CN109307709A - The passive sound of storage tank bottom plate master merges detection system - Google Patents
The passive sound of storage tank bottom plate master merges detection system Download PDFInfo
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- CN109307709A CN109307709A CN201711133873.XA CN201711133873A CN109307709A CN 109307709 A CN109307709 A CN 109307709A CN 201711133873 A CN201711133873 A CN 201711133873A CN 109307709 A CN109307709 A CN 109307709A
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- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 74
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 63
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 45
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 230000002950 deficient Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 230000005284 excitation Effects 0.000 claims description 21
- 238000004587 chromatography analysis Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000003384 imaging method Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000002159 abnormal effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 abstract description 12
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 abstract description 11
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 abstract description 10
- 238000002604 ultrasonography Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 235000019687 Lamb Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007689 inspection Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011900 installation process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004451 qualitative analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004445 quantitative analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
- G01N29/04—Analysing solids
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
- G01N29/14—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object using acoustic emission techniques
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
- G01N2291/02—Indexing codes associated with the analysed material
- G01N2291/023—Solids
Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of passive sound of storage tank bottom plate master to merge detection system.The passive sound fusion detection system of storage tank bottom plate master passes through a certain number of sonic sensors uniformly distributed at bottom edge board, excite Active Acoustic field wave, active acoustically-driven modulated signal and passive acoustic emission signal are acquired simultaneously, frequency domain and the processing of time-domain information convergence analysis can be completed, the image of the distribution of storage tank bottom plate defective locations, size and corrosion active degree (activity) is formed.The present invention changes the point-by-point detection pattern of sensor of conventional ultrasound guided wave technology, using the active acoustically-driven detection method of the fixed sensor array of tank bottom, change acoustical signal incentive mode and defect modulated signal extracting mode, improves detection coverage area, obtain defective locations and size；It merges passive acoustic emission detection method to detect storage tank bottom plate active corrosion, detection efficiency will be greatly improved, while evaluation result is more comprehensively intuitive and reliable.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to storage tank detection technique field, in particular to a kind of passive sound of storage tank bottom plate master merges detection system.
Background technique
Supersonic guide-wave and sound emission can be achieved on the technology for the storage tank bottom plate on-line checking that not can opening does not stop production.Wherein:
Supersonic guide-wave is active audio technology, and test macro shows as sensor being placed on the bottom edge board polished,
Under the control of guided wave transceiver, sensor actively issues pulse signal and excites Lamb wave into tank bottom, when Lamb wave encounters
When defect, echo is formed, can relatively accurately calculate the position of defect by analyzing echo-signal.So by sensor edge
Bottom edge board run one week, detected point by point, obtain the detection data of multiple directions, number is finally completed by computer again
According to Macro or mass analysis, formed tank bottom defect distribution image, the established corrosion damage of bottom plate can be characterized.
Sound emission is passive audio technology, and test macro shows as uniformly distributed a certain number of sensings at the nearly bottom plate of storage tank outer wall
Device be connected on Acoustic radiating instrument by coaxial cable by interesting to listen to sound, handled data by host computer, receive sound by each sensor
Emit the time difference comprehensive estimate sound source position of signal, understands the corrosion condition in each region of tank bottom, the corrosion of qualitative evaluation bottom plate
Activated state.
As it can be seen that supersonic guide-wave and acoustic emission system can be by detecting storage tank bottom plate in bottom placement sensor.
Ultrasonic guided wave detecting is corrosion default that storage tank bottom plate has been formed, it is therefore intended that detects that bottom plate has formed corrosion default portion
Position；The active degree of corrosion location is occurring for acoustic emission detection storage tank bottom plate, it is therefore intended that finds out corrosion and is occurring
Position qualitative evaluation activity.The emphasis of two kinds of detection techniques is different with obtained result, but final purpose is clearly to store up
The state safety work of tank.The position for having formed corrosion default is not necessarily being corroded, and corrodes active position not
Certain residual thickness is small.
Since supersonic guide-wave system in the prior art can only detect the position that tank bottom has corrosion default, can't obtain
The size of defect, and acoustic emission system is only capable of detection bottom corrosion activity, in utilization supersonic guide-wave and acoustic emission system to storage tank
Bottom plate carries out being likely to occur the incomplete problem of evaluation result when on-line checking.
Further, since supersonic guide-wave technology needs along bottom edge board to run sensor one week, detected point by point,
Therefore supersonic guide-wave technology have monitoring efficiency it is low, because of the limitations such as acoustic attenuation detection coverage area is smaller.
