CN109265102B - Harmless treatment method for casting dedusting ash - Google Patents
Harmless treatment method for casting dedusting ash Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN109265102B CN109265102B CN201811165561.1A CN201811165561A CN109265102B CN 109265102 B CN109265102 B CN 109265102B CN 201811165561 A CN201811165561 A CN 201811165561A CN 109265102 B CN109265102 B CN 109265102B
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- fly ash
- ash
- harmless treatment
- treatment method
- casting
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Active
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B28/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
- C04B28/02—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing hydraulic cements other than calcium sulfates
- C04B28/04—Portland cements
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B20/00—Use of materials as fillers for mortars, concrete or artificial stone according to more than one of groups C04B14/00 - C04B18/00 and characterised by shape or grain distribution; Treatment of materials according to more than one of the groups C04B14/00 - C04B18/00 specially adapted to enhance their filling properties in mortars, concrete or artificial stone; Expanding or defibrillating materials
- C04B20/02—Treatment
- C04B20/04—Heat treatment
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2201/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone characterised by specific physical values
- C04B2201/20—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone characterised by specific physical values for the density
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to a harmless treatment method for casting dedusting ash, which combines a casting old sand thermal regeneration process, wherein dedusting ash with a heat value is added into waste and old sand to be roasted to release heat, and the dedusting ash is also subjected to harmless treatment while the waste and old sand is subjected to regeneration treatment. The method comprises the following steps: removing metal powder in the dedusting ash; mixing and roasting the purified fly ash and the casting waste sand; collecting dust in the mechanical regeneration stage of the regenerated sand after roasting is finished; and adding portland cement, a water reducing agent, dispersible rubber powder, wood fiber and clear water into the collected fly ash again, and uniformly stirring to form an ash material for granulation. The harmless treatment method for the casting dedusting ash can realize the harmless treatment of the dedusting ash while the regeneration treatment of the waste sand is realized, so that the consumption of natural gas is reduced, the dedusting ash is treated efficiently with low consumption, zero emission is realized, and the environment pollution is avoided.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of solid waste treatment and environment-friendly regeneration, and particularly relates to a harmless treatment method for casting dust removal ash.
Background
Waste sand and powdery solid waste dedusting ash are generated in the casting production process. The substances contained in the dust include coal powder, bentonite, paint, resin binder, metal oxide, silicon dioxide powder and the like, and the dust mainly comprises silicon-aluminum, oxides of calcium, magnesium and iron, a small amount of sodium and potassium and the like through chemical component analysis. Researchers have shown that metal pollutants in the fly ash can inhibit the activity of microorganisms in soil, and the metal pollutants can be randomly stacked to occupy land resources and destroy the ecological environment.
The prior art lacks effective treatment measures for the dust removal ash, and most of the dust removal ash is piled up, buried or granulated in the open air. But burying can pollute water, soil and raise dust, resulting in a series of environmental pollution. If the fly ash is solidified and granulated and then applied to the building industry or the planting industry, some harmful substances in the fly ash are not removed although dust raising is avoided, so that secondary pollution is caused in the production process of the ceramsite, and the environment is potentially dangerous. How to treat the dust removal ash efficiently and with low consumption to avoid the influence on the environment is an urgent problem to be solved.
The foundry waste sand can be recycled through treatment, and the common process is thermal regeneration, specifically, the material on the surface of the waste sand is removed through heating to obtain the regenerated sand. However, the thermal method regeneration consumes a large amount of natural gas and is also a main source of the used sand regeneration cost.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the problems in the prior art, the invention provides a harmless treatment method for casting dedusting ash. The harmless treatment method for the casting dedusting ash can treat the dedusting ash with high efficiency and low consumption, and zero emission is realized to avoid environmental pollution. The method combines the thermal regeneration process of the cast waste sand, the dedusting ash with a heat value is added into the waste sand to be roasted to release heat, the dedusting ash is subjected to harmless treatment while the waste sand is subjected to regeneration treatment, and the consumption of natural gas is reduced.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
(1) removing metal powder in the fly ash to obtain purified fly ash;
(2) mixing and roasting the purified fly ash obtained in the step (1) and casting waste sand;
(3) after roasting is completed, reclaimed sand and treated fly ash are obtained;
(4) and (4) granulating the dedusting ash obtained in the step (3) to produce ceramsite, namely finishing the harmless treatment of the casting dedusting ash.
