP启动子调节的轻链转录物的读段。来自对照的信号以黄色示出,来自QD232处理的样品的信号以蓝色示出,并且来自QD325处理的样品的信号以红色示出。将来自重链和轻链这两者的全长转录物进一步加工成功能性tRNA分子、rRNA分子以及mRNA分子,它们的相应基因示于图的底部。B)在MiaPaCa-2中活性QD化合物的6小时处理降低mtDNA的相对水平。通过比较mtDNA 12SrRNA与基因组18SrRNA来计算mtDNA含量,并且将数据相对于对照归一化。数据被示为来自三次独立实验的平均值±SD。C)在MiaPaCa-2中在QD232或QD325处理之后mtDNA的相对水平以时间依赖性方式降低。
图12A-E:QD325抑制MiaPaCa-2异种移植物的肿瘤生长而没有全身毒性。A)5mg/kg的QD325处理抑制NOD/SCID小鼠的MiaPaCa-2异种移植物的生长。当肿瘤尺寸达到65mm3时,将MiaPaCa-2移植的小鼠随机分到媒介物对照组(n=5)或QD325处理组(n=5)中。每周五次给予5mg/kg的QD325直到第44天为止。B)移植小鼠的体重不受5mg/kg的QD325处理的影响。数据点表示平均值±SEM。C)苏木精和伊红(H&E)染色的器官切片的代表性显微照片。用Olympus IX83倒置显微镜以20X放大倍数拍摄图像。在组织病理学研究中,在QD325处理之后在主要器官中没有检测到较大的微观变化。D)MiaPaCa-2异种移植物切片的Ki67染色的代表性免疫组织化学图像。QD325降低了经过处理的肿瘤的Ki67指数(视野中Ki67阳性细胞的百分比)。数据表示平均值±SD(n=9,每一组3个肿瘤,每一个肿瘤切片3个图像)。使用司图顿氏t检验计算P值。E)媒介物或QD325处理的MiaPaCa-2异种移植物中的NQO1、HO-1、CHOP、GRP78蛋白质水平。
图13A-F示出了QD325抑制MiaPaCa-2异种移植物的肿瘤生长。A)5mg/kg的QD325处理抑制NOD/SCID小鼠的MiaPaCa-2异种移植物的生长。当肿瘤尺寸达到65mm3时,将MiaPaCa-2移植的小鼠随机分到媒介物对照组(n=5)或QD325处理组(n=5)中。每周五次给予5mg/kg的QD325直到第44天为止。将来自每一组的三只小鼠安乐死以用于组织分析。在第44天之后在每一组中留下两只小鼠并且QD325剂量从5mg/kg增加到20mg/kg直到第67天为止。B)移植小鼠的体重不受5mg/kg-20mg/kg的QD325处理的影响。误差棒表示平均值±SEM。C)15mg/kg的吉西他滨处理抑制NOD/SCID小鼠的MiaPaCa-2异种移植物的生长。当肿瘤尺寸达到75mm3时,将MiaPaCa-2移植的小鼠随机分到媒介物对照组(n=4)、吉西他滨处理1组(n=3)、吉西他滨处理2组(n=4)中。在处理1中,每周一次给予15mg/kg的吉西他滨,持续48天;在处理2中,每周两次给予15mg/kg的吉西他滨,持续15天。数据点表示平均值±SEM。D)移植小鼠的体重不受任何一个给药频率的吉西他滨处理的影响。E)5mg/kg的QD325处理抑制NOD/SCID小鼠的MiaPaCa-2异种移植物的生长。当肿瘤尺寸达到75mm3时,将MiaPaCa-2移植的小鼠随机分到媒介物对照组(n=4)、吉西他滨处理组(n=3)、QD325处理组(n=3)以及组合处理组(n=3)中。每周五次给予5mg/kg的QD325并且每周一次给予15mg/kg的吉西他滨。数据点表示平均值±SEM。F)移植小鼠的体重不受吉西他滨或QD325处理的影响。
定义
如本文所用的术语“抗癌剂”是指用于治疗过度增殖性疾病,如癌症(例如在哺乳动物中,例如在人中)的任何治疗剂(例如化疗化合物和/或分子治疗化合物)、反义疗法、放射疗法或手术干预。
如本文所用的术语“前药”是指母体“药物”分子的药理学上无活性的衍生物,其需要在目标生理系统内进行生物转化(例如自发或酶促)以释放活性药物或将前药转化(例如酶促、生理、机械、电磁)成活性药物。前药被设计成克服与稳定性、水溶性、毒性、缺乏特异性或有限的生物利用度相关的问题。示例性前药包含活性药物分子本身和化学掩蔽基团(例如可逆地抑制药物活性的基团)。一些前药是具有可在代谢条件下切割的基团的化合物的变体或衍生物。前药可以容易地使用本领域已知的方法由母体化合物制备,如以下文献中所述的那些:A Textbook of Drug Design and Development,Krogsgaard-Larsen和H.Bundgaard(编著),Gordon&Breach,1991,特别是第5章:"Design and Applications ofProdrugs";Design of Prodrugs,H.Bundgaard(编著),Elsevier,1985;Prodrugs:Topicaland Ocular Drug Delivery,K.B.Sloan(编著),Marcel Dekker,1998;Methods inEnzymology,K.Widder等人(编著),第42卷,Academic Press,1985,特别是第309-396页;Burger'sMedicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery,第5版,M.Wolff(编著),JohnWiley&Sons,1995,特别是第1卷和第172-178页以及第949-982页;Pro-Drugs as NovelDelivery Systems,T.Higuchi和V.Stella(编著),Am.Chem.Soc.,1975;以及Bioreversible Carriers in Drug Design,E.B.Roche(编著),Elsevier,1987。
示例性前药在体内或体外在它们在生理条件下经历溶剂分解或经历酶促降解或其他生物化学转化(例如磷酸化、氢化、脱氢、糖基化)时变得具有药物活性。前药在哺乳动物生物体中常常提供水溶性、组织相容性或延迟释放的优势。(参见例如Bundgard,Designof Prodrugs,第7-9页、第21-24页,Elsevier,Amsterdam(1985);以及Silverman,TheOrganic Chemistry of Drug Design and Drug Action,第352-401页,Academic Press,加利福尼亚州的圣地亚哥(San Diego,CA)(1992))。常见的前药包括酸衍生物,如通过使母体酸与合适的醇(例如低级烷醇)反应所制备的酯或通过使母体醇与合适的羧酸(例如氨基酸)反应所制备的酯;通过使母体酸化合物与胺反应所制备的酰胺;碱性基团反应形成酰化碱衍生物(例如低级烷基酰胺);或含磷衍生物,例如磷酸酯、膦酸酯以及氨基磷酸酯,包括环状磷酸酯、膦酸酯以及氨基磷酸酯(参见例如美国专利申请公开号US 2007/0249564 A1;以引用的方式整体并入本文)。
如本文所用的术语“药学上可接受的盐”是指在目标动物(例如哺乳动物)中生理学上耐受的本发明的化合物的任何盐(例如通过与酸或碱反应所获得)。本发明的化合物的盐可以衍生自无机酸和无机碱或有机酸和有机碱。酸的实例包括但不限于盐酸、氢溴酸、硫酸、硝酸、高氯酸、反丁烯二酸、顺丁烯二酸、磷酸、乙醇酸、乳酸、水杨酸、丁二酸、对甲苯磺酸、酒石酸、乙酸、柠檬酸、甲磺酸、乙磺酸、甲酸、苯甲酸、丙二酸、磺酸、萘-2-磺酸、苯磺酸等。其他酸,如草酸,虽然本身不是药学上可接受的,但是可以用于制备可用作中间体以获得本发明的化合物和它们的药学上可接受的酸加成盐的盐。
碱的实例包括但不限于碱金属(例如钠)氢氧化物、碱土金属(例如镁)氢氧化物、氨以及式NW4 +的化合物,其中W是C1-4烷基等。
盐的实例包括但不限于:乙酸盐、己二酸盐、藻酸盐、天冬氨酸盐、苯甲酸盐、苯磺酸盐、硫酸氢盐、丁酸盐、柠檬酸盐、樟脑酸盐、樟脑磺酸盐、环戊烷丙酸盐、二葡糖酸盐、十二烷基硫酸盐、乙磺酸盐、反丁烯二酸盐、葡糖庚酸盐、甘油磷酸盐、半硫酸盐、庚酸盐、己酸盐、氯化物、溴化物、碘化物、2-羟基乙磺酸盐、乳酸盐、顺丁烯二酸盐、甲磺酸盐、甲烷磺酸盐、2-萘磺酸盐、烟酸盐、草酸盐、棕榈酸盐、果胶酸盐、过硫酸盐、苯基丙酸盐、苦味酸盐、特戊酸盐、丙酸盐、丁二酸盐、酒石酸盐、硫氰酸盐、甲苯磺酸盐、十一烷酸盐等。盐的其他实例包括与合适的阳离子,如Na+、NH4 +以及NW4 +(其中W是C1-4烷基)复合的本发明化合物的阴离子等。对于治疗用途,考虑本发明的化合物的盐是药学上可接受的。然而,非药学上可接受的酸和碱的盐也可以用于例如制备或纯化药学上可接受的化合物。
如本文所用的术语“溶剂化物”是指本发明的化合物与一种或多种溶剂分子(无论是有机的还是无机的)的物理缔合。该物理缔合常常包括氢键键合。在某些情况下,溶剂化物能够分离,例如在一个或多个溶剂化物分子被并入到结晶固体的晶格中时。“溶剂化物”包括溶液相溶剂化物和可分离的溶剂化物这两者。示例性溶剂化物包括水合物、乙醇化物以及甲醇化物。
如本文所用的术语“治疗有效量”是指足以引起病症的一个或多个症状的改善、或预防病症的进展、或引起病症消退的治疗剂的量。举例来说,对于治疗癌症,在一个实施方案中,治疗有效量将是指治疗剂的如下量,该量使肿瘤生长速率降低、使肿瘤质量减少、使转移数量减少、使肿瘤进展时间延长或使存活时间延长至少5%、至少10%、至少15%、至少20%、至少25%、至少30%、至少35%、至少40%、至少45%、至少50%、至少55%、至少60%、至少65%、至少70%、至少75%、至少80%、至少85%、至少90%、至少95%或至少100%。
如本文所用的术语“增敏(sensitize)”和“增敏(sensitizing)”是指经由施用第一药剂(例如本发明的苯甲酸化合物)使得动物或动物体内的细胞对第二药剂的生物效应(例如促进或延缓细胞功能的一个方面,包括但不限于细胞分裂、细胞生长、增殖、侵袭、血管生成、坏死或细胞凋亡)更敏感或更具反应性。第一药剂对靶细胞的增敏作用可以被测量为在施用和不施用第一药剂的情况下在施用第二药剂后所观测到的预期生物效应(例如促进或延缓细胞功能的一个方面,包括但不限于细胞生长、增殖、侵袭、血管生成或细胞凋亡)的差异。相对于在不存在第一药剂的情况下的反应,增敏细胞的反应可以增加至少约10%、至少约20%、至少约30%、至少约40%、至少约50%、至少约60%、至少约70%、至少约80%、至少约90%、至少约100%、至少约150%、至少约200%、至少约250%、至少300%、至少约350%、至少约400%、至少约450%或至少约500%。
如本文所用的术语“细胞凋亡的失调”是指细胞经由细胞凋亡进行细胞死亡的能力(例如倾向性)中的任何异常。细胞凋亡的失调与多种病况有关或由多种病况所诱导,所述病况的非限制性实例包括自身免疫性病症(例如系统性红斑狼疮、类风湿性关节炎、移植物抗宿主病、重症肌无力或休格伦氏综合征(syndrome))、慢性炎症性病况(例如银屑病、哮喘或克罗恩氏病(Crohn's disease))、过度增殖性病症(例如肿瘤、B细胞淋巴瘤或T细胞淋巴瘤)、病毒感染(例如疱疹、乳头状瘤或HIV)以及其他病况,如骨关节炎和动脉粥样硬化。
如本文所用的术语“过度增殖性疾病”是指其中动物中一群局部的增殖细胞不受正常生长的通常限制所控制的任何病况。过度增殖性病症的实例包括肿瘤、赘生物、淋巴瘤等。赘生物在不进行侵袭或转移的情况下被认为是良性的,并且在进行这些中的任何一者的情况下被认为是恶性的。“转移性”细胞意指所述细胞可以侵袭并且破坏邻近的身体结构。增生是细胞增殖的一种形式,它涉及组织或器官中细胞数的增加,而结构或功能没有显著的改变。化生是受控的细胞生长的一种形式,其中一种类型的完全分化的细胞代替另一种类型的分化细胞。
如本文所用的术语“赘生性疾病”是指良性(非癌)或恶性(癌)细胞的任何异常生长。
如本文所用的术语“正常细胞”是指不进行异常生长或分裂的细胞。正常细胞是非癌细胞并且不是任何过度增殖性疾病或病症的一部分。
如本文所用的术语“抗赘生物剂”是指延缓所靶向的(例如恶性)赘生物的增殖、生长或扩散的任何化合物。
如本文所用的术语“预防(prevent)”、“预防(preventing)”以及“预防(prevention)”是指减少动物中病理细胞(例如过度增殖性或赘生性细胞)的出现。预防可以是完全的,例如在受试者中完全不存在病理细胞。预防也可以是部分的,以使得受试者中病理细胞的出现少于在没有本发明的情况下将出现的病理细胞。
术语“药学上可接受的载体”或“药学上可接受的媒介物”涵盖标准药物载体、溶剂、表面活性剂或媒介物中的任一种。合适的药学上可接受的媒介物包括水性媒介物和非水性媒介物。标准药物载体和它们的制剂描述于Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences,Mack Publishing Co.,Easton,PA,第19版,1995中。
具体实施方式
氧化还原稳态发生改变为治疗胰腺癌提供了独特的治疗机会。本文所述的新型喹唑啉二酮(QD)是氧化还原调节剂,其在胰腺导管腺癌(PDAC)细胞系中引起强效的生长抑制。在开发本发明的实施方案的过程中进行的实验中,先导优化活动产生QD325作为具有显著的ROS诱导的最强效的候选者。使用下一代测序进行的机制研究揭示QD化合物在核、内质网以及线粒体中的整体应激反应。如由代表性基因NQO1、HMOX1、DDIT3以及HSPA5的新生RNA合成的剂量依赖性增加所证实,QD激活Nrf2介导的氧化应激和未折叠蛋白反应。在更高的浓度下,QD可以通过抑制mtDNA转录物的合成和下调mtDNA编码的OXPHOS酶来阻断线粒体功能。更显著的是,QD325处理在小鼠中是体内良好耐受的并且显著延迟肿瘤生长。这些结果支持了使用QD325作为治疗PDAC的新的治疗策略。
因此,本发明涉及一类新的具有喹唑啉二酮结构的小分子,所述小分子充当ROS诱导剂和线粒体活性抑制剂;以及它们用作用于治疗癌症和其他疾病的治疗剂的用途。
在具体的实施方案中,提供了式I内所涵盖的喹唑啉二酮化合物:或包括其药学上可接受的盐、溶剂化物和/或前药。
式I不限于R1、R2以及R3的特定化学部分。式II不限于R4的特定化学部分。
在一些实施方案中,R1、R2以及R3的特定化学部分独立地包括容许所得化合物在癌细胞内诱导ROS并且抑制线粒体活性的任何化学部分。在一些实施方案中,R4的特定化学部分包括容许所得化合物在癌细胞内诱导ROS并且抑制线粒体活性的任何化学部分。