Summary of the invention
It is an object of the invention to propose a kind of passive sound fusion detection system of storage tank bottom plate master, to improve detection system
Coverage area and detection efficiency are detected, while making evaluation result more comprehensively intuitive and reliable.
To achieve the goals above, the present invention adopts the following technical scheme:
The passive sound of storage tank bottom plate master merges detection system, including sonic sensor, capture card and host computer；Wherein, sound wave
Sensor is connected with capture card by signal cable, and capture card is connected with host computer by high-speed bus；；
The sonic sensor has multiple, and each sonic sensor is evenly arranged on the bottom edge board outside storage tank；
Active Acoustic excitation module, data acquisition module and central processing unit are integrated on the capture card；Wherein:
Active Acoustic excitation module and data acquisition module are connect with central processing unit respectively.
Preferably, it is fitted closely between the sonic sensor and bottom edge board by couplant.
Preferably, it is connected between the sonic sensor and capture card by coaxial cable.
Preferably, it is sharp in tank bottom generation Active Acoustic to be configurable for excitation sonic sensor for the Active Acoustic excitation module
Encourage wave.
Preferably, the frequency range of the Active Acoustic field wave is 20kHz-500kHz.
Preferably, the sonic sensor is configurable for receiving active acoustically-driven modulated signal and passive sound emission letter
Number；
Wherein, active acoustically-driven modulated signal is that Active Acoustic field wave trigger sensor after the modulation of tank bottom defect obtains
's；Passive acoustic emission signal is that the passive acoustic emission wave trigger sensor issued by bottom corrosion active defects obtains.
Preferably, the data acquisition module is configurable for acquisition via the received active acoustically-driven of sonic sensor
Modulated signal and passive acoustic emission signal are sent to central processing list after collected signal is then carried out digitized processing
Member.
Preferably, the central processing unit is configurable for control Active Acoustic excitation module and data acquisition module,
Simultaneously signal is handled to obtain defect information data, corresponding defect information data are then uploaded to host computer.
Preferably, host computer is configurable for demodulating received defect information data, is existed by demodulated signal
Energy distribution in each detection node determines the position of defect, according to detection wave signal abnormal propagation situation, waveform parameter
With the basic size of spectrum morphology identification defect；
Simultaneously host computer be additionally configured to for acquisition active acoustically-driven modulated signal and passive acoustic emission signal into
The signal fused in line frequency domain and time domain carries out image weight to the signal that each sonic sensor receives by chromatography imaging technique
It builds, obtains the defective locations and size of storage tank bottom plate corrosion, corruption is occurring by location algorithm, according to the acquisition of locating events number
Lose the distribution of zonal corrosion active degree；
Host computer reads storage tank technological parameter simultaneously, realizes comprehensive analysis and evaluation to storage tank bottom plate etch state.
Preferably, storage tank technological parameter is stored in storage tank industrial control system.
The present invention has the advantage that
The present invention excites Active Acoustic field wave, together by a certain number of sonic sensors uniformly distributed at bottom edge board
When acquisition active acoustically-driven modulated signal and passive acoustic emission signal, complete frequency domain and the processing of time-domain information convergence analysis, formed
The position distribution of storage tank bottom plate defect, size and corrode the image of active degree (activity).It is super that the present invention changes tradition
The point-by-point detection pattern of the sensor of acoustic conductance wave technology, using the master of acoustical signal incentive mode and defect modulated signal extracting mode
Dynamic acoustically-driven detection method improves detection coverage area；Passive acoustic emission detection method is merged to detect storage tank bottom plate, it will
Detection efficiency is greatly improved, storage tank technological parameter is integrated, evaluation result is more comprehensively intuitive and reliable.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is the structural block diagram that the passive sound of storage tank bottom plate master merges detection system in the embodiment of the present invention 1；
Fig. 2 is the arragement construction figure of sonic sensor in the embodiment of the present invention 1；
Fig. 3 is the top view of sonic sensor arragement construction in Fig. 2；
Fig. 4 is the flow diagram of the passive sound fusion detection method of storage tank bottom plate master in the embodiment of the present invention 4；
Fig. 5 is the defect distribution of storage tank bottom plate and corrosion active degree distribution map in the present invention；
Wherein: 1- sonic sensor, 2- capture card, 3- host computer, 4- Active Acoustic excitation module, 5- data acquisition module,
6- central processing unit, 7- storage tank industrial control system, 8- storage tank, 9- bottom edge board.