Further, in the step (1), a magnetic separation device is adopted to remove metal powder in the dust.
Further, in the step (2), the purified fly ash accounts for 5% -15% of the weight of the foundry waste sand.
Further, in the step (2), the roasting temperature is 500-700 ℃, and the roasting time is 3-8 h.
Further, the waste foundry sand is granular.
Further, in the step (3), negative pressure induced air is adopted to separate the dedusting ash mixed into the reclaimed sand.
Further, in the step (4), when granulation is performed, portland cement and clean water are added to the treated fly ash.
Further, in the step (4), the adding amount of the portland cement is 10% -40% of the weight of the treated fly ash.
Further, in the step (4), the adding amount of the water reducing agent is 5% -15% of the adding amount of the silicate cement, the adding amount of the dispersible glue powder is 0.2% -0.8% of the adding amount of the silicate cement, and the adding amount of the wood fiber is 1% -9% of the adding amount of the silicate cement.
Furthermore, in the step (4), the addition amount of the clean water is 8-15% of the total weight of the portland cement and the treated fly ash.
Further, in the step (4), the grain size of the ceramsite is 3-30 mm.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
(1) the harmless treatment method of the casting dedusting ash combines the treatment of the dedusting ash with the regeneration process of the casting waste sand by a thermal method, and the inventor of the application finds that the heat value of the coal dust in the casting dedusting ash is very high in long-term research, and a large amount of heat energy is released by roasting, so that the coal dust in the dedusting ash can provide partial heat when being roasted, the consumption of natural gas for regenerating the casting waste sand is reduced, and the method has economic benefits; and the harmless treatment of the dust removal ash during recycling is also realized through high-temperature roasting.
(2) The method has wide application range to granulating materials, namely dust removal ash, for example, fly ash, coal gangue, residual ash after garbage incineration and the like can be used as raw materials, and the method can be used without grinding again. The dust pollution source can be consumed in a large range for harmless treatment, waste materials are fully utilized to be changed into valuables, the social environmental protection pressure is relieved while the waste is recycled, and the effects of environmental protection and waste utilization are achieved.
(3) The method can produce the porcelain granules such as ultra-light porcelain granules, high-strength porcelain granules and the like according to different requirements, and is suitable for the requirements of different purposes, such as building porcelain granules, planting porcelain granules, sound insulation porcelain granules, stones for paving roads and the like. The ceramsite has high yield, energy conservation, low investment cost and high economic benefit, and simultaneously, the investment of unit product is smaller and the obtained final benefit is also larger due to the high efficiency of the ceramsite formula and the manufacturing process level. The produced ceramsite has the advantages of small density, good acid and alkali resistance, high compressive strength, good chemical stability and the like. The granulating process is simple in process, sintering is not needed, granulating processes and equipment are reduced, and the energy consumption of the whole equipment is extremely low. The whole granulating process is totally enclosed, and the secondary pollution in the granulating process is avoided. The method uses equipment assembled in a modular mode, and can be directly connected to a reclaimed sand production line for producing waste ash to form a whole set of system, so that zero pollution and zero emission are realized.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly described below, it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present invention, and for those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained according to the drawings without creative efforts.
FIG. 1 is an appearance diagram of ceramsite prepared by the method for harmless treatment of foundry fly ash in example 1 of the present invention.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the technical solutions of the present invention will be described in detail below. It is to be understood that the described embodiments are merely a few embodiments of the invention, and not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the examples given herein without any inventive step, are within the scope of the present invention.
Example 1
The embodiment provides a harmless treatment method and application of casting dedusting ash, and the specific treatment method comprises the following steps:
(1) removing metal powder in the fly ash by using a magnetic separation device to obtain purified fly ash;
(2) mixing and roasting the purified dedusting ash obtained in the step (1) and granular casting waste sand, wherein the dedusting ash accounts for 5% of the weight of the casting waste sand, and roasting for 3 hours at 500 ℃ in a roasting furnace;
(3) after roasting is completed, obtaining reclaimed sand and treated fly ash, separating the fly ash mixed into the reclaimed sand by adopting negative pressure induced air, and collecting the fly ash by using a dust removal cloth bag;
(4) and (3) adding Portland cement and clear water into the fly ash obtained in the step (3), wherein the adding amount of the Portland cement is 10% of the weight of the treated fly ash, the adding amount of the water reducing agent is 5% of the adding amount of the Portland cement, the adding amount of the dispersible glue powder is 0.2% of the adding amount of the Portland cement, the adding amount of the wood fiber is 1% of the adding amount of the Portland cement, and the adding amount of the clear water is 8% of the total weight of the Portland cement and the treated fly ash, uniformly stirring, granulating, and maintaining to obtain a ceramsite finished product (shown in figure 1) with the particle size of 3-10mm, and finishing the.