在一些实施方案中,R1、R2以及R3的特定化学部分独立地包括容许所得化合物在癌细胞内经由激活Nrf2介导的氧化应激和未折叠蛋白反应(例如经由代表性基因NQO1、HMOX1、DDIT3以及HSPA5的新生RNA合成增加)来诱导ROS并且抑制线粒体活性的任何化学部分。在一些实施方案中,R4的特定化学部分包括容许所得化合物在癌细胞内经由激活Nrf2介导的氧化应激和未折叠蛋白反应(例如经由代表性基因NQO1、HMOX1、DDIT3以及HSPA5的新生RNA合成增加)来诱导ROS并且抑制线粒体活性的任何化学部分。
在一些实施方案中,R1、R2以及R3的特定化学部分独立地包括容许所得化合物经由例如抑制mtDNA转录物的合成和下调mtDNA编码的OXPHOS酶来诱导ROS并且抑制线粒体活性的任何化学部分。在一些实施方案中,R4的特定化学部分包括容许所得化合物经由例如抑制mtDNA转录物的合成和下调mtDNA编码的OXPHOS酶来诱导ROS并且抑制线粒体活性的任何化学部分。
在一些实施方案中,R1是选自以下的化学部分:氢、 以及三苯基磷 +溴-。
在一些实施方案中,R2是选自以下的化学部分:氢、氟以及
在一些实施方案中,R3是选自以下的化学部分:氢、 氟以及三苯基磷 +溴-。
在一些实施方案中,R4是选自以下的化学部分:氢、 以及
在一些实施方案中,对于式I或式II考虑以下化合物:
三苯基磷 +溴-(340)、和三苯基磷 +溴-(359)、
以及
或其药学上可接受的盐、溶剂化物或前药。
在一些实施方案中,本发明的组合物和方法用于治疗动物(例如哺乳动物患者,包括但不限于人和兽医学动物)中的患病细胞、组织、器官或病理病况和/或疾病状态。在这方面,各种疾病和病变适合于使用本发明的方法和组合物来治疗或预防。这些疾病和病况的非限制性示例性清单包括但不限于胰腺癌、PDAC以及其他类型的癌症(例如乳腺癌、前列腺癌、淋巴瘤、皮肤癌、结肠癌、黑色素瘤、恶性黑色素瘤、卵巢癌、脑癌、原发性脑癌、头颈部癌、神经胶质瘤、成胶质细胞瘤、肝癌、膀胱癌、非小细胞肺癌、头部或颈部癌、乳腺癌、卵巢癌、肺癌、小细胞肺癌、肾母细胞瘤、宫颈癌、睾丸癌、膀胱癌、胰腺癌、胃癌、结肠癌、前列腺癌、泌尿生殖器癌、甲状腺癌、食道癌、骨髓瘤、多发性骨髓瘤、肾上腺癌、肾细胞癌、子宫内膜癌、肾上腺皮质癌、恶性胰腺胰岛素瘤、恶性类癌、绒毛膜癌、蕈样真菌病、恶性高钙血症、宫颈增生、白血病、急性淋巴细胞性白血病、慢性淋巴细胞性白血病、急性骨髓性白血病、慢性骨髓性白血病、慢性粒细胞性白血病、急性粒细胞性白血病、毛细胞白血病、成神经细胞瘤、横纹肌肉瘤、卡波西肉瘤、真性红细胞增多症、原发性血小板增多症、霍奇金氏病、非霍奇金氏淋巴瘤、软组织肉瘤、成骨肉瘤、原发性巨球蛋白血症以及成视网膜细胞瘤)。在一些实施方案中,所治疗的癌细胞是转移性的。在其他实施方案中,所治疗的癌细胞对抗癌剂具有抗性。
本发明的一些实施方案提供了用于施用有效量的本发明的化合物和至少一种另外的治疗剂(包括但不限于化疗抗赘生物剂、细胞凋亡调节剂、抗微生物剂、抗病毒剂、抗真菌剂以及抗炎剂)和/或治疗技术(例如手术干预和/或放射疗法)的方法。在具体的实施方案中,所述一种或多种另外的治疗剂是抗癌剂。
许多合适的抗癌剂被考虑用于本发明的方法中。实际上,本发明考虑了但不限于施用许多抗癌剂,如:诱导细胞凋亡的药剂;多核苷酸(例如反义序列、核糖酶、siRNA);多肽(例如酶和抗体);生物模拟物;生物碱;烷化剂;抗肿瘤抗生素;抗代谢物;激素;铂化合物;单克隆抗体或多克隆抗体(例如与抗癌药、毒素、防御素缀合的抗体);毒素;放射性核素;生物反应调节剂(例如干扰素(例如IFN-α)和白细胞介素(例如IL-2));过继性免疫治疗剂;造血生长因子;诱导肿瘤细胞分化的药剂(例如全反式视黄酸);基因治疗试剂(例如反义治疗试剂和核苷酸);肿瘤疫苗;血管生成抑制剂;蛋白体抑制剂:NF-КB调节剂;抗CDK化合物;HDAC抑制剂;等。适于与所公开的化合物共同施用的化疗化合物和抗癌疗法的许多其他实例是本领域技术人员已知的。
在某些实施方案中,抗癌剂包括诱导或刺激细胞凋亡的药剂。诱导细胞凋亡的药剂包括但不限于放射(例如X射线、γ射线、UV);肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)相关因子(例如TNF家族受体蛋白、TNF家族配体、TRAIL、TRAIL-R1或TRAIL-R2的抗体);激酶抑制剂(例如表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)激酶抑制剂、血管生长因子受体(VGFR)激酶抑制剂、成纤维细胞生长因子受体(FGFR)激酶抑制剂、血小板衍生生长因子受体(PDGFR)激酶抑制剂以及Bcr-Abl激酶抑制剂(如GLEEVEC));反义分子;抗体(例如赫赛汀(HERCEPTIN)、RITUXAN、ZEVALIN以及AVASTIN);抗雌激素剂(例如雷洛昔芬(raloxifene)和他莫昔芬(tamoxifen));抗雄激素剂(例如氟他米特(flutamide)、比卡鲁胺(bicalutamide)、非那雄胺(finasteride)、氨鲁米特(aminoglutethamide)、酮康唑(ketoconazole)以及皮质类固醇);环加氧酶2(COX-2)抑制剂(例如塞来昔布(celecoxib)、美洛昔康(meloxicam)、NS-398以及非类固醇抗炎药(NSAID));抗炎药(例如苯丁唑酮(butazolidin)、DECADRON、DELTASONE、地塞米松(dexamethasone)、地塞米松浓缩口服液(dexamethasone intensol)、地塞米松(DEXONE)、地塞米松(HEXADROL)、羟氯喹(hydroxychloroquine)、泼尼松(METICORTEN)、氟甲强的松龙(ORADEXON)、泼尼松(ORASONE)、羟基保泰松(oxyphenbutazone)、泼尼松磷酸钠制剂(PEDIAPRED)、苯基保泰松(phenylbutazone)、硫酸羟氯喹制剂(PLAQUENIL)、泼尼松龙(prednisolone)、泼尼松(prednisone)、PRELONE以及羟基保泰松(TANDEARIL));以及癌症化疗药物(例如伊立替康(CAMPTOSAR)、CPT-11、氟达拉滨(福达华(FLUDARA))、达卡巴嗪(dacarbazine)(DTIC)、地塞米松、米托蒽醌(mitoxantrone)、MYLOTARG、VP-16、顺铂(cisplatin)、卡铂(carboplatin)、奥沙利铂、5-FU、多柔比星(doxorubicin)、吉西他滨、硼替佐米(bortezomib)、吉非替尼(gefitinib)、贝伐单抗(bevacizumab)、多西紫杉醇(TAXOTERE)或紫杉醇(TAXOL));细胞信号转导分子;神经酰胺和细胞因子;星形孢菌素等。
在另外的其他实施方案中,本发明的组合物和方法提供了本发明的化合物和选自以下的至少一种抗过度增殖剂或抗赘生物剂:烷化剂、抗代谢物以及天然产品(例如草药和其他植物和/或动物源性化合物)。
适用于本发明的组合物和方法中的烷化剂包括但不限于:1)氮芥(nitrogenmustard)(例如二氯甲基二乙胺(mechlorethamine)、环磷酰胺(cyclophosphamide)、异环磷酰胺(ifosfamide)、美法仑(melphalan)(L-沙可来新(L-sarcolysin))以及苯丁酸氮芥(chlorambucil));2)乙烯亚胺和甲基三聚氰胺(例如六甲基三聚氰胺和噻替哌(thiotepa));3)烷基磺酸盐(例如白消安(busulfan));4)亚硝基脲(例如卡莫司汀(carmustine)(BCNU)、洛莫司汀(lomustine)(CCNU)、司莫司汀(semustine)(甲基-CCNU)以及链脲霉素(streptozocin)(链脲佐菌素(streptozotocin)));以及5)三氮烯(例如达卡巴嗪(DTIC;二甲基三氮烯基咪唑甲酰胺))。
在一些实施方案中,适用于本发明的组合物和方法中的抗代谢物包括但不限于:1)叶酸类似物(例如甲氨蝶呤(methotrexate)(氨甲蝶呤(amethopterin)));2)嘧啶类似物(例如氟尿嘧啶(5-氟尿嘧啶;5-FU)、氟尿苷(floxuridine)(氟脱氧尿苷;FudR)以及阿糖胞苷(cytarabine)(胞嘧啶阿拉伯糖苷));以及3)嘌呤类似物(例如巯基嘌呤(6-巯基嘌呤;6-MP)、硫鸟嘌呤(6-硫鸟嘌呤;TG)以及喷司他丁(pentostatin)(2'-脱氧柯福霉素))。
在再另外的实施方案中,适用于本发明的组合物和方法中的化疗剂包括但不限于:1)长春花生物碱(例如长春花碱(vinblastine)(VLB)、长春新碱(vincristine));2)表鬼臼毒素(例如依托泊苷(etoposide)和替尼泊苷(teniposide));3)抗生素(例如更生霉素(dactinomycin)(放线菌素D(actinomycin D))、柔红霉素(daunorubicin)(道诺霉素(daunomycin);红比霉素(rubidomycin))、多柔比星、博莱霉素(bleomycin)、普卡霉素(plicamycin)(光神霉素(mithramycin))以及丝裂霉素(mitomycin)(丝裂霉素C));4)酶(例如L-天冬酰胺酶);5)生物反应调节剂(例如干扰素-α);6)铂配位络合物(例如顺铂(顺式-DDP)和卡铂);7)蒽二酮(例如米托蒽醌);8)取代的脲(例如羟基脲);9)甲肼衍生物(例如丙卡巴肼(procarbazine)(N-甲肼;MIH));10)肾上腺皮质抑制剂(例如米托坦(mitotane)(o,p'-DDD)和氨鲁米特);11)肾上腺皮质类固醇(例如泼尼松);12)孕激素(例如己酸羟孕酮(hydroxyprogesterone caproate)、乙酸甲羟孕酮(medroxyprogesteroneacetate)以及乙酸甲地孕酮(megestrol acetate));13)雌激素(例如己烯雌酚(diethylstilbestrol)和乙炔雌二醇);14)抗雌激素剂(例如他莫昔芬);15)雄激素(例如丙酸睾酮和氟甲睾酮(fluoxymesterone));16)抗雄激素剂(例如氟他米特);以及17)促性腺激素释放激素类似物(例如亮丙瑞林(leuprolide))。
在癌症疗法背景下常规使用的任何溶瘤剂可用于本发明的组合物和方法中。举例来说,美国食品和药物管理局(U.S.Food and Drug Administration)维持被批准在美国使用的溶瘤剂的处方集。U.S.F.D.A.的国际对应机构维持类似的处方集。表3提供了被批准在美国使用的示例性抗赘生物剂的列表。本领域技术人员将了解的是,所有的美国批准的化疗剂上所需的“产品标签”描述了示例性药剂的批准的适应症、给药信息、毒性数据等。
表3
抗癌剂还包括已经被鉴定为具有抗癌活性的化合物。实例包括但不限于3-AP、12-O-四癸酰基佛波醇-13-乙酸酯、17AAG、852A、ABI-007、ABR-217620、ABT-751、ADI-PEG 20、AE-941、AG-013736、AGRO100、丙氨菌素(alanosine)、AMG 706、抗体G250、抗瘤酮(antineoplaston)、AP23573、阿帕兹醌(apaziquone)、APC8015、阿替莫德(atiprimod)、ATN-161、阿曲生坦(atrasenten)、阿扎胞苷(azacitidine)、BB-10901、BCX-1777、贝伐单抗、BG00001、比卡鲁胺、BMS 247550、硼替佐米、苔藓抑素-1、布舍瑞林(buserelin)、骨化三醇、CCI-779、CDB-2914、头孢克肟(cefixime)、西妥昔单抗(cetuximab)、CG0070、西仑吉肽(cilengitide)、氯法拉滨(clofarabine)、考布他汀(combretastatin)A4磷酸盐、CP-675,206、CP-724,714、CpG 7909、姜黄素、地西他滨(decitabine)、DENSPM、度骨化醇(doxercalciferol)、E7070、E7389、海鞘素743、乙丙昔罗(efaproxiral)、依氟鸟氨酸(eflornithine)、EKB-569、恩扎妥林(enzastaurin)、埃罗替尼(erlotinib)、依昔舒林(exisulind)、芬维A胺(fenretinide)、夫拉平度(flavopiridol)、氟达拉滨、氟他米特、福莫司汀(fotemustine)、FR901228、G17DT、加利昔单抗(galiximab)、吉非替尼、染料木素(genistein)、葡磷酰胺(glufosfamide)、GTI-2040、组胺瑞林(histrelin)、HKI-272、高三尖杉酯碱(homoharringtonine)、HSPPC-96、hu14.18-白细胞介素-2融合蛋白、HuMax-CD4、伊洛前列素(iloprost)、咪喹莫特(imiquimod)、英夫利昔单抗(infliximab)、白细胞介素-12、IPI-504、伊罗夫文(irofulven)、伊沙匹隆(ixabepilone)、拉帕替尼(lapatinib)、来那度胺(lenalidomide)、来他替尼(lestaurtinib)、亮丙瑞林、LMB-9免疫毒素、洛那法尼(lonafarnib)、鲁昔单抗(luniliximab)、马磷酰胺(mafosfamide)、MB07133、MDX-010、MLN2704、单克隆抗体3F8、单克隆抗体J591、莫特沙芬(motexafin)、MS-275、MVA-MUC1-IL2、尼鲁米特(nilutamide)、硝基喜树碱(nitrocamptothecin)、诺拉曲沙二盐酸盐(nolatrexed dihydrochloride)、诺瓦得士(nolvadex)、NS-9、O6-苯甲基鸟嘌呤、奧利默森钠(oblimersen sodium)、ONYX-015、奥戈伏单抗(oregovomab)、OSI-774、帕尼单抗(panitumumab)、伯尔定(paraplatin)、PD-0325901、培美曲塞(pemetrexed)、PHY906、吡格列酮(pioglitazone)、吡非尼酮(pirfenidone)、匹克生琼(pixantrone)、PS-341、PSC 833、PXD101、吡唑啉吖啶(pyrazoloacridine)、R115777、RAD001、豹蛙酶(ranpirnase)、蝴蝶霉素(rebeccamycin)类似物、rhu血管抑素蛋白质、rhuMab 2C4、罗格列酮(rosiglitazone)、鲁比替康(rubitecan)、S-1、S-8184、赛特铂(satraplatin)、SB-15992、SGN-0010、SGN-40、索拉非尼(sorafenib)、SR31747A、ST1571、SU011248、辛二酰苯胺异羟肟酸、苏拉明(suramin)、塔拉司他(talabostat)、他仑帕奈(talampanel)、他立喹达(tariquidar)、替西罗莫司(temsirolimus)、TGFa-PE38免疫毒素、沙利度胺、胸腺法新(thymalfasin)、替吡法尼(tipifarnib)、替拉扎明(tirapazamine)、TLK286、曲贝替定(trabectedin)、三甲曲沙葡萄糖醛酸盐(trimetrexate glucuronate)、TroVax、UCN-1、丙戊酸、长春氟宁(vinflunine)、VNP40101M、伏洛昔单抗(volociximab)、伏立诺他(vorinostat)、VX-680、ZD1839、ZD6474、齐留通(zileuton)以及左苏奎达三盐酸盐(zosuquidartrihydrochloride)。