Specific embodiment
With reference to the accompanying drawing and specific embodiment invention is further described in detail:
Embodiment 1
As shown in connection with fig. 1, the passive sound of storage tank bottom plate master merges detection system, including sonic sensor 1, capture card 2 and on
Position machine 3；Sonic sensor 1 is connected with capture card 2 by signal cable, and capture card 2 is connected with host computer 3 by high-speed bus.
Sonic sensor 1 in the present embodiment 1 has multiple, and each sonic sensor 1 is evenly arranged in the tank outside storage tank 8
In Bottom Edge Board 9, as shown in Figures 2 and 3.
Sonic sensor 1 in the present embodiment 1 has the function of reception and transmitting sound wave simultaneously.
By arrange above-mentioned sonic sensor can the defect situation to tank bottom carry out main passive acoustic wave detection.
Active Acoustic excitation module 4, data acquisition module 5 and central processing unit 6 are integrated on capture card 2.Wherein:
Active Acoustic excitation module 4 and data acquisition module 5 are connect with central processing unit 6 respectively.
Active Acoustic excitation module 4 is configurable for excitation sonic sensor 1 and generates Active Acoustic field wave in tank bottom.It generates
Active Acoustic field wave include low-frequency sound wave and high frequency sound wave, specifically depending on the structure of storage tank and specification.
Sonic sensor 1 is configurable for receiving active acoustically-driven modulated signal and passive acoustic emission signal.Wherein:
Active acoustically-driven modulated signal is that Active Acoustic field wave trigger sensor 1 after the modulation of tank bottom defect obtains；
Passive acoustic emission signal is that the passive acoustic emission wave trigger sensor 1 issued by bottom corrosion active defects obtains
's.
Data acquisition module 5 is configurable for acquisition via the received active acoustically-driven modulated signal of sonic sensor 1
With passive acoustic emission signal, central processing unit 6 is sent to after collected signal is then carried out digitized processing.
Central processing unit 6 is configurable for control Active Acoustic excitation module 4 and data acquisition module 5, carries out simultaneously
Signal processing analysis obtains defect information data, and corresponding defect information data are then uploaded to host computer.
Herein, central processing unit 6 is mainly worth basic filtering to the processing analysis of signal.
Wherein, defect information data can in host computer analysis processed, obtain position distribution, the size of defect with
And corrosion activity of defect etc..
Host computer 3 is configurable for demodulating received defect information data, by demodulated signal in each inspection
The Energy distribution surveyed on node determines the position of defect, according to detection wave signal abnormal propagation situation, waveform parameter and frequency spectrum
The basic size of form identification defect.
Each detection node corresponds to the sonic sensor 1 arranged on the bottom edge board of storage tank.
Simultaneously host computer 3 be additionally configured to for acquisition active acoustically-driven modulated signal and passive acoustic emission signal into
The signal fused in line frequency domain and time domain carries out image weight to the signal that each sonic sensor receives by chromatography imaging technique
It builds, obtains the defect distribution of storage tank bottom plate corrosion, corrosion area is occurring by location algorithm, according to the acquisition of locating events number
Corrode active degree distribution；
Wherein, the process of master's passive acoustic emission signal fusion is exactly carried out these signals at analysis according to time domain sequences
Reason, while to the process that frequency domain is analyzed, by believing the active acoustically-driven modulated signal of defect and passive sound emission
Number melt and to gather for one, so that all aggregate signals to the defect carry out qualitative and quantitative analysis, to obtain the activity of defect
And size.
Host computer 3 reads storage tank technological parameter simultaneously, realizes comprehensive analysis and evaluation to storage tank bottom plate etch state.
Storage tank technological parameter in the present embodiment 1 is stored in storage tank industrial control system 7, and host computer 3 is by way of reading
Storage tank technological parameter is obtained from storage tank industrial control system, storage tank technological parameter includes the parameters such as liquid level, temperature.
Preferably, it is fitted closely between sonic sensor 1 and bottom edge board by couplant, to improve detection effect.
For exemplary tank specification, the present embodiment 1 also separately designs different sizes, the sound wave sensing of different loop constructions
Device carries out the test of different frequency acoustic wave excitation, to select the good sonic sensor of detection effect and driving frequency.
The passive sound fusion detection system of storage tank bottom plate master in the present embodiment 1 has the advantage that compared with the prior art
1, sonic sensor 1 is evenly arranged on bottom edge board, carries out the hair and receipts of Active Acoustic pumping signal, while to passive
Acoustic emission signal is received, and is changed the point-by-point detection pattern of sensor of conventional ultrasound guided wave system, is improved detection efficiency.
2, preferably sensor parameters and Active Acoustic driving frequency, improve active acoustically-driven detection system coverage area.
3, the main passive sound of fusion forms tank floor inspection system, merges by frequency domain and the main passive acoustic signal of time domain,
Image reconstruction is carried out to the signal that sonic sensor each on bottom edge board receives by chromatography imaging technique, obtains storage tank
The defective locations distribution of Corrosion of base plate, size can obtain additionally by location algorithm and corrosion area distribution occurring；
The present embodiment 1 can obtain the Reducing thickness and corrosion activity of storage tank bottom plate corrosion default, and evaluation result is more intuitive can
It leans on.
Embodiment 2
The present embodiment 2 has addressed a kind of passive sound fusion detection system of storage tank bottom plate master, and the embodiment 2 is special except following technology
For sign with except 1 difference of above-described embodiment, remaining technical characteristic can refer to above-described embodiment 1.
It, can be with using multiple narrowband excitation signals as field wave since sound wave modal number increases with the increase of frequency
Inhibit to reduce the complexity of monitoring by the multi-modal of field wave.Frequency range is 20kHz-500kHz, this model in the present embodiment 2
Excitation wave attenuation in enclosing is slower, and frequency range of the frequency range as Active Acoustic field wave may be selected.
Embodiment 3
The present embodiment 3 has addressed a kind of passive sound fusion detection system of storage tank bottom plate master, and the embodiment 3 is special except following technology
For sign with except 1 difference of above-described embodiment, remaining technical characteristic can refer to above-described embodiment 1.
It is connected between sonic sensor 1 in the present embodiment 3 and capture card 2 by coaxial cable.
Embodiment 4
The present embodiment 4 has addressed a kind of passive sound fusion detection method of storage tank bottom plate master, the storage tank bottom plate that this method uses
Main passive sound fusion detection system can be used such as the passive sound fusion detection system of storage tank bottom plate master in above-described embodiment 1,2 or 3.
As shown in figure 4, the passive sound fusion detection method of storage tank bottom plate master includes the following steps: in the present embodiment 4
One, installation process:
The sensor array being made of multiple sonic sensors 1 is arranged on the bottom edge board polished first, is led to
Overcoupling agent fits closely, and sonic sensor 1 is connected to capture card 2 by coaxial cable；
Two, detection process:
1. central processing unit 6 issues firing command to Active Acoustic excitation module 4, by 4 excitation sound of Active Acoustic excitation module
Wave sensor 1 generates Active Acoustic field wave in tank bottom；
2. above-mentioned Active Acoustic field wave obtains active acoustically-driven modulated signal after the modulation of tank bottom defect, and by bottom corrosion
Active defects can be sent out passive acoustic emission signal, both signals are received by sonic sensor 1；
3. active acoustically-driven modulated signal and passive acoustic emission signal are sent to data acquisition module 5 by sonic sensor 1；
4. collected signal progress digitized processing is then forwarded to central processing unit 6 by data acquisition module 5；
5. central processing unit 6 handles received signal, the tank bottom defect information data of storage tank are obtained, then will
The defect information data are sent to host computer 3；
6. host computer demodulates defect information data, pass through Energy distribution of the demodulated signal in each detection node
The position for determining defect identifies the basic of defect by detection wave signal abnormal propagation situation, waveform parameter and spectrum morphology
Size；
Host computer 3 also carries out frequency domain and time domain to the active acoustically-driven modulated signal of acquisition and passive acoustic emission signal simultaneously
Signal fused, the signal received by chromatography imaging technique to each sonic sensor carries out image reconstruction, obtains storage tank
By location algorithm, according to the acquisition of locating events number corrosion area corrosion is occurring for the defective locations and size of Corrosion of base plate
Active degree distribution, as shown in Figure 5: where the grey cloud atlas of plane be exactly formed defect distribution grey histogram be corrosion
The distribution of active degree, the direction " X ", the direction " Y " are respectively two coordinate directions of horizontal plane locating for storage tank bottom plate, event number table
Show corrosion active degree, " N# " indicates the sensor that number is N, and the value of N is natural number.
Host computer 3 reads storage tank technological parameter simultaneously, realizes comprehensive analysis and evaluation to storage tank bottom plate etch state.
The present embodiment 4 passes through while acquiring active acoustically-driven modulated signal and passive acoustic emission signal, can complete frequency domain
With the processing of time-domain information convergence analysis, (live to form the distribution of storage tank bottom plate defective locations, size and corrosion active degree
Degree) image.
The present invention, which efficiently solves supersonic guide-wave technology in the prior art, can only detect the existing corrosion default position of tank bottom, and
Acoustic emission system is only capable of detection tank bottom just in the activity of corrosion area, caused by on-line checking is carried out to storage tank bottom plate may go out
The point-by-point detection efficiency of the existing incomplete problem of evaluation result and supersonic guide-wave technology is low and acoustic attenuation detection range is small
Problem.
Certainly, described above is only that presently preferred embodiments of the present invention is answered the present invention is not limited to enumerate above-described embodiment
When explanation, anyone skilled in the art is all equivalent substitutes for being made, bright under the introduction of this specification
Aobvious variant, all falls within the essential scope of this specification, ought to be by protection of the invention.
Claims (10)
1. the passive sound of storage tank bottom plate master merges detection system, which is characterized in that including sonic sensor, capture card and host computer；
Wherein, sonic sensor is connected with capture card by signal cable, and capture card is connected with host computer by high-speed bus；
The sonic sensor has multiple, and each sonic sensor is evenly arranged on the bottom edge board outside storage tank；
Active Acoustic excitation module, data acquisition module and central processing unit are integrated on the capture card；Wherein:
Active Acoustic excitation module and data acquisition module are connect with central processing unit respectively.
2. the passive sound of storage tank bottom plate master according to claim 1 merges detection system, which is characterized in that the sound wave sensing
It is fitted closely between device and bottom edge board by couplant.
3. the passive sound of storage tank bottom plate master according to claim 1 or 2 merges detection system, which is characterized in that the sound wave
It is connected between sensor and capture card by coaxial cable.
4. the passive sound of storage tank bottom plate master according to claim 1 merges detection system, which is characterized in that the Active Acoustic swashs
It encourages module and is configurable for excitation sonic sensor in tank bottom generation Active Acoustic field wave.
5. the passive sound of storage tank bottom plate master according to claim 4 merges detection system, which is characterized in that the Active Acoustic swashs
The frequency range for encouraging wave is 20kHz-500kHz.
6. the passive sound of storage tank bottom plate master according to claim 4 merges detection system, which is characterized in that the sound wave sensing
Device is configurable for receiving active acoustically-driven modulated signal and passive acoustic emission signal；Wherein:
Active acoustically-driven modulated signal is that Active Acoustic field wave trigger sensor after the modulation of tank bottom defect obtains；
Passive acoustic emission signal is that the passive acoustic emission wave trigger sensor issued by bottom corrosion active defects obtains.
7. the passive sound of storage tank bottom plate master according to claim 6 merges detection system, which is characterized in that the data acquisition
Module is configurable for acquisition via the received active acoustically-driven modulated signal of sonic sensor and passive acoustic emission signal, so
Central processing unit is sent to after collected signal is carried out digitized processing afterwards.
8. the passive sound of storage tank bottom plate master according to claim 7 merges detection system, which is characterized in that the central processing
Unit is configurable for control Active Acoustic excitation module and data acquisition module, while being handled signal to obtain defect letter
Data are ceased, corresponding defect information data are then uploaded to host computer.
9. the passive sound of storage tank bottom plate master according to claim 8 merges detection system, which is characterized in that the host computer quilt
It is configured for demodulating received defect information data, passes through Energy distribution of the demodulated signal in each detection node
The position for determining defect, according to the basic of detection wave signal abnormal propagation situation, waveform parameter and spectrum morphology identification defect
Size；
Host computer is additionally configured to for the active acoustically-driven modulated signal and passive acoustic emission signal progress frequency to acquisition simultaneously
The signal fused in domain and time domain carries out image reconstruction to the signal that each sonic sensor receives by chromatography imaging technique,
The defective locations and size of storage tank bottom plate corrosion are obtained, are being corroded by location algorithm, according to the acquisition of locating events number
The distribution of zonal corrosion active degree；
Host computer reads storage tank technological parameter simultaneously, realizes comprehensive analysis and evaluation to storage tank bottom plate etch state.
10. the passive sound of storage tank bottom plate master according to claim 9 merges detection system, which is characterized in that the storage tank work
Skill parameter is stored in storage tank industrial control system.
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| CN110596246A (en) * | 2019-10-17 | 2019-12-20 | 重庆大学 | Detection method for detecting corrosion defects of large storage tank bottom plate |
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN110596246A (en) * | 2019-10-17 | 2019-12-20 | 重庆大学 | Detection method for detecting corrosion defects of large storage tank bottom plate |
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