Example 2
The embodiment provides a harmless treatment method and application of casting dedusting ash, and the specific treatment method comprises the following steps:
(1) removing metal powder in the fly ash by using a magnetic separation device to obtain purified fly ash;
(2) mixing and roasting the purified fly ash obtained in the step (1) and granular casting waste sand, wherein the fly ash accounts for 15% of the weight of the casting waste sand, and roasting the fly ash for 8 hours at 700 ℃ in a roasting furnace;
(3) after roasting is completed, obtaining reclaimed sand and treated fly ash, separating the fly ash mixed into the reclaimed sand by adopting negative pressure induced air, and collecting the fly ash by using a dust removal cloth bag;
(4) and (3) adding Portland cement and clear water into the fly ash obtained in the step (3), wherein the adding amount of the Portland cement is 40% of the weight of the treated fly ash, the adding amount of the water reducing agent is 15% of the adding amount of the Portland cement, the adding amount of the dispersible glue powder is 0.8% of the adding amount of the Portland cement, the adding amount of the wood fiber is 9% of the adding amount of the Portland cement, and the adding amount of the clear water is 11% of the total weight of the Portland cement and the treated fly ash, uniformly stirring, granulating, maintaining, and obtaining a ceramsite finished product with the particle size of 10-20mm, namely completing the harmless.
Example 3
The embodiment provides a harmless treatment method and application of casting dedusting ash, and the specific treatment method comprises the following steps:
(1) removing metal powder in the fly ash by using a magnetic separation device to obtain purified fly ash;
(2) mixing and roasting the purified fly ash obtained in the step (1) and granular casting waste sand, wherein the fly ash accounts for 10% of the weight of the casting waste sand, and roasting for 5 hours at 600 ℃ in a roasting furnace;
(3) after roasting is completed, obtaining reclaimed sand and treated fly ash, separating the fly ash mixed into the reclaimed sand by adopting negative pressure induced air, and collecting the fly ash by using a dust removal cloth bag;
(4) and (3) adding Portland cement and clear water into the fly ash obtained in the step (3), wherein the adding amount of the Portland cement is 30% of the weight of the treated fly ash, the adding amount of the water reducing agent is 10% of the adding amount of the Portland cement, the adding amount of the dispersible glue powder is 0.5% of the adding amount of the Portland cement, the adding amount of the wood fiber is 5% of the adding amount of the Portland cement, and the adding amount of the clear water is 15% of the total weight of the Portland cement and the treated fly ash, uniformly stirring, granulating, maintaining, obtaining a ceramsite finished product with the particle size of 20-30mm, and finishing the harmless treatment.
Examples of the experiments
Table 1 shows the comparison of the data on the fly ash after the treatment and the fly ash before the treatment obtained by the method of detoxifying the cast fly ash in examples 1 to 3.
Table 2 shows the measurement of the properties of the ceramic particles obtained in examples 1 to 3 by the method of treating the casting fly ash to make it harmless.
TABLE 1 comparison of data relating to fly ash before and after treatment according to the method of the present invention
Analysis of the data in table 1 gives:
(1) through the magnetic separation device, the removal rate of metal powder in the dust is very obvious and is reduced by 94.3-98.6%.
(2) After high-temperature burning, the burning loss and the gas evolution are obviously reduced, and the removal rate of organic matters on the surface is high.
(3) COD, ammonia nitrogen phosphorus and the like are detected, and the effectiveness of the method can also be proved.
(4) The treated fly ash has various performance indexes meeting the pollution control standard of general industrial solid waste storage and disposal sites, and does not cause harm to water and soil.
(5) The consumption of natural gas is significantly reduced.
TABLE 2 ceramsite Properties
As can be seen from Table 2, the sintering-free ceramsite prepared by the method has the advantages of small density, good acid and alkali resistance, high compressive strength, good chemical stability and the like.