关于抗癌剂和其他治疗剂的更详细说明,本领域技术人员可参考许多指导手册,包括但不限于Physician's Desk Reference和Goodman和Gilman的"PharmaceuticalBasis of Therapeutics",第10版,Hardman等人编著,2002。
本发明提供了用于将本发明的化合物与放射疗法一起施用的方法。本发明不受用于向动物递送治疗剂量的放射的类型、量或递送和施用系统的限制。举例来说,动物可以接受光子放射疗法、粒子束放射疗法、其他类型的放射疗法以及其组合。在一些实施方案中,使用线性加速器向动物递送放射。在另外的其他实施方案中,使用伽玛刀(gamma knife)递送放射。
放射源可以在动物的外部或内部。外部放射疗法是最常见的并且涉及使用例如线性加速器将高能放射束穿过皮肤引导到肿瘤部位。虽然放射束局限于肿瘤部位,但是它几乎不可能避免正常健康组织的暴露。然而,外部放射通常被动物良好耐受。内部放射疗法涉及将放射发射源,如珠粒、线、球粒、胶囊、颗粒等在肿瘤部位处或附近植入到体内,包括使用特异性靶向癌细胞的递送系统(例如使用与癌细胞结合配体连接的颗粒)。这样的植入物可以在治疗后被取出,或留在体内而无放射性。内部放射疗法的类型包括但不限于近距离放射疗法、组织间辐照、腔内辐照、放射免疫疗法等。
动物可以任选地接受放射增敏剂(例如甲硝唑(metronidazole)、米索硝唑(misonidazole)、动脉内Budr、静脉内碘脱氧尿苷(IudR)、硝基咪唑、5-取代-4-硝基咪唑、2H-异吲哚二酮、[[(2-溴乙基)-氨基]甲基]-硝基-1H-咪唑-1-乙醇、硝基苯胺衍生物、DNA亲和性缺氧选择性细胞毒素、卤化DNA配体、1,2,4-苯并三嗪氧化物、2-硝基咪唑衍生物、含氟硝基唑衍生物、苯甲酰胺、烟酰胺、吖啶嵌入剂、5-硫代四唑衍生物、3-硝基-1,2,4-三唑、4,5-二硝基咪唑衍生物、羟基化德卟啉(hydroxylated texaphrin)、顺铂、丝裂霉素、替拉扎明(tiripazamine)、亚硝基脲、巯基嘌呤、甲氨蝶呤、氟尿嘧啶、博莱霉素、长春新碱、卡铂、表柔比星、多柔比星、环磷酰胺、长春地辛(vindesine)、依托泊苷、紫杉醇、热(高温)等)、放射防护剂(例如半胱胺、氨基烷基硫代磷酸二氢酯、氨磷汀(amifostine)(WR 2721)、IL-1、IL-6等)。放射增敏剂增强对肿瘤细胞的杀伤。放射防护剂保护健康组织免受放射的有害影响。
可以向动物施用任何类型的放射,只要放射的剂量由动物耐受而没有不可接受的负面副作用即可。合适类型的放射疗法包括例如电离(电磁)放射疗法(例如X射线或γ射线)或粒子束放射疗法(例如高线性能量放射)。电离放射被定义为包含具有足以产生电离,即获得或失去电子的能量的粒子或光子的放射(如例如U.S.5,770,581中所述,该文献以引用的方式整体并入本文)。放射的作用可以至少部分地由临床医生控制。在一个实施方案中,放射的剂量被分级以获得最大的靶细胞暴露和降低毒性。
在一个实施方案中,向动物施用的放射的总剂量是约.01戈瑞(Gy)至约100Gy。在另一个实施方案中,在治疗过程中施用约10Gy至约65Gy(例如约15Gy、20Gy、25Gy、30Gy、35Gy、40Gy、45Gy、50Gy、55Gy或60Gy)。虽然在一些实施方案中,可以在一天的过程中施用完整剂量的放射,但是理想地将总剂量分级并且在几天内施用。理想的是,在至少约3天,例如至少5天、7天、10天、14天、17天、21天、25天、28天、32天、35天、38天、42天、46天、52天或56天(约1周-8周)的过程中施用放射疗法。因此,放射的日剂量将包括约1Gy-5Gy(例如约1Gy、1.5Gy、1.8Gy、2Gy、2.5Gy、2.8Gy、3Gy、3.2Gy、3.5Gy、3.8Gy、4Gy、4.2Gy或4.5Gy)或1Gy-2Gy(例如1.5Gy-2Gy)。放射的日剂量应当足以诱导对靶向的细胞的破坏。在一个实施方案中,如果持续一段时间,那么不每天施用放射,从而允许动物休息并且实现疗法的作用。举例来说,对于每一周的治疗来说,理想地连续5天施用放射,而2天不施用放射,从而允许每周休息2天。然而,可以1天/周、2天/周、3天/周、4天/周、5天/周、6天/周或全部7天/周施用放射,这取决于动物的反应性和任何潜在的副作用。放射疗法可以在治疗阶段内的任何时间开始。在一个实施方案中,在第1周或第2周内开始放射,并且在治疗阶段的其余持续时间内施用放射。举例来说,在包括治疗例如实体肿瘤6周的治疗阶段的第1周-第6周或第2周-第6周内施用放射。或者,在包括5周的治疗阶段的第1周-第5周或第2周-第5周内施用放射。然而,这些示例性放射疗法施用时间安排并不意图限制本发明。
抗微生物治疗剂在本发明中也可以用作治疗剂。可以使用可以杀灭微生物生物体、抑制或以其他方式减弱微生物生物体的功能的任何药剂以及被考虑具有这样的活性的任何药剂。抗微生物剂包括但不限于天然抗生素和合成抗生素、抗体、抑制蛋白(例如防御素)、反义核酸、膜破坏剂等,它们单独使用或组合使用。实际上,可以使用任何类型的抗生素,包括但不限于抗细菌剂、抗病毒剂、抗真菌剂等。
在本发明的一些实施方案中,在以下条件中的一种或多种下向动物施用本发明的化合物和一种或多种治疗剂或抗癌剂:以不同的周期、以不同的持续时间、以不同的浓度、通过不同的施用途径等。在一些实施方案中,在治疗剂或抗癌剂之前,例如在施用治疗剂或抗癌剂之前0.5小时、1小时、2小时、3小时、4小时、5小时、10小时、12小时、或18小时、1天、2天、3天、4天、5天、或6天、或1周、2周、3周、或4周施用所述化合物。在一些实施方案中,在治疗剂或抗癌剂之后,例如在施用抗癌剂之后0.5小时、1小时、2小时、3小时、4小时、5小时、10小时、12小时、或18小时、1天、2天、3天、4天、5天、或6天、或1周、2周、3周、或4周施用所述化合物。在一些实施方案中,并行施用所述化合物和治疗剂或抗癌剂,但是按不同的时间安排施用,例如所述化合物每天施用,而治疗剂或抗癌剂每周一次、每两周一次、每三周一次、或每四周一次施用。在其他实施方案中,所述化合物每周施用一次,而治疗剂或抗癌剂每天、每周一次、每两周一次、每三周一次、或每四周一次施用。
本发明的范围内的组合物包括所有组合物,其中本发明的化合物以有效实现它的预期目的的量包含在内。虽然个体需求不同,但是确定每一种组分的有效量的最佳范围在本领域的技术范围内。通常,可以向哺乳动物(例如人)口服施用每天每公斤哺乳动物体重0.0025mg至50mg的剂量的化合物或等同量的其药学上可接受的盐,所述哺乳动物正针对对诱导细胞凋亡有反应的病症接受治疗。在一个实施方案中,口服施用约0.01mg/kg至约25mg/kg以治疗、缓解或预防这样的病症。对于肌内注射,剂量一般是口服剂量的约一半。举例来说,合适的肌内剂量将是约0.0025mg/kg至约25mg/kg或约0.01mg/kg至约5mg/kg。
单位口服剂量可以包括约0.01mg至约1000mg,例如约0.1mg至约100mg的化合物。单位剂量可以作为各自含有约0.1mg至约10mg,方便地约0.25mg至50mg的化合物或它的溶剂化物的一个或多个片剂或胶囊每天一次或多次施用。
在局部制剂中,所述化合物可以每克载体约0.01mg至100mg的浓度存在。在一个实施方案中,所述化合物以约0.07mg/ml-1.0mg/ml,例如约0.1mg/ml-0.5mg/ml,并且在一个实施方案中,约0.4mg/ml的浓度存在。
除了将所述化合物作为原料化学品施用之外,本发明的化合物还可以作为药物制剂的一部分施用,所述药物制剂含有合适的药学上可接受的载体,包括赋形剂和辅剂,所述载体有助于将所述化合物加工成可以在药学上使用的制剂。制剂,特别是可以口服或局部施用并且可以用于一种类型的施用的那些制剂,如片剂、糖衣丸、缓慢释放糖锭和胶囊、口腔冲洗剂和漱口剂、凝胶剂、液体悬浮液、毛发冲洗剂、发胶、洗发剂以及可以经直肠施用的制剂,如栓剂;以及用于通过静脉内输注、注射、局部或口服施用的合适的溶液含有约0.01%至99%,在一个实施方案中,约0.25%至75%的一种或多种活性化合物以及赋形剂。
本发明的药物组合物可以向可能经历本发明的化合物的有益作用的任何患者施用。在这些患者中最主要的是哺乳动物,例如人,尽管本发明不意图受这样的限制。其他患者包括兽医学动物(牛、绵羊、猪、马、狗、猫等)。
所述化合物和其药物组合物可以通过实现它们的预期目的的任何手段来施用。举例来说,可以通过肠胃外、皮下、静脉内、肌内、腹膜内、透皮、颊面、鞘内、颅内、鼻内或局部途径来施用。或者或同时,可以通过口服途径施用。施用的剂量将取决于接受者的年龄、健康情况、以及体重、并行治疗(如果有的话)的种类、治疗频率、以及所期望的作用的性质。
本发明的药物制剂是以本身已知的方式制造的,例如借助于常规的混合、制粒、制备糖衣丸、溶解或冻干工艺。因此,用于口服使用的药物制剂可以通过将活性化合物与固体赋形剂组合,任选地将所得混合物研磨并且如果需要或必要的话,在添加合适的辅剂之后,加工颗粒的混合物以获得片剂或糖衣丸核心来获得。
合适的赋形剂特别是填充剂,如糖,例如乳糖或蔗糖、甘露糖醇或山梨糖醇、纤维素制剂和/或磷酸钙,例如磷酸三钙或磷酸氢钙以及粘合剂,如淀粉糊,使用例如玉米淀粉、小麦淀粉、米淀粉、马铃薯淀粉、明胶、黄蓍胶、甲基纤维素、羟丙基甲基纤维素、羧甲基纤维素钠和/或聚乙烯吡咯烷酮。如果需要的话,可以添加崩解剂,如上述淀粉以及羧甲基淀粉、交联聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、琼脂或藻酸或其盐,如藻酸钠。辅剂特别是流动调节剂和润滑剂,例如二氧化硅、滑石、硬脂酸或其盐,如硬脂酸镁或硬脂酸钙和/或聚乙二醇。提供具有合适的包衣的糖衣丸核心,所述包衣如果需要的话能抵抗胃液。为了这个目的,可以使用浓缩的糖溶液,所述溶液可以任选地含有阿拉伯树胶、滑石、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、聚乙二醇和/或二氧化钛、漆溶液以及合适的有机溶剂或溶剂混合物。为了产生能抵抗胃液的包衣,使用合适的纤维素制剂,如邻苯二甲酸乙酰纤维素或羟丙基甲基纤维素邻苯二甲酸酯的溶液。可以将染料或色素添加到片剂或糖衣丸包衣中,例如以标识或表征活性化合物剂量的组合。
可以口服使用的其他药物制剂包括由明胶制成的推入配合式胶囊(push-fitcapsule)以及由明胶和增塑剂(如甘油或山梨糖醇)制成的软密封胶囊。推入配合式胶囊可以含有呈颗粒形式的活性化合物,所述活性化合物可以与填充剂(如乳糖)、粘合剂(如淀粉)和/或润滑剂(如滑石或硬脂酸镁)以及任选的稳定剂混合。在一个实施方案中,在软胶囊中,活性化合物溶解或悬浮于合适的液体,如脂肪油或液体石蜡中。此外,可以添加稳定剂。
可以经直肠使用的可能的药物制剂包括例如栓剂,所述栓剂由活性化合物中的一种或多种与栓剂基质的组合组成。合适的栓剂基质是例如天然或合成甘油三酯或链烷烃。此外,还有可能使用明胶直肠胶囊,所述明胶直肠胶囊由活性化合物与基质的组合组成。可能的基质材料包括例如液体甘油三酯、聚乙二醇或链烷烃。
用于肠胃外施用的合适的制剂包括呈水溶性形式(例如水溶性盐)的活性化合物的水溶液和碱性溶液。此外,可以施用活性化合物的悬浮液,如适当的油性注射悬浮液。合适的亲脂性溶剂或媒介物包括脂肪油,例如芝麻油或合成脂肪酸酯,例如油酸乙酯或甘油三酯或聚乙二醇-400。水性注射悬浮液可以含有提高悬浮液的粘度的物质,包括例如羧甲基纤维素钠、山梨糖醇和/或葡聚糖。任选地,悬浮液还可以含有稳定剂。
在一个实施方案中,通过选择适当的载体将本发明的局部用组合物配制成油剂、乳膏剂、洗剂、软膏剂等。合适的载体包括植物油或矿物油、白矿脂(白软石蜡)、支链脂肪或油、动物脂肪以及高分子量醇(大于C12)。载体可以是其中活性成分可溶的那些。如果需要的话,还可以包括乳化剂、稳定剂、湿润剂和抗氧化剂以及赋予颜色或香味的剂。此外,在这些局部用制剂中可以使用透皮渗透增强剂。这些增强剂的实例可以见于美国专利号3,989,816和4,444,762中;这些美国专利各自以引用的方式整体并入本文。
软膏剂可以通过将活性成分在诸如杏仁油的植物油中的溶液与温热的软石蜡混合并且使混合物冷却来配制。这样的软膏剂的典型实例是包括约30重量%的杏仁油和约70重量%的白软石蜡的软膏剂。洗剂可以方便地通过将活性成分溶解在合适的高分子量醇,如丙二醇或聚乙二醇中来制备。
本领域的普通技术人员将容易认识到,上述内容仅代表本发明的某些优选的实施方案的详细说明。上述组合物和方法的各种改动方案和改变方案可以容易地使用本领域可获得的专业知识来实现并且落入本发明的范围内。
实施例
以下实施例说明了而非限制了本发明的化合物、组合物以及方法。在临床治疗中通常遇到的并且对于本领域技术人员来说显而易见的多种条件和参数的其他合适的改动方案和修改方案落入本发明的精神和范围内。
实施例I.