The above description is only for the specific embodiments of the present invention, but the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto, and any person skilled in the art can easily conceive of the changes or substitutions within the technical scope of the present invention, and all the changes or substitutions should be covered within the scope of the present invention. Therefore, the protection scope of the present invention shall be subject to the protection scope of the appended claims.
Claims (8)
1. A harmless treatment method for casting dedusting ash is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) removing metal powder in the fly ash to obtain purified fly ash;
(2) mixing and roasting the purified fly ash obtained in the step (1) and the casting waste sand at the roasting temperature of 500-700 ℃ for 3-8 h;
(3) after roasting is completed, reclaimed sand and treated fly ash are obtained;
(4) and (4) granulating the fly ash obtained in the step (3) to produce ceramsite, namely finishing the harmless treatment of the cast fly ash, and adding portland cement, a water reducing agent, dispersible glue powder, wood fibers and clear water into the treated fly ash during granulation.
2. The casting dust ash harmless treatment method according to claim 1, characterized in that in the step (1), a magnetic separation device is adopted to remove metal powder in the dust ash.
3. The harmless treatment method for the foundry fly ash according to claim 1, wherein in the step (2), the purified fly ash accounts for 5-15% of the weight of the foundry waste sand.
4. The harmless treatment method for the foundry fly ash according to claim 1, wherein in the step (3), the fly ash mixed in the reclaimed sand is separated by negative pressure induced air.
5. The harmless treatment method for the foundry fly ash according to claim 1, wherein the addition amount of portland cement is 10-40% by weight of the treated fly ash.
6. The harmless treatment method for the foundry precipitator dust according to claim 1, wherein the addition amount of the water reducing agent is 5% -15% of the addition amount of the portland cement, the addition amount of the dispersible glue powder is 0.2% -0.8% of the addition amount of the portland cement, and the addition amount of the wood fiber is 1% -9% of the addition amount of the portland cement.
7. The harmless treatment method for the foundry fly ash according to claim 1, wherein the addition amount of the clear water is 8-15% of the total weight of the portland cement and the treated fly ash.
8. The harmless treatment method for the casting dust removal ash according to claim 1, wherein in the step (4), the grain size of the ceramsite is 3-30 mm.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201811165561.1A CN109265102B (en) | 2018-09-30 | 2018-09-30 | Harmless treatment method for casting dedusting ash |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201811165561.1A CN109265102B (en) | 2018-09-30 | 2018-09-30 | Harmless treatment method for casting dedusting ash |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN109265102A CN109265102A (en) | 2019-01-25 |
| CN109265102B true CN109265102B (en) | 2021-06-22 |
Family
ID=65196482
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201811165561.1A Active CN109265102B (en) | 2018-09-30 | 2018-09-30 | Harmless treatment method for casting dedusting ash |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN109265102B (en) |
Families Citing this family (11)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN110125320A (en) * | 2019-06-03 | 2019-08-16 | 南阳仁创砂业科技有限公司 | A kind of inorganic precipitator dust reclaim method and its application of waterglass |
| CN110421113B (en) * | 2019-09-18 | 2020-11-06 | 北京仁创砂业铸造材料有限公司 | Ceramsite sand prepared from old sand regeneration waste and precoated sand prepared from ceramsite sand |
| CN110723976B (en) * | 2019-12-04 | 2022-11-11 | 襄阳仁创铸造材料有限公司 | Fly ash burnt-out ceramsite and energy-saving treatment method for fly ash |
| CN112591933A (en) * | 2020-12-09 | 2021-04-02 | 南阳仁创再生资源有限公司 | Method for reducing conductivity of inorganic reclaimed sand |
| CN112723820A (en) * | 2020-12-25 | 2021-04-30 | 柳州柳晶环保科技有限公司 | Method for manufacturing artificial stone by utilizing casting dust removal ash and manufactured artificial stone |
| CN112958275A (en) * | 2021-02-03 | 2021-06-15 | 许泽胜 | Method for flotation of coal from coal-containing casting dust |