本实施例证实了QD化合物抑制胰腺癌细胞的增殖。
为了确定QD系列的化合物的稳健的结构-活性关系,设计和合成了先前先导化合物QD232的25种新的类似物以更好地解释它们的作用机制。首先使用MTT测定在三种PDAC细胞系MiaPaCa-2、Panc-1以及BxPC-3中测试这些化合物的细胞毒性。这些新型类似物中有九种在至少两种细胞系中显示出细胞毒性提高(表1)。QD325被显示是最好的类似物,在这三种PDAC细胞系中具有IC50值<1μM。
表1:QD化合物通过MTT测定在胰腺癌细胞系中的细胞毒性
[1]数据被示为来自三次独立实验的平均值±SD。
QD类似物可以根据化学结构分成5大类(表2)。在QD232上具有苯基取代的QD325实现了细胞毒性超过两倍改进,然而,用烷基、甲氧基、胺或氟取代的苯基的进一步修饰没有进一步提高效能。效能的另一个重大提高是通过QD232上的甲氧基取代实现的。
表2:QD化合物的结构以及通过MTT测定在MiaPaCa-2细胞、Panc-1细胞以及BxPC-3细胞中的细胞毒性。QD化合物是根据结构分组的。
[1]数据被示为来自三次独立实验的平均值±SD。
[2]中间体QD323的结构示于方案1中。
[3]中间体QD339的结构示于方案4中。
[4]中间体QD358的结构示于方案5中。
[5]TPP表示三苯基磷
实施例II.
本实施例证实了QD化合物的细胞毒性与ROS产生增加相关。
为了定量氧化还原调节剂对ROS的诱导,开发了在384孔板中使用H2DCFDA作为ROS检测探针的高通量ROS测定(图1A)。使用H2O2作为阳性对照,测量了具有0.879的Z因子的检测时间和剂量依赖性变化,证实了所述测定的良好灵敏度和再现性(图1B)。
在MiaPaCa-2细胞中用QD化合物处理引起显著的ROS积累。在25种类似物中,在24小时处理之后,QD325、QD335以及QD326表现出比先导化合物QD232显著更高的ROS诱导(图1C),而六种其他类似物与早先先导化合物显示出相似的ROS诱导。在24小时之后,所有化合物的ROS依赖性DCF荧光达到稳定水平并且选择该时间点用于化合物比较。QD化合物对细胞增殖和ROS诱导的抑制显示出线性相关,皮尔森氏相关系数(Pearson's correlationcoefficient)r在3.3μM(p=0.00002)下是0.66并且在10μM(p<0.0001)下是0.7080,这表明在这两种情况下均是正相关(图2)。一般来说,大多数的细胞毒性化合物也是高ROS诱导剂(表2)。
为了验证ROS诱导是细胞毒性的机制,在存在和不存在抗氧化剂N-乙酰基-半胱氨酸(NAC)的情况下评价QD化合物的作用。对于先导化合物QD232以及两种活性类似物QD325和QD326,观测到ROS的时间和剂量依赖性积累(图3A)。包括不含H2DCFDA探针的阴性对照以排除干扰测定的化合物的潜在荧光。虽然H2O2处理引起H2DCFDA即刻转化成荧光DCF,但是用QD化合物处理引起荧光信号的逐渐诱导,这意味着ROS积累。对于QD232、QD325以及QD326处理,ROS积累在4小时-6小时之后达到峰值水平。在10μM和3.3μM下,QD325和QD326这两者都诱导快速和高ROS积累。
当用5mM NAC预处理细胞时,H2O2和QD化合物的ROS诱导被阻断(图3B)。在MTT测定中,NAC降低H2O2、QD232、QD325以及QD326的细胞毒性(图3C)。这些结果证实了ROS积累是QD化合物的细胞毒性的主要机制。然而,NAC处理没有完全阻断QD和H2O2的细胞毒性,这表明存在引起对细胞增殖的抑制的另外的细胞效应。
实施例III.
本实施例证实了QD化合物诱导氧化应激和未折叠蛋白反应。
使用溴尿苷标记的RNA测序(Bru-seq)技术来更好地表征这些新型药剂的分子机制。Bru-seq能够捕获新生RNA的实时合成以提供有关全局基因转录的信息而不受RNA稳定性或偏好基因选择的干扰(Paulsen等人,2014;Paulsen等人,2013)。经由创新途径分析(Ingenuity Pathway Analysis,IPA)或基因集富集分析(GSEA)对于QD232和QD325观测到类似的转录特征(图4、图5、图6、图7),这意味着这两种化合物具有类似的作用机制。对在QD232或QD325处理后表达发生>1.5倍变化的所有基因进行分析鉴定出NRF2介导的氧化应激反应和未折叠蛋白反应(UPR)是涉及药物作用的关键途径(图8A)。
NRF2(NFE2L2,红系细胞衍生核因子2样蛋白2)是来自cap'n'collar(CNC)家族的转录因子,其通过调节解毒酶的转录在对氧化应激和亲电应激的反应中起关键的作用(Jaiswal,2004)。在氧化攻击时,Nrf2从它的胞质抑制蛋白KEAP1解离,易位到核(Dinkova-Kostova等人,2002;Zhang和Hannink,2003),并且激活含有ARE(抗氧化反应元件)或MARE(MAF识别元件)顺式作用增强子的抗氧化基因的转录。
NQO1和HMOX1是NRF2信号转导途径中的两个靶基因,它们介导对氧化应激的反应(Alam等人,1999;Nioi等人,2003)。NQO1编码黄素蛋白NAD(P)H:醌氧化还原酶1,其催化醌进行两电子还原成氢醌并且表现出化学保护作用(Ross等人,2000;Dinkova-Kostova和Talalay,2000)。HMOX1编码血红素加氧酶1(HO-1),它的抗氧化特性源于促氧化血红素的降解和由胆绿素产生抗氧化胆红素(Choi和Alam,1996)。如由Bru-seq所揭示,QD232处理和QD325处理以剂量依赖性方式上调了NQO1RNA和HMOX1RNA的合成(图8B)。
UPR包括分别由ER跨膜蛋白需肌醇酶1a(IRE1a)、激活转录因子6(ATF6)以及蛋白激酶RNA样内质网激酶(PERK)调节的三个不同的途径(Shamu和Walter,1996;Harding等人,2000;Haze等人,1999)。在ER应激期间,ER腔内错误折叠的蛋白质与ER伴侣蛋白78-kDa葡萄糖调节蛋白(GRP78)竞争性地结合,从而引起IRE1a、ATF6和PERK的激活以及对UPR的下游反应(Hetz,2012)。根据ER应激的严重程度和持续时间,UPR可以充当促存活机制并且恢复稳态,或当应激负荷超出这种适应反应的能力时触发细胞凋亡(Kim等人,2006;Verfaillie等人,2013)。
DDIT3和HSPA5是UPR信号转导的代表性基因。HSPA5编码GRP78,其是ER应激的主调节蛋白。DDIT3是对UPR的所有三个分支都作出反应的下游靶基因。作为转录因子,DDIT3基因产物CHOP(CCAAT增强子结合蛋白同源蛋白)在长时间的ER应激下促进细胞凋亡(Nishitoh,2012;Oyadomari和Mori,2004)。QD232或QD325处理以剂量依赖性方式显著增加两个应激反应基因DDIT3和HSPA5的转录(图8C)。
mRNA合成的上调进一步体现为这些主要的应激反应基因的蛋白质水平增加。在MiaPaCa-2细胞、Panc-1细胞以及BxPC-3细胞中观测到CHOP和GRP78的蛋白质水平增加(图9A-C),这确认了UPR是主要的机制。对于氧化反应基因,在MiaPaCa-2和BxPC-3中QD处理上调了HO-1,而在Panc-1中没有检测到显著的变化。值得注意的是,在Panc-1细胞中NQO1基因缺失,并且在该细胞系中没有观测到基因的表达。在MiaPaCa-2和BxPC-3中,NQO1显示出高基础表达水平,因此没有观测到进一步的诱导。这些结果表明在MiaPaCa-2细胞和BxPC-3细胞中氧化应激反应是更敏感的。
虽然对氧化应激的反应由于ROS积累而被触发以恢复氧化还原稳态,但是当应激无法修复时,应激信号转导中的开关将细胞沿细胞凋亡路径向下引导以消除。IPA分析表明了在更高浓度的QD232(IC50的3倍)或QD325(IC50的5倍)下在处理4小时之后细胞凋亡信号转导的显著激活(图4)。
实施例IV.
本实施例证实了QD化合物抑制mtDNA从D环的转录。
线粒体在哺乳动物细胞中的氧化还原稳态中起重要作用。线粒体基因的失调可以引起OXPHOS过程的中断和ROS的积累。线粒体DNA(mtDNA)编码在电子传递链中具有重要功能的13种基因。双链环状DNA包含富含鸟嘌呤的重链和富含胞苷的轻链。使用Bru-seq,在用更高浓度的QD化合物处理4小时之后观测到mtDNA转录的显著抑制(图10A;图11)。这两种化合物都降低了COX III蛋白质水平,这确认了mtDNA基因产物的降低(图10B)。这些结果强烈地表明线粒体功能的破坏。
更低的转录水平可能是DNA模板减少或对转录效率的影响的结果。使用mtDNA特异性引物,比较不同处理之间的线粒体DNA含量。在H2O2或QD化合物处理之后6小时观测到mtDNA含量有小幅但是显著的降低(图11)。mtDNA含量的下调是时间依赖性影响。如通过H2O2处理所表明,DNA模板的这种减少可能由ROS的积累所引起,从而引起mtDNA损伤和降解(Shokolenko等人,2013)。
D环(置换环)是mtDNA的非编码区,其由短的三链结构构成,所述结构是为调节mtDNA复制和转录所需的。该区域含有启动子(HSP和LSP)以从mtDNA的2条链和mtDNA复制起点(OH)进行转录。D环区中的mtDNA改变已经被报道为肺癌、肝细胞癌、结肠直肠癌以及宫颈癌中的高发事件(Guleng等人,2005;Kabekkodu等人,2014;Suzuki等人,2003;Wheelhouse等人,2005)。具有D环突变或特别是具有mtDNA D-环多态性的异质性的癌症患者具有显著更差的预后(Lievre等人,2005;Ye等人,2014)。
QD选择性地抑制mtDNA从D环上的重链启动子HSP2(图10A中的顶部长箭头)和轻链启动子LSP(底部箭头)的转录,从而抑制对于线粒体氧化磷酸化来说是必要的线粒体基因的表达。然而,调节12s rRNA和16s rRNA的转录的重链启动子HSP1(顶部短箭头)的活性不受QD的影响。为了提供另外的证据支持所述发现,使用UV(公认的ROS诱导剂)进行类似的研究。没有发现UV对从线粒体启动子的转录有显著的影响。类似地,使用另外的16种新型药物和DNA拓扑异构酶I抑制剂喜树碱没有观测到这样的作用。因此,Bru-seq数据表明QD232和QD325抑制线粒体功能和诱导ROS的独特机制可能至少部分地与阻断从线粒体基因组的转录相关。
实施例V.
本实施例证实了QD325延迟肿瘤生长而没有全身毒性。
QD232、QD325、QD326均在MiaPaCa-2和吉西他滨抗性细胞系MiaPaCa-2-GR中显示出类似的细胞毒性(Ali等人,2010)(表4)。在HPV16-E6E7基因永生化胰腺细胞系HPDE(Ouyang等人,2000)中,吉西他滨产生与在MiaPaCa-2细胞中相似的IC50值,而最强效的QD325对MiaPaCa-2显示出3倍的选择性(表4)。在NOD/SCID小鼠中的MiaPaCa-2衍生的异种移植物中,QD325(5mg/kg)处理在44天的处理期内显著延迟肿瘤的生长。在第44天,当对照组中的平均肿瘤尺寸是1291mm3±168mm3时,QD325处理组的平均肿瘤尺寸仅是308mm3±72mm3(p=2.1E6)(图12A)。
在任何处理组中没有观测到严重毒性的症状,如虚弱、体重减轻或嗜睡(图12B)。肝脏、肾脏、心脏、肺、脾脏以及胰腺的H&E染色器官切片没有揭示重大组织病理学变化,这进一步确认了QD325的体内安全性(图12C)。在44天处理之后,在每一组中保留两只小鼠以评价更高剂量的QD325的功效和安全性。虽然对照组中的肿瘤表现出快速生长,但是QD325处理能够延迟肿瘤的生长,并且在高达20mg/kg的剂量下没有观测到全身毒性(图13A-B)。
与肿瘤生长抑制一致,QD325处理降低肿瘤组织中的Ki67水平,这表明了对细胞增殖的抑制(图12D)。为了进一步评价QD325在体内的作用机制,研究肿瘤裂解物中应激反应标志物的蛋白质水平。与媒介物对照相比,在QD325处理的肿瘤中NQO1、HO-1、CHOP以及GRP78蛋白质水平显著上调,这进一步确认了诱导氧化应激和UPR是QD325在胰腺癌模型中的主要作用机制(图12E)。
吉西他滨是用于胰腺癌患者的护理标准治疗的关键组分。令人遗憾的是,对吉西他滨的固有或获得性抗性代表了治疗该疾病的一个主要的挑战。基于这种考虑,探讨了将QD325作为单一药剂或与吉西他滨组合施用的潜能。
在小鼠研究中,通常以高剂量(40mg/kg-160mg/kg)每周两次给予吉西他滨。考虑到它在NOD/SCID小鼠中的低耐受性,比较了两种不同的吉西他滨处理方案在这种小鼠品系中的MiaPaCa-2异种移植模型中的抗肿瘤活性:1)15mg/kg,每周一次,持续48天;2)15mg/kg,每周两次,持续前15天。通过这两种方案实现了类似的抗肿瘤活性(图13C)。在这两种情况下,吉西他滨被良好耐受并且没有观测到体重减轻(图13D)。因此,使用方案1来比较5mg/kg的QD325与吉西他滨和QD325的组合的功效。每周五次给予5mg/kg的QD325并且每周一次给予15mg/kg的吉西他滨(图13E)。在48天处理期结束时,对照组的平均肿瘤尺寸是1503mm3±189mm3,吉西他滨组的平均肿瘤尺寸是387mm3±74mm3(p=0.0049),QD325组的平均肿瘤尺寸是248mm3±72mm3(p=0.0030)并且吉西他滨和QD325的组合组的平均肿瘤尺寸是163mm3±83mm3(p=0.0023)(图13E)。使用5mg/kg QD325的单一药剂处理与吉西他滨显示出相似的抗肿瘤活性。在该实验中,吉西他滨和QD325这两者作为单一药剂都极大抑制肿瘤生长。重要的是,组合被良好耐受并且在任何处理组中均没有观测到体重减轻,这表明了药物组合的合理安全特征(图13F)。
实施例6.
该实施例说明了用于制备化合物QD325-340、353-359以及中间体的一般程序。
使用Bracher的方法并且根据先前报道的程序在稍作修改的情况下进行化合物QD325-338、353-357(表2)的合成。
方案1图示了从可容易获得的二甲氧基苯甲醛1合成关键合成单元QD323。在简单磁力搅拌下在乙酸酐存在下用浓硝酸将化合物1硝化,以良好产率得到3,6-二甲氧基-2-硝基苯甲醛(2)。通过暴露于气态HCl将该区位异构体转化成二甲酰氨基衍生物3。然后通过用锌粉和乙酸处理将化合物3环化成二甲氧基喹唑啉4。最终通过硝酸铈铵氧化,导致喹唑啉-5,8-二酮QD323的产生。在Ce(III)离子存在下用适当的氨基酰基苯对QD323进行区域选择性取代,得到QD325-338、353-357(方案2和方案3)。
方案1a:用于制备关键中间体QD323的合成途径。
a试剂和条件:(i)浓HNO3、(CH3CO)2O,0℃,1.5小时;(ii)H2NCHO、HCl(g),40℃至80℃,1小时;(iii)冰CH3COOH、Zn,0℃持续2小时,室温持续4小时;(iv)(NH4)2Ce(NO3)6、CH3CN/H2O,0℃,20分钟。
方案2a:化合物QD325-338、353-355、357的制备。
a试剂和条件:(i)CeCl3·7H2O、无水EtOH,室温,1小时-6小时。
方案3a:QD356的制备。
a试剂和条件:(i)CeCl3·7H2O、无水EtOH,室温,2小时。
为了评价在ROS调节方面的潜在协同作用,寻求喹唑啉-5,8-二酮支架与三苯基磷官能团的缀合。更确切地说,期望获得化合物QD331和QD232的基于三苯基磷的模型衍生物。因此通过调整我们先前使用的膦缀合方法来设计化合物QD340和QD359。基于三苯基磷的化合物QD340和QD359的合成图示于方案4和方案5中。最初,使3-溴丙胺氢溴酸盐(5)与三苯基膦在回流乙腈中反应16小时,并且在用正己烷/乙醚/异丙醇处理之后容易地分离所得的三苯基磷中间体(6)。随后,通过经由标准偶联方案,使用DIPEA、HBtU、DMAP,在CH2Cl2中使6分别与4-氨基苯甲酸或3-氨基苯甲酸缀合来制备4-氨基苯甲酰氨基)丙基)三苯基溴化磷QD339和3-氨基苯甲酰氨基)丙基)三苯基溴化磷QD358。最终,通过根据上述程序,在Ce(III)存在下,用适当的3-氨基苯甲酰氨基)丙基)三苯基溴化磷(QD339或QD358)对5进行区域选择性取代来获得QD340和QD359。
方案4a:QD339、340的制备
a试剂和条件:(i)MeCN,回流,16小时;(ii)4-氨基苯甲酸、DIPEA、HBtU、DMAP、CH2Cl2,室温,5小时;(iii)CeCl3·7H2O、无水EtOH,室温,2小时。
方案5a:QD358、359的制备
a试剂和条件:(i)MeCN,回流,16小时;(ii)3-氨基苯甲酸、DIPEA、HBtU、DMAP、CH2Cl2,室温,5小时;(iii)CeCl3·7H2O、无水EtOH,室温,1.5小时。
制备3,6-二甲氧基-2-硝基苯甲醛(2)
在0℃在搅拌下分别添加硝酸(8.0mL;179.02mmol)、乙酸酐(8.0mL,84.24mmol)以及2,5-二甲氧基苯甲醛(1,4.0g,24.07mmol)。在搅拌1.5小时之后,将混合物倾倒到20mL冰/水上。将所得的黄色固体过滤,用冷水洗涤,然后通过硅胶快速色谱法,使用乙酸乙酯-石油醚(1:1)纯化,首先得到区域异构体2,5-二甲氧基-4-硝基苯甲醛,然后得到(通过仅用乙酸乙酯进一步洗脱)所期望的化合物2。产率:68%。Rf=0.10(乙酸乙酯-石油醚5:5);熔点:167℃。1H-NMR 400MHz(DMSO-d6):δ10.25(s,1H),7.70(d,1H),7.48(d,1H),3.95(s,3H),3.86(s,3H)。1H-NMR 400MHz(CDCl3):δ10.39(s,1H),7.30(d,1H),7.12(d,1H),3.97(s,3H),3.89(s,3H)。MS:m/z 211[M]+。
制备N,N'-[(3,6-二甲氧基-2-硝基苯基)甲烷二基)二甲酰胺(3)
使在40℃加热的3,6-二甲氧基-2-硝基苯甲醛(2,11.90g,56.35mmol)于甲酰胺(66.5当量,150mL)中的溶液暴露于干燥的HCl气体(1小时)直到温度是80℃为止。然后,将溶液冷却到室温,并且添加水/冰。形成浅黄色沉淀物,将其过滤,干燥并且用乙酸乙酯和石油醚研磨,得到所期望的化合物。产率:90%。Rf=0.26(二氯甲烷-甲醇9.5:0.5);熔点:255℃。1H-NMR 400MHz(DMSO-d6):δ8.67(d,2H),7.92(s,2H),7.28(s,2H),6.77(t,1H),3.88(s,3H),3.82(s,3H)。MS:m/z 283[M+]。
制备5,8-二甲氧基喹唑啉(4)
在恒定磁力搅拌下将锌粉(22.9g)添加到N,N'-[(3,6-二甲氧基-2-硝基苯基)甲烷二基)]二甲酰胺(3,7.0g,24.71mmol)于研磨的冰(92g)和冰乙酸(32mL)中的悬浮液中。将反应混合物在冰浴中搅拌2小时,并且在室温下搅拌4小时。随后,将反应混合物滴加在冷却的50%NaOH(120mL)上并且在不搅拌的情况下将由此形成的黄色悬浮液放置1小时。然后,将悬浮液过滤,得到黄色粉末,将其溶解在乙酸乙酯中,过滤,经过无水Na2SO4干燥,并且浓缩至干燥,得到所期望的化合物。产率:79%。Rf=0.46(二氯甲烷-甲醇9.5:0.5);熔点:106℃。1H-NMR 400MHz(DMSO-d6):δ9.64(s,1H),9.28(s,1H),7.39(d,1H),7.10(d,1H),3.98(s,3H),3.94(s,3H)。MS:m/z 190[M]+。
制备喹唑啉-5,8-二酮(QD323)
将5,8-二甲氧基喹唑啉(4,0.35g,1.84mmol)于(7:3)乙腈:水(10mL)中的溶液在冰浴中在0℃冷却并且逐滴添加硝酸高铈铵(2.7当量,2.72g,4.97mmol)于(9:1)乙腈:水(10mL)中的溶液。将反应混合物搅拌20分钟,然后倒入冰/水中并且用CH2Cl2萃取。将有机层用水洗涤,经过无水Na2SO4干燥并且浓缩至干燥,得到棕色粉末。产率:69%。Rf=0.62(二氯甲烷-甲醇9.5:0.5);熔点:>320℃。1H-NMR 400MHz(DMSO-d6):δ9.69(s,1H),9.43(s,1H),7.28(d,1H),7.18(d,1H)。13C-NMR 400MHz(DMSO-d6):δ184.07,182.88,162.08,156.27,152.61,139.46,137.74,124.61。MS:m/z 160[M]+。
制备化合物QD324-327、329、331、332、334-336、338、353-357。
一般方法A
在室温下将喹唑啉-5,8-二酮、氯化铈(III)七水合物(CeCl3·7H2O,1.1当量)以及(3,4,5)-取代的苯胺(1.1当量)于无水乙醇中的溶液搅拌1小时-2小时。随后,在真空下去除大部分的乙醇,并且添加水,继而用CH2Cl2萃取。将有机层用水和盐水洗涤,经过无水Na2SO4干燥并且浓缩至干燥。然后,通过快速色谱法纯化粗产物,得到预期的产物。
6-((4-苯氧基苯基)氨基)喹唑啉-5,8-二酮(QD324)
喹唑啉-5,8-二酮(QD323,0.10g,0.62mmol)、氯化铈(III)七水合物(CeCl3·7H2O,1.1当量,0.26g,0.69mmol)、4-苯氧基苯胺(1.1当量,0.13g,0.69mmol)以及无水乙醇(11mL)。进行快速色谱法(乙酸乙酯-石油醚6:4),得到呈紫色粉末状的化合物QD324。产率:65%。Rf=0.30(乙酸乙酯-石油醚6:4);熔点:169℃-171℃。1H-NMR 400MHz(CDCl3):δ9.66(s,1H),9.49(s,1H),7.51(s,1H),7.39(t,2H),7.25(d,2H),7.20-7.15(m,1H),7.09-7.04(m,4H),6.53(s,1H)。13C-NMR 400MHz(CDCl3):δ180.65,180.39,163.76,156.48,156.31,154.40,145.15,130.90,130.01,125.25,124.04,123.34,119.76,119.28,104.65。MS:m/z343[M]+。
6-([1,1'-联苯]-4-基氨基)喹唑啉-5,8-二酮(QD325)
喹唑啉-5,8-二酮(QD323,0.16g,1.01mmol)、氯化铈(III)七水合物(CeCl3·7H2O,1.1当量,0.41g,1.11mmol)、4-氨基联苯(1.1当量,0.19g,1.11mmol)以及无水乙醇(19mL)。进行快速色谱法(乙酸乙酯-石油醚7:3),得到呈紫色粉末状的化合物QD325。产率:58%。Rf=0.48(乙酸乙酯-石油醚8:2);熔点:230℃。1H-NMR 400MHz(CDCl3):δ9.68(s,1H),9.51(s,1H),7.68(d,2H),7.65(s,1H),7.60(d,2H),7.48(t,2H),7.42-7.36(m,3H),6.73(s,1H)。13C-NMR 400MHz(CDCl3):δ180.67,180.52,163.78,156.39,154.32,144.33,139.71,135.44,128.99,128.53,127.53,127.00,123.26,105.20。MS:m/z 327[M]+。
6-((3,4,5-三甲氧基苯基)氨基)喹唑啉-5,8-二酮(QD326)
喹唑啉-5,8-二酮(QD323,0.07g,0.44mmol)、氯化铈(III)七水合物(CeCl3·7H2O,1.1当量,0.18g,0.48mmol)、3,4,5-三甲氧基苯胺(1.1当量,0.09g,0.48mmol)以及无水乙醇(8mL)。进行快速色谱法(乙酸乙酯-石油醚,从7:3到8:2),得到呈紫色粉末状的化合物QD326。产率:88%。Rf=0.18(乙酸乙酯-石油醚8:2);熔点:161℃-162℃。1H-NMR 400MHz(CDCl3):δ9.67(s,1H),9.49(s,1H),7.51(s,1H),6.59(s,1H),6.50(s,2H),3.88(s,9H)。13C-NMR 400MHz(CDCl3):δ180.61,180.40,163.77,156.33,154.15,144.90,136.96,131.87,123.30,105.00,101.20,61.07,56.39。MS:m/z 341[M]+。
6-((4-(三氟甲氧基)苯基)氨基)喹唑啉-5,8-二酮(QD327)
喹唑啉-5,8-二酮(QD323,0.05g,0.31mmol)、氯化铈(III)七水合物(CeCl3·7H2O,1.1当量,0.13g,0.34mmol)、4-(三氟甲氧基)苯胺(1.1当量,0.046mL,0.34mmol)以及无水乙醇(6mL)。进行快速色谱法(二氯甲烷-甲醇9.7:0.3),得到呈暗红色粉末状的化合物QD327。产率:67%。Rf=0.53(二氯甲烷-甲醇9.5:0.5);熔点:114℃。1H-NMR 400MHz(CDCl3):δ9.68(s,1H),9.51(s,1H),7.55(s,1H),7.33(s,4H),6.58(s,1H)。MS:m/z 335[M]+
6-((4-(羟甲基)苯基)氨基)喹唑啉-5,8-二酮(QD329)
喹唑啉-5,8-二酮(QD323,0.05g,0.31mmol)、氯化铈(III)七水合物(CeCl3·7H2O,1.1当量,0.13g,0.34mmol)、4-氨基苯甲醇(1.1当量,0.04g,0.34mmol)以及无水乙醇(6mL)。进行快速色谱法(二氯甲烷-甲醇9.7:0.3),得到呈棕红色粉末状的化合物QD329。产率:27%。Rf=0.30(二氯甲烷-甲醇9.5:0.5);熔点:203℃。1H-NMR 400MHz(CDCl3):δ9.67(s,1H),9.50(s,1H),7.59(s,1H),7.47(d,2H),7.29(d,2H),6.64(s,1H),4.75(s,2H)。MS:m/z 303[M+Na]+
4-((5,8-二氧代-5,8-二氢喹唑啉-6-基)氨基)苯甲酸甲酯(QD331)
喹唑啉-5,8-二酮(QD323,0.06g,0.37mmol)、氯化铈(III)七水合物(CeCl3·7H2O,1.1当量,0.15g,0.41mmol)、4-氨基苯甲酸甲酯(1.1当量,0.06g,0.41mmol)以及无水乙醇(7.2mL)。进行快速色谱法(乙酸乙酯-石油醚,从6:4到7:3),得到呈红色粉末状的化合物QD331。产率:42%。Rf=0.35(乙酸乙酯-石油醚7:3);熔点:226℃-230℃。1H-NMR 400MHz(CDCl3):δ9.69(s,1H),9.52(s,1H),8.14(d,2H),7.72(s,1H),7.36(d,2H),6.81(s,1H),3.95(s,3H)。13C-NMR 400MHz(CDCl3):δ180.75,180.40,165.96,163.85,156.57,153.96,143.34,140.64,131.51,127.69,123.27,121.66,121.55,106.35,52.35。MS:m/z 309[M]+
4-((5,8-二氧代-5,8-二氢喹唑啉-6-基)氨基)苯甲酸乙酯(QD332)
喹唑啉-5,8-二酮(QD323,0.13g,0.81mmol)、氯化铈(III)七水合物(CeCl3·7H2O,1.1当量,0.33g,0.89mmol)、4-氨基苯甲酸乙酯(1.1当量,0.15g,0.89mmol)以及无水乙醇(16mL)。进行快速色谱法(乙酸乙酯-石油醚6.5:3.5),得到呈红色粉末状的化合物QD332。产率:39%。Rf=0.36(乙酸乙酯-石油醚7:3);熔点:206℃-207℃。1H-NMR 400MHz(CDCl3):δ9.69(s,1H),9.52(s,1H),8.14(d,2H),7.72(s,1H),7.36(d,2H),6.80(s,1H),4.43-4.38(q,2H),1.42(t,3H)。13C-NMR 400MHz(CDCl3):δ180.74,180.42,165.49,163.85,156.56,153.98,143.38,140.53,131.47,128.08,123.27,121.65,106.31,61.31,14.34。MS:m/z323[M]+。
6-((4'-氟-[1,1'-联苯]-4-基)氨基)喹唑啉-5,8-二酮(QD334)
喹唑啉-5,8-二酮(QD323,0.05g,0.31mmol)、氯化铈(III)七水合物(CeCl3·7H2O,1.1当量,0.13g,0.34mmol)、4-氨基-4'-氟联苯(1.1当量,0.06g,0.34mmol)以及无水乙醇(6mL)。进行快速色谱法(乙酸乙酯-石油醚,从7:3到8:2),得到呈紫色粉末状的化合物QD334。产率:29%。Rf=0.32(乙酸乙酯-石油醚7:3);熔点:285℃-289℃。1H-NMR 400MHz(CDCl3):δ9.68(s,1H),9.51(s,1H),7.63(d,2H),7.55(t,2H),7.53(s,1H),7.37(d,2H),7.16(t,2H),6.72(s,1H)。13C-NMR 400MHz(CDCl3):δ180.64,180.53,163.97,163.79,161.51,156.39,154.30,144.33,138.70,135.98,135.47,128.65,128.39,123.33,116.03,115.82,105.21。MS:m/z 345[M]+
6-((4'-乙基-[1,1'-联苯]-4-基)氨基)喹唑啉-5,8-二酮(QD335)
喹唑啉-5,8-二酮(QD323,0.05g,0.34mmol)、氯化铈(III)七水合物(CeCl3·7H2O,1.1当量,0.14g,0.37mmol)、4-氨基-4'-乙基联苯(1.1当量,0.07g,0.37mmol)以及无水乙醇(6.5mL)。进行快速色谱法(乙酸乙酯-石油醚,从6:4到7:3),得到呈红紫色粉末状的化合物QD335。产率:60%。Rf=0.36(乙酸乙酯-石油醚7:3);熔点:232℃。1H-NMR 400MHz(CDCl3):δ9.66(s,1H),9.49(s,1H),7.68(s,1H),7.66(d,2H),7.51(d,2H),7.34(d,2H),7.30(d,2H),6.71(s,1H),2.74-2.68(q,2H),1.29(t,3H)。13C-NMR 400MHz(CDCl3):δ180.67,180.48,163.73,156.35,154.34,144.35,144.09,139.64,137.03,135.15,128.53,128.46,126.89,123.35,123.24,105.11,28.54,15.55。MS:m/z 356[M+1]+
6-((4'-甲氧基[1,1'-联苯]-4-基)氨基)喹唑啉-5,8-二酮(QD336)
喹唑啉-5,8-二酮(QD323,0.05g,0.34mmol)、氯化铈(III)七水合物(CeCl3·7H2O,1.1当量,0.14g,0.37mmol)、4'-甲氧基-联苯-4-基胺(1.1当量,0.07g,0.37mmol)以及无水乙醇(6.5mL)。进行快速色谱法(乙酸乙酯-石油醚,从7:3到10:0),得到呈暗紫色粉末状的化合物QD336。产率:69%。Rf=0.29(乙酸乙酯-石油醚7:3);熔点:270℃-272℃。1H-NMR400MHz(CDCl3):δ9.67(s,1H),9.51(s,1H),7.63(d,2H),7.61(s,1H),7.53(d,2H),7.32(d,2H),7.01(d,2H),6.71(s,1H),3.87(s,3H)。13C-NMR 400MHz(CDCl3):δ180.67,180.47,163.77,159.58,156.36,154.37,144.38,139.38,134.81,132.20,128.05,128.01,123.29,123.19,114.44,105.09,55.40。MS:m/z 357[M]+
6-((2-氟-4'-甲基-[1,1'-联苯]-4-基)氨基)喹唑啉-5,8-二酮(QD338)
喹唑啉-5,8-二酮(QD323,0.06g,0.35mmol)、氯化铈(III)七水合物(CeCl3·7H2O,1.1当量,0.14g,0.38mmol)、2-氟-4'-甲基-联苯-4-基胺(1.1当量,0.08g,0.38mmol)以及无水乙醇(6.7mL)。进行快速色谱法(乙酸乙酯-石油醚,从6:4到8:2),得到呈紫色粉末状的化合物QD338。产率:60%。Rf=0.26(乙酸乙酯-石油醚7:3);熔点:282℃-283℃。1H-NMR400MHz(CDCl3):δ9.69(s,1H),9.52(s,1H),7.62(s,1H),7.52(t,1H),7.45(d,2H),7.29(d,2H),7.14(t,2H),6.75(s,1H),2.42(s,3H)。13C-NMR 400MHz(CDCl3):δ180.61,180.47,163.83,156.49,143.93,138.14,131.79,129.40,128.89,128.71,123.31,118.67,110.85,110.58,105.75,21.24。MS:m/z 359[M]+
6-((3-甲氧基苯基)氨基)喹唑啉-5,8-二酮(QD353)
喹唑啉-5,8-二酮(QD323,0.05g,0.31mmol)、氯化铈(III)七水合物(CeCl3·7H2O,1.1当量,0.13g,0.34mmol)、间茴香胺(1.1当量,0.38mL,0.34mmol)以及无水乙醇(6mL)。进行快速色谱法(乙酸乙酯-石油醚6:4),得到呈暗紫色粉末状的化合物QD353。产率:43%。Rf=0.30(乙酸乙酯-石油醚7:3);熔点:142℃。1H-NMR 400MHz(CDCl3):δ9.67(s,1H),9.50(s,1H),7.56(s,1H),7.36(t,1H),6.88(d,2H),6.83(d,2H),6.82(s,1H),6.69(s,1H),3.84(s,3H)。13C-NMR 400MHz(CDCl3):δ180.65,180.56,163.76,160.81,156.36,154.28,144.45,137.40,130.75,123.33,115.25,112.07,109.17,105.34,55,53。MS:m/z 281[M]+
6-((4-甲氧基苯基)氨基)喹唑啉-5,8-二酮(QD354)
喹唑啉-5,8-二酮(QD323,0.06g,0.37mmol)、氯化铈(III)七水合物(CeCl3·7H2O,1.1当量,0.15g,0.41mmol)、对茴香胺(1.1当量,0.05g,0.41mmol)以及无水乙醇(7.2mL)。进行快速色谱法(乙酸乙酯-石油醚,从6.5:3.5到8:2),得到呈暗色粉末状的化合物QD354。产率:41%。Rf=0.32(乙酸乙酯-石油醚7:3);熔点:238℃。1H-NMR 400MHz(CDCl3):δ9.66(s,1H),9.48(s,1H),7.49(s,1H),7.21(d,2H),6.98(d,2H),6.48(s,1H),3.85(s,3H)。13C-NMR 400MHz(CDCl3):δ180.76,180.28,163.73,156.24,154.52,145.34,128.75,125.18,123.36,115.16,104.34,55,62。MS:m/z 281[M]+
6-((3,4-二甲氧基苯基)氨基)喹唑啉-5,8-二酮(QD355)
喹唑啉-5,8-二酮(QD323,0.06g,0.40mmol)、氯化铈(III)七水合物(CeCl3·7H2O,1.1当量,0.16g,0.44mmol)、3,4-二甲氧基苯胺(1.1当量,0.067g,0.44mmol)以及无水乙醇(7.6mL)。进行快速色谱法(乙酸乙酯-石油醚,从7:3到10:0),得到呈暗色粉末状的化合物QD355。产率:70%。Rf=0.23(乙酸乙酯-石油醚8:2);熔点:241℃-242℃。1H-NMR 400MHz(CDCl3):δ9.66(s,1H),9.49(s,1H),7.50(s,1H),6.92(d,2H),6.86(d,2H),6.78(s,1H),6.53(s,1H),3.92(s,3H),3.90(s,3H)。13C-NMR 400MHz(CDCl3):δ180.73,180.31,163.75,156.75,156.26,154.48,149.97,148.10,145.21,129.02,123.34,116.10,111.74,107.50,104.54,56,18。MS:m/z 333[M+1]+
6-((4-氟苯甲基)氨基)喹唑啉-5,8-二酮(QD356)
喹唑啉-5,8-二酮(QD323,0.06g,0.40mmol)、氯化铈(III)七水合物(CeCl3·7H2O,1.1当量,0.16g,0.44mmol)、4-氟苯甲胺(1.1当量,0.05mL,0.44mmol)以及无水乙醇(7.6mL)。进行快速色谱法(乙酸乙酯-石油醚,从7:3到8:2),得到呈橙色粉末状的化合物QD356。产率:35%。Rf=0.30(乙酸乙酯-石油醚8:2);熔点:203℃。1H-NMR 400MHz(CDCl3):δ9.64(s,1H),9.43(s,1H),7.30(t,2H),7.09(t,2H),6.28(s,1H),6.05(s,1H),4.40(d,2H)。13C-NMR 400MHz(CDCl3):δ180.33,179.62,163.93,163.67,161.47,156.16,154.57,146.96,130.68,129.43,123.35,116.14,103.76,46.30。MS:m/z 283[M]+
6-((3,5-二甲氧基苯基)氨基)喹唑啉-5,8-二酮(QD357)
喹唑啉-5,8-二酮(QD323,0.06g,0.40mmol)、氯化铈(III)七水合物(CeCl3·7H2O,1.1当量,0.16g,0.44mmol)、3,5-二甲氧基苯胺(1.0当量,0.07g,0.44mmol)以及无水乙醇(7.6mL)。进行快速色谱法(乙酸乙酯-石油醚,从6:4到7:3),得到呈紫色粉末状的化合物QD357。产率:70%。Rf=0.45(乙酸乙酯-石油醚8:2);熔点:204℃-206℃。1H-NMR 400MHz(DMSO-d6):δ9.66(s,1H),9.43(s,1H),7.05(s,1H),5.97(s,2H),5.72(s,2H),3.62(s,6H)。13C-NMR 400MHz(CDCl3):δ183.14,182.27,162.43,159.30,157.54,152.64,150.43,145.40,138.54,125.32,100.99,91.24,55,74。MS:m/z 281[M]+
制备化合物QD328、330、333、337。
一般方法B
在室温下将喹唑啉-5,8-二酮、氯化铈(III)七水合物(CeCl3·7H2O,1.1当量)以及(3,4,5)-取代的苯胺(1.1当量)于无水乙醇中的溶液搅拌2小时-6小时。随后,在真空下去除大部分的乙醇,并且添加水,继而用CH2Cl2萃取。将有机层经过硫酸钠(Na2SO4)干燥并且浓缩至干燥。然后,用水处理粗残余物,并且将沉淀的固体残余物过滤并且用石油醚研磨,得到所期望的产物。
4-((5,8-二氧代-5,8-二氢喹唑啉-6-基)氨基)苯磺酰胺(QD328)
喹唑啉-5,8-二酮(QD323,0.05g,0.31mmol)、氯化铈(III)七水合物(CeCl3·7H2O,1.1当量,0.13g,0.34mmol)、氨苯磺胺(1.1当量,0.06g,0.34mmol)以及无水乙醇(6mL)。将沉淀物过滤并且用石油醚研磨,得到呈红色粉末状的化合物QD328。产率:59%。Rf=0.16(乙酸乙酯-石油醚8:2);熔点:>320℃。1H-NMR 400MHz(DMSO-d6):δ9.72(s,1H),9.64(s,1H),9.44(s,1H),7.88(d,2H),7.60(d,2H),7.38(s,2H),6.46(s,1H)。13C-NMR 400MHz(DMSO-d6):δ180.50,180.32,162.58,155.78,153.46,145.33,140.91,140.20,127.38,127.05,124.19,123.17,112.38,105.11。MS:m/z 331[M+1]+
4-((5,8-二氧代-5,8-二氢喹唑啉-6-基)氨基)苯甲酰胺(QD330)
喹唑啉-5,8-二酮(QD323,0.05g,0.31mmol)、氯化铈(III)七水合物(CeCl3·7H2O,1.1当量,0.13g,0.34mmol)、4-氨基苯甲酰胺(1.1当量,0.05g,0.34mmol)以及无水乙醇(6mL)。将沉淀物过滤并且用石油醚研磨,得到呈棕色粉末状的化合物QD330。产率:24%。Rf=0.58(二氯甲烷-甲醇9.5:0.5);熔点:>320℃。1H-NMR 400MHz(DMSO-d6):δ9.65(s,1H),9.63(s,1H),9.43(s,1H),7.95(d,2H),7.49(d,2H),7.38(s,2H),6.42(s,1H)。MS:m/z 295[M+1]+
(3-((5,8-二氧代-5,8-二氢喹唑啉-6-基)氨基)苯基)硼酸(QD333)
喹唑啉-5,8-二酮(QD323,0.05g,0.31mmol)、氯化铈(III)七水合物(CeCl3·7H2O,1.1当量,0.13g,0.34mmol)、3-氨基苯基硼酸(1.1当量,0.05g,0.34mmol)以及无水乙醇(6mL)。将沉淀物过滤并且用石油醚研磨,得到呈红色粉末状的化合物QD333。产率:48%。Rf=0.37(二氯甲烷-甲醇9.5:0.5);熔点:208℃-210℃。1H-NMR 400MHz(DMSO-d6):δ9.61(s,1H),9.52(s,1H),9.41(s,1H),8.20(s,2H),7.77-7.70(m,2H),7.43(m,2H),6.23(s,1H)。MS:m/z 318[M+Na]+
6-((4'-氨基-[1,1'-联苯]-4-基)氨基)喹唑啉-5,8-二酮(QD337)
喹唑啉-5,8-二酮(QD323,0.05g,0.34mmol)、氯化铈(III)七水合物(CeCl3·7H2O,1.1当量,0.14g,0.37mmol)、联苯胺(1.1当量,0.07g,0.37mmol)以及无水乙醇(6.5mL)。将沉淀物过滤并且用石油醚研磨,得到呈暗紫色粉末状的化合物QD337。产率:16%。Rf=0.71(二氯甲烷-甲醇9.5:0.5);熔点:>320℃。1H-NMR 400MHz(DMSO-d6):δ9.66(s,1H),9.63(s,1H),9.44(s,1H),7.83(d,2H),7.64(d,1H),7.53(d,2H),7.40(d,2H),6.65(d,1H),6.40(s,1H),5.27(s,2H)。MS:m/z 342[M]+
制备(3-氨丙基)三苯基溴化磷氢溴酸盐(6)
向配备有磁力搅拌棒的50mL圆底烧瓶中,添加三苯基膦(1.0当量,1.0g,3.82mmol)、3-溴丙胺氢溴酸盐(5,1.0当量,0.84g,3.82mmol)以及乙腈(7mL)。将所得悬浮液加热到回流并且将混合物搅拌16小时。将反应物冷却到室温,然后添加正己烷并且将所得固体过滤,用正己烷洗涤,溶解在100mL异丙醇中并且用冷乙醚沉淀,得到白色粉末。产率:50%;Rf=0.28(二氯甲烷-甲醇9:1);熔点:200℃。1H-NMR 400MHz(CDCl3):δ7.95-7.92(m,3H),7.84-7.74(m,15H),3.74(m,2H),3.00-2.98(m,2H),1.85(m,2H)。
制备(3-(4-氨基苯甲酰氨基)丙基)三苯基溴化磷(QD339)
向4-氨基苯甲酸(1.0当量,0.076g,0.55mmol)于CH2Cl2(12mL)中的溶液中添加N,N-二异丙基乙胺(DIPEA,5当量,0.48mL,2.75mmol)和HBtU(1.0当量,0.206g,0.55mmol)。将反应混合物搅拌15分钟,并且添加(3-氨丙基)三苯基溴化磷(6,3当量,0.80g,1.66mmol)和DMAP(0.04当量,2.7μg,0.02mmol)。将所得混合物在室温下搅拌5小时,过滤,用CH2Cl2洗涤,并且浓缩至干燥。通过硅胶快速色谱法,使用二氯甲烷-异丙醇(9.5:0.5)纯化粗产物,得到米色粉末。产率:70%;Rf=0.27(二氯甲烷-甲醇9:1);熔点:203℃-205℃。1H-NMR400MHz(CDCl3):δ8.91(t,1H),8.10(d,2H),7.77-7.72(m,9H),7.61-7.58(m,6H),6.70(d,2H),3.94-3.90(m,2H),3.72-3.71(m,2H),1.95(m,2H)。
制备(3-(4-((5,8-二氧代-5,8-二氢喹唑啉-6-基)氨基)苯甲酰氨基)丙基)三苯基溴化磷(QD340)
在室温下将喹唑啉-5,8-二酮(5,1.0当量,0.04g,0.25mmol)、氯化铈(III)七水合物(CeCl3·7H2O,1.1当量,0.102g,0.27mmol)以及(3-(4-氨基苯甲酰氨基)丙基)三苯基溴化磷(1.1当量,0.143g,0.27mmol)于无水乙醇(5mL)中的溶液搅拌2小时。然后,在真空下去除大部分的乙醇,并且添加水,继而用CH2Cl2萃取。将有机层用水、盐水洗涤,经过无水硫酸钠干燥并且浓缩至干燥。将粗产物用石油醚研磨,得到红色粉末。产率:42%;Rf=0.45(二氯甲烷-甲醇9:1);熔点:205℃。1H-NMR 400MHz(CDCl3):δ9.90(t,1H),9.67(s,1H),9.50(s,1H),8.46(d,2H),7.79-7.72(m,10H),7.65-7.62(m,6H),7.37(d,2H),6.74(s,1H),3.97-3.93(m,2H),3.75-3.74(m,2H),2.00(m,2H)。MS:m/z 342[M-1]+
制备(3-(3-氨基苯甲酰氨基)丙基)三苯基溴化磷(QD358)
向3-氨基苯甲酸(1.0当量,0.076g,0.55mmol)于CH2Cl2(12mL)中的溶液中添加N,N-二异丙基乙胺(DIPEA,5当量,0.48mL,2.75mmol)和HBtU(1.0当量,0.206g,0.55mmol)。将反应混合物搅拌15分钟,之后添加(3-氨丙基)三苯基溴化磷(6,3当量,0.80g,1.66mmol)和DMAP(0.04当量,2.7μg,0.02mmol)。将所得混合物在室温下搅拌5小时,过滤,用CH2Cl2洗涤,并且浓缩至干燥。通过硅胶快速色谱法,使用二氯甲烷-异丙醇(9.5:0.5)纯化粗产物,得到橙色粉末。产率:59%;Rf=0.45(二氯甲烷-甲醇9:1);熔点:223℃。1H-NMR400MHz(CDCl3):δ8.97(t,1H),7.77-7.73(m,10H),7.62-7.60(m,6H),7.55(d,1H),7.21(t,1H),6.78(d,1H),3.92-3.88(m,2H),3.73-3.72(m,2H),1.97(m,2H)。
制备(3-(3-((5,8-二氧代-5,8-二氢喹唑啉-6-基)氨基)苯甲酰氨基)丙基)三苯基溴化磷(QD359)
在室温下将喹唑啉-5,8-二酮(1.0当量,0.04g,0.25mmol)、氯化铈(III)七水合物(CeCl3·7H2O,1.1当量,0.102g,0.27mmol)以及(3-(3-氨基苯甲酰氨基)丙基)三苯基溴化磷(1.0当量,0.130g,0.25mmol)于无水乙醇(5mL)中的溶液搅拌1.5小时。然后,在真空下去除大部分的乙醇,并且添加水,继而用CH2Cl2萃取。将有机层用水洗涤,经过无水硫酸钠干燥并且浓缩至干燥。通过硅胶快速色谱法,使用二氯甲烷-甲醇(9.4:0.4)纯化粗产物,得到红色粉末。产率:30%;Rf=0.21(二氯甲烷-甲醇9:1);熔点:108℃-110℃。1H-NMR 400MHz(CDCl3):δ9.78(t,1H),9.64(s,1H),9.47(s,1H),8.34(d,2H),8.19(d,2H),7.77-7.73(m,10H),7.64-7.62(m,6H),7.54(t,1H),7.45(d,1H),6.63(s,1H),3.92-3.88(m,2H),3.74-3.73(m,2H),2.05-2.00(m,2H)。MS:m/z 342[M-1]+。
方案6a:QD385-389的制备
a试剂和条件:(i)CeCl3·7H2O、无水EtOH,室温,1.5小时。
方案7a:QD390、391的制备
a试剂和条件:(i)CeCl3·7H2O、无水EtOH,室温,1.5小时。
方案8a:QD392-395的制备
a试剂和条件:(i)CeCl3·7H2O、无水EtOH,室温,1.5小时。
方案9a:用于制备QD396-424的一般方法
a试剂和条件:(i)CeCl3·7H2O、无水EtOH,室温,1小时-3小时。
制备化合物QD385、386、387、388、389、390、391、392、393、394、395
一般方法C
在室温下将喹唑啉-5,8-二酮、氯化铈(III)七水合物(CeCl3·7H2O,1.1当量)以及取代的苯胺(1.0当量)于无水乙醇中的溶液搅拌1.5小时。随后,在真空下去除大部分乙醇之后,将粗残余物稀释,用CH2Cl2萃取并且用水洗涤。将有机层经过硫酸钠(Na2SO4)干燥并且浓缩至干燥。然后,通过快速色谱法纯化粗残余物,得到所期望的产物。
用于制备化合物QD396、397、398、399、400、401、402、403、404、405、406、407、408、409、410、411、412、413、414、415、416、417、418、419、420、421、422、423、424的一般方法
在室温下将喹唑啉-5,8-二酮、氯化铈(III)七水合物(CeCl3·7H2O,1.1当量)以及取代的苯胺(1.0当量)于无水乙醇中的溶液搅拌1.5小时。随后,在真空下去除大部分乙醇之后,将粗残余物用水稀释,用CH2Cl2萃取并且用水洗涤。将有机层经过硫酸钠(Na2SO4)干燥,浓缩至干燥,并且将沉淀的固体用石油醚研磨。然后,将固体残余物过滤并且通过快速色谱法纯化,得到所期望的产物。
6-(联苯-3-基氨基)喹唑啉-5,8-二酮[QD385]
喹唑啉-5,8-二酮(QD323,0.050g,0.312mmol)、氯化铈(III)七水合物(CeCl3·7H2O,1.1当量,0.128g,0.343mmol)、3-氨基联苯(1.0当量,0.053g,0.312mmol)以及无水乙醇(6mL)。进行快速色谱法(二氯甲烷-甲醇=9.8:0.2),得到呈紫色粉末状的化合物QD385。产率%:20。Rf:0.41(石油醚:乙酸乙酯=3:7)。熔点:199℃-200℃。1H-NMR 400MHz 1H-NMR(DMSO-d6):δ9.63(s,1H),9.43(s,1H),7.69-7.67(m,3H),7.61-7.59(d,2H),7.49-7.46(t,2H),7.41-7.36(t,3H),6.34(s,1H)。13C-NMR(DMSO-d6):δ163.78,130.33,129.03,127.15,125.61,121.74,105.15。MS:m/z 327(M+)。
6-(4'-氯联苯-4-基氨基)喹唑啉-5,8-二酮[QD386]
喹唑啉-5,8-二酮(QD323,0.050g,0.312mmol)、氯化铈(III)七水合物(CeCl3·7H2O,1.1当量,0.128g,0.343mmol)、4-氨基-4'-氯联苯(1.0当量,0.064g,0.312mmol)以及无水乙醇(6mL)。进行快速色谱法(乙酸乙酯-石油醚=5:5),得到呈紫色粉末状的化合物QD386。产率%:95。Rf:0.20(乙酸乙酯-石油醚=7:3)。熔点:292℃-293℃。1H-NMR(DMSO-d6):δ9.62(s,2H),9.42(s,1H),7.79-7.77(d,2H),7.76-7.74(d,2H),7.55-7.53(d,2H),7.50-7.48(d,2H),6.35(s,1H)。13C-NMR(DMSO-d6):δ180.52,180.03,162.59,155.67,153.74,145.89,138.07,137.42,135.77,132.34,128.91,128.26,127.53,124.06,104.06。MS:m/z 361(M+)。
6-(3',5'-二氯联苯-4-基氨基)喹唑啉-5,8-二酮[QD 387]
喹唑啉-5,8-二酮(QD323,0.050g,0.312mmol)、氯化铈(III)七水合物(CeCl3·7H2O,1.1当量,0.128g,0.343mmol)、4-氨基-3',5'-二氯联苯(1.0当量,0.074g,0.312mmol)以及无水乙醇(6mL)。进行快速色谱法(乙酸乙酯-石油醚=5:5),得到呈紫色粉末状的化合物QD387。产率%:95。Rf:0.50(乙酸乙酯-石油醚=7:3)。熔点:260℃-261℃。1H-NMR(DMSO-d6):δ9.63(s,2H),9.43(s,1H),7.87-7.85(d,2H),7.79(s,2H),7.61(s,1H),7.52-7.50(d,2H),6.38(s,1H)。13C-NMR(DMSO-d6):δ180.47,180.15,162.60,155.70,153.68,145.75,142.80,138.28,134.68,133.99,128.02,125.20,123.91,104.34。MS:m/z395(M+)。
6-(4-(哌啶-1-基)苯基氨基)喹唑啉-5,8-二酮[QD388]
喹唑啉-5,8-二酮(QD323,0.050g,0.312mmol)、氯化铈(III)七水合物(CeCl3·7H2O,1.1当量,0.128g,0.343mmol)、4-(1-哌啶基)苯胺(1.0当量,0.055g,0.312mmol)以及无水乙醇(6mL)。进行快速色谱法(乙酸乙酯-石油醚=7:3),得到呈紫色粉末状的化合物QD388。产率%:66。Rf:0.29(乙酸乙酯-石油醚=7:3)。熔点:209℃。1H-NMR(DMSO-d6):δ9.60(s,1H),9.38(s,1H),7.45(s,1H),7.22-7.20(d,2H),7.02-7.00(d,2H),6.13(s,1H),3.16(s,4H),1.63-1.56(d,6H)。13C-NMR(DMSO-d6):δ180.65,179.30,162.59,155.51,154.08,149.52,146.47,127.71,124.93,124.12,115.91,102.59,49.23,25.09,23.83。MS:m/z 334(M+)。
6-(4-吗啉代苯氨基)喹唑啉-5,8-二酮[QD 389]
喹唑啉-5,8-二酮(QD323,0.050g,0.312mmol)、氯化铈(III)七水合物(CeCl3·7H2O,1.1当量,0.128g,0.343mmol)、4-(4-吗啉基)苯胺(1.0当量,0.056g,0.312mmol)以及无水乙醇(6mL)。进行快速色谱法(乙酸乙酯-石油醚=7:3),得到呈紫色粉末状的化合物QD389。产率%:88。Rf:0.10(乙酸乙酯-石油醚=7:3)。熔点:226℃-227℃。1H-NMR(DMSO-d6):δ9.60(s,1H),9.47(s,1H,H-N),9.39(s,1H),7.26-7.24(d,2H),7.05-7.03(d,2H),6.14(s,1H),3.76(s,4H),3.15(s,4H)。13C-NMR(DMSO-d6):δ180.62,179.41,162.59,155.53,149.03,146.49,128.56,124.97,115.40,102.70,66.00,48.18。MS:m/z 336(M+)。
6-(9H-芴-4-基氨基)喹唑啉-5,8-二酮[QD390]
喹唑啉-5,8-二酮(QD323,0.050g,0.312mmol)、氯化铈(III)七水合物(CeCl3·7H2O,1.1当量,0.128g,0.343mmol)、1-氨基芴(1.0当量,0.057g,0.312mmol)以及无水乙醇(6mL)。进行快速色谱法(乙酸乙酯-石油醚=7:3),得到呈紫色粉末状的化合物QD390。产率%:69。Rf:0.46(乙酸乙酯-石油醚=7:3)。熔点:217℃。1H-NMR(CDCl3):δ9.68(s,1H),9.53(s,1H),7.57-7.55(d,2H),7.52-7.49(t,1H),7.45-7.41(t,1H),7.38-7.35(t,1H),7.31-7.29(d,1H),6.43(s,1H),3.86(s,2H)。13C-NMR(CDCl3):δ163.78,156.33,128.79,127.74,127.25,125.18,121.70,120.42,119.04,105.53。MS:m/z 339(M+)。
6-(9H-芴-2-基氨基)喹唑啉-5,8-二酮[QD 391]
喹唑啉-5,8-二酮(QD323,0.050g,0.312mmol)、氯化铈(III)七水合物(CeCl3·7H2O,1.1当量,0.128g,0.343mmol)、2-氨基芴(1.0当量,0.057g,0.312mmol)以及无水乙醇(6mL)。进行快速色谱法(乙酸乙酯-石油醚=5:5),得到呈紫色粉末状的化合物QD391。产率%:92。Rf:0.14(乙酸乙酯-石油醚=7:3)。熔点:236℃-237℃。1H-NMR(DMSO-d6):δ9.62(s,2H),9.43(s,1H),8.00-7.97(d,1H),7.92-7.91(d,1H),7.62-7.60(d,2H),7.43-7.39(t,2H),7.35-7.32(t,1H),6.35(s,1H),4.00(s,1H)。13C-NMR(DMSO-d6):δ155.64,153.82,146.13,144.27,143.19,140.42,138.78,136.25,126.84,125.13,124.14,122.77,120.67,120.54,119.99,103.74,65.70。MS:m/z 339(M+)。
6-(4'-乙基联苯-4-基氨基)喹唑啉-5,8-二酮[QD392]
喹唑啉-5,8-二酮(QD323,0.050g,0.312mmol)、氯化铈(III)七水合物(CeCl3·7H2O,1.1当量,0.128g,0.343mmol)、4-氨基-4'-乙基联苯(1.0当量,0.061g,0.312mmol)以及无水乙醇(6mL)。进行快速色谱法(乙酸乙酯-石油醚=5:5),得到呈紫色粉末状的化合物QD392。产率%:77。Rf:0.19(石油醚:乙酸乙酯=5:5)。熔点:247℃。1H-NMR 400MHz(DMSO-d6):δ9.63(s,2H),9.43(s,1H),7.76-7.74(d,2H),7.64-7.62(d,2H),7.49-7.47(d,2H),7.33-7.31(d,2H),6.36(s,1H),2.69-2.63(m,2H),1.24-1.21(t,3H)。13C-NMR 100MHz(DMSO-d6):δ185.78,185.24,167.73,161.00,159.01,151.19,148.40,142.53,141.91,133.63,132.54,131.68,129.33,109.12,33.02,20.77。MS:m/z 355(M+)。
6-(4-环己基苯氨基)喹唑啉-5,8-二酮[QD393]
喹唑啉-5,8-二酮(QD323,0.050g,0.312mmol)、氯化铈(III)七水合物(CeCl3·7H2O,1.1当量,0.128g,0.343mmol)、4-环己基苯胺(1.0当量,0.055g,0.312mmol)以及无水乙醇(6mL)。进行快速色谱法(乙酸乙酯-石油醚=5:5),得到呈紫色粉末状的化合物QD393。产率%:53。Rf:0.24(石油醚:乙酸乙酯=5:5)。熔点:234℃。1H-NMR(DMSO-d6):δ9.61(s,1H),9.53(s,1H),9.40(s,1H),7.34-7.28(m,4H),6.21(s,1H),1.82-1.80(m,5H),1.73-1.70(d,1H),1.47-1.33(m,5H)。13C-NMR(DMSO-d6):δ180.60,162.58,155.59,153.85,145.32,127.53,123.91,43.26,38.87,26.29,25.53。MS:m/z 333(M+)。
6-(4-(4-甲基哌嗪-1-基)苯基氨基)喹唑啉-5,8-二酮[QD394]
喹唑啉-5,8-二酮(QD323,0.050g,0.312mmol)、氯化铈(III)七水合物(CeCl3·7H2O,1.1当量,0.128g,0.343mmol)、4-(4-甲基哌嗪-1-基)苯胺(1.0当量,0.060g,0.312mmol)以及无水乙醇(6mL)。用石油醚和1滴-2滴乙醚研磨,得到呈紫色粉末状的化合物QD394。产率%:41。Rf:0.15(石油醚:乙酸乙酯=3:7)。熔点:204℃-205℃。1H-NMR(DMSO-d6):δ9.60(s,1H),9.46(s,1H),9.39(s,1H),7.24-7.22(d,2H),7.04-7.01(d,2H),6.13(s,1H),3.19-3.17(m,4H),2.47(s,4H),2.23(s,3H)。MS:m/z 349(M+)。
6-(4-(吡啶-2-基)苯基氨基)喹唑啉-5,8-二酮[QD395]
喹唑啉-5,8-二酮(QD323,0.075g,0.468mmol)、氯化铈(III)七水合物(CeCl3·7H2O,1.1当量,0.192g,0.515mmol)、4-(2-吡啶基)苯胺(1.0当量,0.080g,0.468mmol)以及无水乙醇(9mL)。进行快速色谱法(乙酸乙酯-石油醚=2:8),得到呈紫色粉末状的化合物QD395。产率%:54。Rf:0.16(石油醚:乙酸乙酯=2:8)。熔点:239℃。1H-NMR(DMSO-d6):δ9.67(s,1H),9.63(s,1H),9.44(s,1H),8.69-8.65(d,1H),8.21-8.18(d,2H),8.01-7.99(d,1H),7.92-7.88(m,1H),7.56-7.53(dd,2H),(m,1H),6.43(s,1H)。MS:m/z 328(M+)。
实施例VII
本实施例描述了实施例I-VI的实验程序。
细胞培养。从ATCC获得MiaPaCa-2、Panc-1以及BxPC-3胰腺癌细胞系。正常胰腺细胞HPDE和HPNE是友情提供的(Translational Oncology Program,University ofSouthern California,Ann Arbor,MI)。吉西他滨抗性细胞系MiaPaCa-2-GR(吉西他滨抗性)是友情提供的(Department of Pathology,Wayne State University,Detroit,MI)。将所有细胞系培养为单层并且在37℃在含有5%CO2的加湿气氛中维持在补充有10%胎牛血清(FBS)的RPMI1640中。MiaPaCa-2-GR培养物补充有200nM吉西他滨。
MTT测定。使用3-(4,5-二甲基噻唑-2-基)-2,5-二苯基溴化四唑(MTT)测定来评价化合物的细胞毒性。将细胞以3000个-8000个细胞/孔置于96孔板中。在过夜贴壁之后,将化合物以连续稀释度(对于大部分细胞系,30nM-10μM)添加到孔中。在72小时处理之后,将MTT添加到培养基中达到300μg/mL的最终浓度。将细胞在37℃孵育3小时,并且将由活细胞转化的不溶性甲臜溶解在150μL DMSO中。通过微孔板读数器(Molecular devices,Sunnyvale,CA)读取570nm处的吸光度并且使用下式计算对细胞增殖的抑制:对细胞增殖的抑制(%)=(1-OD处理/OD对照)×100%。
ROS检测测定。将细胞通过0.05%胰蛋白酶-EDTA脱壁,中和,离心(1200rpm,5分钟)并且重悬于细胞培养基中。然后在37℃将悬浮液用20μM细胞可渗透的H2DCFDA处理30分钟。然后将细胞离心(1200rpm,5分钟)并且用细胞培养基洗涤以去除过量的探针。在洗涤之后,将细胞以20,000个细胞/孔置于黑壁384孔板中,孵育30分钟并且通过化合物在指定条件下处理。然后在BioTek H1板读数器上在493nm/523nm处读取荧光信号以进行ROS检测。
对新生RNA合成的Bru-seq分析。如先前所报道进行Bru-seq分析(Paulsen等人,2014)。简单地说,在第1天将4×106个MiaPaCa-2细胞置于10cm培养皿中。在第2天,将细胞用DMSO、QD232或QD325处理4小时。在处理的最后30分钟内将溴尿苷添加到培养基中以标记新合成的新生RNA达到2mM的最终浓度。然后将细胞收集在TRIZOL中并且分离总RNA。将含有溴尿苷的RNA群体进一步分离并且送去测序。将测序读段定位到HG19参考基因组。经由按照与对照相比基因合成水平的倍数变化对基因进行排序来生成每一种处理的预排序基因列表,并且用GSEA(Broad Institute,MA)分析(Subramanian等人,2005;Mootha等人,2003)。
蛋白质印迹。将细胞(4×105个)培养在60mm组织培养皿中并且用指定浓度的DFC化合物处理。在处理之后,在4℃将细胞用细胞裂解缓冲液裂解30分钟并且离心(12000rpm,10分钟,4℃)。用BCA测定(Thermo Fisher Scientific)测量上清液的蛋白质浓度。对每个样品40μg的蛋白质进行SDS-PAGE分析。然后将蛋白质电转移到甲醇活化的immobilon-FLPVDF膜(EMD Millipore,Billerica,MA)。将膜用TBST缓冲液中5%的脱脂奶封闭并且在4℃与一抗(抗NQO1、抗HO-1、抗CHOP以及抗GAPDH(来自Cell Signaling)、抗COXIII、抗肌动蛋白以及抗GRP78(来自Santa Cruz Biotechnology),1:1000稀释)一起孵育过夜。然后将膜用TBST(10分钟×3)洗涤,在室温下与Dylight 800缀合的二抗(Thermo FisherScientific,Rockford,IL)在5%奶中1:5000稀释一起孵育1小时,并且用TBST(10分钟×2)和TBS(10分钟)洗涤。然后通过Odyssey成像系统(LI-COR Biosciences,Lincoln,NE)扫描荧光信号。
通过qPCR测量mtDNA含量。为了评估mtDNA含量,用DNA小型试剂盒(Qiagen,Germantown,MD)从MiaPaCa-2细胞中分离基因组DNA。通过共扩增编码线粒体12SrRNA的DNA片段(正向引物:5'-TAGCCCTAAACCTCAACAGT-3';反向引物:5'-TGCGCTTACTTTGTAGCCTTCAT-3')和编码核18S rRNA的DNA片段(正向引物:5'-CCCTGCCCTTTGTACACACC-3';反向引物:5'-GATCCGAGGGCCTCACTA-3')来评价mtDNA含量。(Vadrot等人,2012)在Viia7循环仪(Applied Biosystems)上进行实时qPCR。通过测量来自Fast绿色主混合物(Applied Biosystems)的荧光染料的嵌入来监测和分析扩增。使用作为基因参照的18S rRNA计算相对mtDNA含量。
异种移植物研究。将MiaPaCa-2细胞(2.0×106个)于100μL RPMI1640悬浮液中皮下注射到6周大的NOD/SCID小鼠的背侧中。每周两次经由卡尺测量,使用以下方程式监测肿瘤尺寸:V=d2×D/2,其中d表示肿瘤的宽度并且D表示肿瘤的长度。在研究1中,当平均肿瘤尺寸达到65mm3时,将小鼠随机分组(每组n=5)。以五天处理两天休息的循环给予每天处理。通过腹膜内注射以5mg/kg在100μL媒介物(5%DMSO、60%丙二醇、35%盐水)中给予QD325。在第44天当组中的平均肿瘤尺寸达到1200mm3时进行研究。进行不成对t检验来进行数据分析并且p<0.05被认为具有显著性。对于耐受性测试,在第44天之后在每一组中保留两只小鼠并且将QD325剂量逐渐增加到20mg/kg直到第67天为止。使用吉西他滨处理的研究2的程序详述于补充信息中。
组织化学分析。在尸检时,收集肿瘤、心脏、肾脏、肝脏、肺、脾脏以及胰腺,在10%中性缓冲福尔马林中固定,包埋于石蜡中,并且切片。用苏木精和伊红将切片(5μM)染色以有助于组织学检查。对于Ki67表达水平,对切片用Ki67抗体进行免疫组织化学染色。由University of Michigan的ULAM动物研究病理学核心对样品进行包埋、切片以及染色。在Olympus IX83显微镜上用20X放大倍数拍摄代表性图像。
现在已经充分描述了本发明,本领域技术人员将了解的是,本发明可以在条件、制剂以及其他参数的广泛和等同的范围内实施而不影响本发明或其任何实施方案的范围。本文引用的所有专利、专利申请以及出版物完全以引用的方式整体并入本文。
以引用的方式并入
本文所提到的专利文件和科学论文中的每一篇的全部公开内容以引用的方式并入本文用于所有目的。
以下科学论文中的每一篇的全部公开内容以引用的方式并入本文用于所有目的:
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等同方案
本发明可以在不脱离其精神或基本特征的情况下以其他具体形式来实施。上述实施方案因此在所有方面都被认为说明了,而非限制了本文所述的发明。本发明的范围因此是由所附权利要求书而不是由上述说明所指示的,并且落入权利要求书的等同方案的含义和范围内的所有变化意图被涵盖于其中。
Claims (24)
1.一种化合物,所述化合物具有式I:或式II:包括其药学上可接受的盐、溶剂化物和/或前药;其中R1、R2、R3以及R4独立地包括容许所述所得化合物在癌细胞内诱导ROS并且抑制线粒体活性的任何化学部分。
2.根据权利要求1所述的化合物,其中所述癌细胞是PDAC细胞和/或胰腺癌细胞。
3.根据权利要求1所述的化合物,其中R1、R2、R3以及R4独立地包括容许所述所得化合物在癌细胞内经由激活Nrf2介导的氧化应激和未折叠蛋白反应(例如经由代表性基因NQO1、HMOX1、DDIT3以及HSPA5的新生RNA合成增加)来抑制线粒体活性的任何化学部分。
4.根据权利要求1所述的化合物,其中R1、R2、R3以及R4独立地包括容许所述所得化合物经由例如抑制mtDNA转录物的合成和下调mtDNA编码的OXPHOS酶来抑制线粒体活性的任何化学部分。
5.根据权利要求1所述的化合物,其中R1选自由以下组成的组:
氢、
6.根据权利要求4所述的化合物,其中R2选自由以下组成的组:氢、氟以及
7.根据权利要求1所述的化合物,其中R3选自由以下组成的组:氢、氟以及
8.根据权利要求1所述的化合物,其中R4选自由以下组成的组:氢、
9.根据权利要求1所述的化合物,其中所述化合物选自由以下组成的组:
或其药学上可接受的盐、溶剂化物或前药。
10.一种药物组合物,所述药物组合物包含权利要求1的化合物。
11.一种治疗、缓解或预防患者的过度增殖性疾病的方法,所述方法包括向所述患者施用治疗有效量的权利要求10所述的药物组合物。
12.根据权利要求11所述的方法,其中所述过度增殖性疾病是癌症。
13.根据权利要求12所述的方法,其中所述癌症是胰腺癌和/或PDAC。
14.根据权利要求11所述的方法,其中所述患者是人患者。
15.根据权利要求11所述的方法,所述方法还包括向所述患者施用一种或多种抗癌剂。
16.根据权利要求15所述的方法,其中所述抗癌剂是化疗剂。
17.根据权利要求15所述的方法,其中所述抗癌剂是放射疗法。
18.一种药盒,所述药盒包括权利要求1的化合物和用于向患有过度增殖性疾病的患者施用所述化合物的说明书。
19.根据权利要求18所述的药盒,其中所述过度增殖性疾病是癌症。
20.根据权利要求19所述的药盒,其中所述癌症是胰腺癌和/或PDAC。
21.根据权利要求18所述的药盒,所述药盒还包括一种或多种抗癌剂。
22.根据权利要求21所述的药盒,其中所述化合物将与一种或多种抗癌剂一起施用。
23.根据权利要求1所述的化合物,其中所述癌细胞与选自以下的一种或多种类型的癌症有关:乳腺癌、前列腺癌、淋巴瘤、皮肤癌、结肠癌、黑色素瘤、恶性黑色素瘤、卵巢癌、脑癌、原发性脑癌、头颈部癌、神经胶质瘤、成胶质细胞瘤、肝癌、膀胱癌、非小细胞肺癌、头部或颈部癌、乳腺癌、卵巢癌、肺癌、小细胞肺癌、肾母细胞瘤、宫颈癌、睾丸癌、膀胱癌、胰腺癌、胃癌、结肠癌、前列腺癌、泌尿生殖器癌、甲状腺癌、食道癌、骨髓瘤、多发性骨髓瘤、肾上腺癌、肾细胞癌、子宫内膜癌、肾上腺皮质癌、恶性胰腺胰岛素瘤、恶性类癌、绒毛膜癌、蕈样真菌病、恶性高钙血症、宫颈增生、白血病、急性淋巴细胞性白血病、慢性淋巴细胞性白血病、急性骨髓性白血病、慢性骨髓性白血病、慢性粒细胞性白血病、急性粒细胞性白血病、毛细胞白血病、成神经细胞瘤、横纹肌肉瘤、卡波西肉瘤、真性红细胞增多症、原发性血小板增多症、霍奇金氏病、非霍奇金氏淋巴瘤、软组织肉瘤、成骨肉瘤、原发性巨球蛋白血症以及成视网膜细胞瘤。
24.根据权利要求12所述的方法,其中所述癌症选自乳腺癌、前列腺癌、淋巴瘤、皮肤癌、结肠癌、黑色素瘤、恶性黑色素瘤、卵巢癌、脑癌、原发性脑癌、头颈部癌、神经胶质瘤、成胶质细胞瘤、肝癌、膀胱癌、非小细胞肺癌、头部或颈部癌、乳腺癌、卵巢癌、肺癌、小细胞肺癌、肾母细胞瘤、宫颈癌、睾丸癌、膀胱癌、胰腺癌、胃癌、结肠癌、前列腺癌、泌尿生殖器癌、甲状腺癌、食道癌、骨髓瘤、多发性骨髓瘤、肾上腺癌、肾细胞癌、子宫内膜癌、肾上腺皮质癌、恶性胰腺胰岛素瘤、恶性类癌、绒毛膜癌、蕈样真菌病、恶性高钙血症、宫颈增生、白血病、急性淋巴细胞性白血病、慢性淋巴细胞性白血病、急性骨髓性白血病、慢性骨髓性白血病、慢性粒细胞性白血病、急性粒细胞性白血病、毛细胞白血病、成神经细胞瘤、横纹肌肉瘤、卡波西肉瘤、真性红细胞增多症、原发性血小板增多症、霍奇金氏病、非霍奇金氏淋巴瘤、软组织肉瘤、成骨肉瘤、原发性巨球蛋白血症以及成视网膜细胞瘤。
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