| CN113042676B (en) * | 2021-03-05 | 2022-09-20 | 南阳仁创再生资源有限公司 | Regeneration method of waste foundry sand and ceramsite sand prepared by method |
| CN114273604B (en) * | 2021-11-15 | 2023-08-29 | 天阳新材料科技有限公司 | Method for recycling precoated sand dust |
| CN114130947A (en) * | 2021-11-26 | 2022-03-04 | 通辽市仁创铸造材料有限公司 | Regeneration method of inorganic reclaimed sand |
| CN114315304B (en) * | 2021-12-23 | 2022-11-29 | 合肥仁创铸造材料有限公司 | Heavy non-sintered ceramsite and preparation process thereof |
| CN114380551A (en) * | 2021-12-29 | 2022-04-22 | 襄阳仁创铸造材料有限公司 | Artificial baking-free solid ceramsite and ceramsite concrete and preparation method thereof |
Family Cites Families (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN101723713B (en) * | 2009-12-10 | 2012-07-04 | 湖南华菱湘潭钢铁有限公司 | Overall treatment method of steel works sintering dust |
| CN103131861B (en) * | 2013-03-12 | 2014-05-28 | 山东乾舜矿冶科技股份有限公司 | Integrated utilization method of ironmaking dust removal ash |
| KR20140122831A (en) * | 2013-04-11 | 2014-10-21 | (주)지케이 | Asphalt concrete composition having water resistance and process for manufacturing and construction thereof |
| CN104874583A (en) * | 2015-05-07 | 2015-09-02 | 湖南华菱湘潭钢铁有限公司 | Comprehensive treatment method of dry reclaimed dust of blast furnace |
| CN106082841B (en) * | 2016-05-24 | 2018-04-13 | 北京仁创砂业科技有限公司 | Cast dedusting ash haydite and preparation method thereof |
| CN106594753B (en) * | 2016-11-11 | 2018-12-04 | 内蒙古鄂尔多斯电力冶金集团股份有限公司 | A kind of dedusting ash treatment system and its processing method |
-
2018
- 2018-09-30 CN CN201811165561.1A patent/CN109265102B/en active Active
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN109265102A (en) | 2019-01-25 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| CN109265102B (en) | Harmless treatment method for casting dedusting ash | |
| JP5658270B2 (en) | Manufacturing method of lightweight construction materials using sludge waste | |
| US9744393B1 (en) | Method of removing toxins from fly ash | |
| CN103420631B (en) | Waste incineration fly ash heavy metal dual-curing treatment method | |
| CN114368961B (en) | Preparation method and new application of iron tailing ceramic filter material | |
| CN106560461A (en) | Repairing and resourceful treatment method of contaminated soil | |
| CN113042676B (en) | Regeneration method of waste foundry sand and ceramsite sand prepared by method | |
| CN102775130A (en) | Sintered brick prepared from domestic waste incineration fly ash and phosphorite tailings and preparation method thereof | |
| CN109647850A (en) | The processing system of collaboration processing incineration of refuse flyash and garbage leachate | |
| CN113402257A (en) | Formula and method for producing foamed ceramic by taking waste incineration fly ash as main body | |
| CN108101511A (en) | A kind of heavy metal pollution earth cooperation flying ash prepares the microwave sintering method of haydite | |
| CN106587840B (en) | The preparation method of converter slag baking-free ceramicite | |
| Pappu et al. | Waste to wealth-cross sector waste recycling opportunity and challenges | |
| CN101775868B (en) | Method for sintering and curing industrial waste residue | |
| CN107200447A (en) | A kind of pickling iron and steel sludge quickly improves the resource utilization method after iron-holder | |
| CN108439877B (en) | Method for preparing solid bricks from solid waste generated in zinc hydrometallurgy | |
| CN111995306A (en) | Non-fired ceramsite based on urban river sludge and regenerated garbage and preparation method thereof | |
| CN115722518B (en) | Low-carbon and high-efficiency recycling disposal system and method for building decoration garbage | |
| JP5319254B2 (en) | Method for firing sludge granulated product and method of using the same | |
| CN113387715A (en) | Preparation method of fly ash ceramsite with low sintering temperature | |
| JPH0693260A (en) | Soil additive | |
| CN205145882U (en) | Waste gas treatment system during PTA activated sludge uses multipurposely | |
| KR102449553B1 (en) | Manufacturing, production and construction method of soil improvement material for recycling oyster shells | |
| CN103304115B (en) | Harmless treatment method for transforming copper sludge to arenolite | |
| CN109081623A (en) | A kind of light-weight aggregate and preparation method thereof |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant |