CN109221134B - 用于薄壳山核桃嫁接的植物调节剂及其应用 - Google Patents
用于薄壳山核桃嫁接的植物调节剂及其应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明属于林木繁育技术领域，公开了用于薄壳山核桃嫁接的植物调节剂，其包括如下组分：吲哚丁酸、氨基酸、赤霉素、壳聚糖、水。本发明方法能够快速实现繁育，成活率高，树体生长量大，开花结果时间缩短。本发明植物调节剂配方合理，具备较好的协同性能，能够促进细胞分裂和分化，促进愈伤组织的形成，提高成活率。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于林木繁育技术领域，具体地涉及用于薄壳山核桃嫁接的植物调节剂及其应用。
背景技术
薄壳山核桃（Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch）正名为美国山核桃。树干端直，树冠近广卵形，根系发达，耐水湿，可孤植、丛植于湖畔、草坪等，宜作庭荫树，行道树，亦适于河流沿岸及平原地区绿化造林，为很好的城乡绿化树种和果材兼用树种，江苏省长江两岸可大片营造经济林。核仁可食，味美榨油供食用；材质坚韧，为优良的军工用材。种仁含油量达70%以上。大乔木，高可达50米，胸径可达2米，树皮粗糙，深纵裂。芽黄褐色，被柔毛，芽鳞镊合状排列。小枝被柔毛，后来变无毛，灰褐色，具稀疏皮孔。奇数羽状复叶长25-35厘米，叶柄及叶轴初被柔毛，后来几乎无毛，具9-17枚小叶；小叶具极短的小叶柄，卵状披针形至长椭圆状披针形、有时成长椭圆形，通常稍成镰状弯曲，长7-18厘米，宽2.5-4厘米，基部歪斜阔楔一形或近圆形，顶端渐尖，边缘具单锯齿或重锯齿，初被腺体及柔毛，后来毛脱落而常在脉上有疏毛。雄性葇荑花序3条1束，几乎无总梗，长8-14厘米，自去年生小枝顶端或当年生小枝基部的叶痕腋内生出。雄蕊的花药有毛。雌性穗状花序直立，花序轴密被柔毛，具3-10雌花。雌花子房长卵形，总苞的裂片有毛。果实矩圆状或长椭圆形，长3-5厘米，直径2.2厘米左右，有4条纵棱，外果皮4瓣裂，革质，内果皮平滑，灰褐色，有暗褐色斑点，顶端有黑色条纹；基部不完全2室。5月开花，9-11月果成熟。
薄壳山核桃的繁殖分为多种，包括播种、扦插以及嫁接等。播种方法为果实采收后摊放于室内通风处，待多数外果皮开裂后，取出种子，出籽率50%～75%。种子千粒重4500g，发芽率75%～85%。春、秋均可播种，但秋播不如春播安全，因种子易被鼠、鸟啃食。有时冬季干旱，种子失水，出苗率低。秋播通常在秋季土壤结冻前播完即可，春播宜早，可在3月中旬播种。扦插选用1年生的健壮枝条，普通方法扦插，成活率最高可达到80%左右。
薄壳山核桃实生繁殖结实迟，栽培10年左右才开始开花结果，15-20年才能进入盛果期，薄壳山核桃雌雄同株异花，有雌花先熟型、雄花先熟型、雌雄花同熟型，由于品种混乱导致产量低而不稳，株间差异显著。通过嫁接方式可以实现规模化扩繁，而且可以缩短开花时间，保持花期同步，一般能够达到5-6年即可挂果，10年以后进入盛果期。嫁接所用的砧木一般为核桃。在华北寒冷地区用核桃楸，在长江流域多采用野核桃，在山东、陕西采用枫杨（Pterocaryastenoptera）。在优良单株上采集接穗，要选用树冠外围充实健壮的发育枝，长30～40cm，粗1～1.5cm。接穗中下部充实饱满的芽作接芽。接穗采下后立即剪去叶片，只留1～1.5cm长的叶柄，以减少水分蒸发。去掉叶片后立即放入水桶内，用湿布盖好，或是放在湿沙中以防水分蒸发。最好是当天采的接穗当天用完，当天用不完时，应埋在湿沙或潮湿锯木屑中，不要插在水桶内，以免影响嫁接的成活率。特别是芽接，接芽泡在水中成活率极低。作砧木的核桃、枫杨和核桃楸在休眠期间都有伤流，伤流会影响愈伤组织形成，接穗易被伤流泡烂，不能愈合成活。因此，应在伤流很少或无伤流时候嫁接。枝接在萌芽后进行。插皮舌接最适宜在核桃树展叶至雄花末期进行。扦插中，生长素主要在分生组织和植物幼嫩部分合成，如茎尖、芽、幼叶、种子，行极性运输。它的极性运输结果使植物出现了明显的极性发育、分化、生长，如植物的顶端优势现象、维管组织发生及向性生长等。切接实质上是切断了生长素的极性运输,使砧木失去了生长素的直接来源。因此，外源生长素对山核桃嫁接的效用加入是有效的,它使植物激素在切口处得到富集,改变了细胞的分化方向。因此，嫁接需要用植物激素对插穗进行浸泡，以提高细胞的分裂能力和分化方向，促进愈伤组织形成。现有技术对植物调节剂作了较多探讨，文献“黄坚钦等，植物生长调节物质对山核桃嫁接的效用，南京林业大学学报2002年”介绍了不同植物生长调节物质对山核桃嫁接的影响，包括3种植物生长调节物质IAA、6-BA以及GA1，发现IAA的对山核桃起着主导作用，影响最大，嫁接成活率最高可达到80%左右，此外，山核桃品种较多，不同的品种之间对植物生长调节物质的需求也存在着差异。
发明内容
为了克服现有技术存在的技术缺陷，本发明公开了用于薄壳山核桃嫁接的植物调节剂及其应用，该调节剂配方合理，具备较好的协同性能，能够促进细胞分裂和分化，促进愈伤组织的形成，提高成活率。
本发明是通过如下技术方案来实现的：
用于薄壳山核桃嫁接的植物调节剂，其包括如下组分：吲哚丁酸 、氨基酸、赤霉素、壳聚糖、水。
进一步地，
所述植物调节剂包括如下重量份的组分：
吲哚丁酸 3-5份、氨基酸2-3份、赤霉素2-3份、壳聚糖1-2份、水100份。
进一步地，
所述植物调节剂按照如下工艺制备而得：按照重量份取吲哚丁酸 3-5份、氨基酸2-3份、赤霉素2-3份、壳聚糖1-2份，然后依次添加到100-150份的水中，搅拌均匀，调pH为7.5-8.5，即得。
进一步地，
所述述氨基酸为组氨酸、蛋氨酸、丝氨酸、色氨酸或上述任意二者以上的混合物。
进一步地，
所述氨基酸为组氨酸、蛋氨酸、丝氨酸、色氨酸按照1:2:2:3的质量比组成的混合物。
具体地，
所述应用包括如下步骤：
处理砧木：往砧木截断面喷洒植物调节剂，喷洒量为3-5ml/株，从中间部位向下垂直切一刀，切口长度2.5cm；
处理接穗：把接穗下端削１个长2cm的大削面，再在背面削１个1.5cm的小斜面，把接穗浸泡到调节剂中，辅助超声波处理30min，然后取出；
嫁接：将接穗插入砧木切口中，大斜面向里与砧木切口的形成层对齐，塑料绳捆绑接口，然后套上保鲜袋密封保湿。
与现有技术相比，本发明取得的有益效果主要包括但是并不限于以下几个方面：
山核桃含酚类物质较多，尤其是单宁，容易氧化形成隔离层，影响愈伤组织的形成，降低了嫁接成活率，这也是导致嫁接成活率较低的重要原因。
单宁的活性部位与氨基酸以疏水键和氢键发生聚合反应，避免了单宁被氧化形成隔离层，而且氨基酸还可以被植物愈伤组织所吸收，作为养分使用。壳聚糖是一种高分子碳水化合物，分子中含有活性物质氨基和羟基，能够与单宁发生反应。
生长素影响细胞壁的强度, 促进细胞伸长和分裂，细胞分裂素促进细胞分裂并影响分化方向，本发明选用吲哚乙酸和赤霉素进行配伍。
组氨酸：调节气孔开放，并提供碳骨架激素的前体，能够促进细胞分裂素合成；蛋氨酸：植物内源激素乙烯和多胺合成的前体；丝氨酸：参与细胞组织分化，促进发芽；色氨酸：内源激素生长素吲哚乙酸合成的前体，提高芳香族化合物的合成；本发明选用四种氨基酸配伍，能够提高嫁接成活率。
壳聚糖溶液浸泡可以迅速活化细胞，使得细胞透性增加，并且提高愈伤组织的诱导率和分化率，具体机理可能是通过酶活性、内源激素的变化来作用的。
附图说明
图1：壳聚糖添加量对扦插效果的影响。
具体实施方式
为了使本技术领域的人员更好地理解本申请中的技术方案，下面将结合本申请具体实施例，对本申请的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述，显然，所描述的实施例仅仅是本申请一部分实施例，而不是全部的实施例。基于本申请中的实施例，本领域普通技术人员在没有作出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例，都应当属于本发明保护的范围。
实施例1
植物调节剂在薄壳山核桃嫁接中的应用，其包括如下步骤：
栽培地应选择在土壤深厚肥沃，排水良好，并有一定保水能力且光照充足的地段上。嫁接时间选择4月15日。
砧木的选取：在圃地里选取地径粗度为1-2cm，生长健壮、无病虫害的1年生浙江山核桃苗作为嫁接砧木。
接穗处理：在树木芽体尚未膨大之前,于薄壳山核桃“马汉”上选择直径为 0.8-1.6cm的健壮枝作为接穗。
嫁接：在离地30-50cm处截断砧木树干，削平，然后往截断面喷洒调节剂，喷洒量为5ml/株，从中间部位向下垂直切一刀，切口长度2.5cm，再把接穗下端削１个长2cm的大削面，再在背面削１个1.5cm的小斜面，把接穗浸泡到调节剂中，辅助超声波处理30min，超声波功率为300W，然后取出，插入砧木切口中，大斜面向里与砧木切口的形成层对齐，塑料绳捆绑接口，然后套上保鲜袋密封保湿，以减少水分蒸发，防止接穗失水萎蔫；
所述调节剂按照如下工艺制备而得：按照重量份取吲哚丁酸 3份、氨基酸（组氨酸、蛋氨酸、丝氨酸、色氨酸按照1:2:2:3的质量比组成的混合物）2份、赤霉素2份、壳聚糖1份，然后依次添加到100重量份的水中，搅拌均匀，调pH为7.5，即得。
修剪嫁接苗：及时剪掉嫁接口上方的叶片，促进生长，待新稍长到30cm时立柱。
除草及病虫害防治：用人工伏耕和松土措施使树干周围2m范围内无杂草；8月份嫁接苗旺盛生长期，结合叶面喷肥，选用50%抗蚜威可湿性粉剂1000倍稀释液防治蚜虫，每株使用50-100ml。
肥水管理：根据土壤墒情浇水，每月喷洒2-3次浓度为0.3-0.5%的尿素进行根外追肥，并及时抹芽；8-9月份喷1-2次浓度为0.2%的硼肥，促进苗木木质化。
实施例2
植物调节剂在薄壳山核桃嫁接中的应用，其包括如下步骤：
栽培地应选择在土壤深厚肥沃，排水良好，并有一定保水能力且光照充足的地段上。嫁接时间选择4月20日。
砧木的选取：在圃地里选取地径粗度为1-2cm，生长健壮、无病虫害的1年生浙江山核桃苗作为嫁接砧木。
接穗处理：在树木芽体尚未膨大之前,于薄壳山核桃“马汉”上选择直径为 0.8-1.6cm的健壮枝作为接穗。
嫁接：在离地30-50cm处截断砧木树干，削平，然后往截断面喷洒调节剂，喷洒量为3ml/株，从中间部位向下垂直切一刀，切口长度2.5cm，再把接穗下端削１个长2cm的大削面，再在背面削１个1.5cm的小斜面，把接穗浸泡到调节剂中，辅助超声波处理30min，超声波功率为400W，然后取出，插入砧木切口中，大斜面向里与砧木切口的形成层对齐，塑料绳捆绑接口，然后套上保鲜袋密封保湿，以减少水分蒸发，防止接穗失水萎蔫；
所述调节剂按照如下工艺制备而得：按照重量份取吲哚丁酸 5份、氨基酸3份、赤霉素3份、壳聚糖2份，然后依次添加到100重量份的水中，搅拌均匀，调pH为8.5，即得。
修剪嫁接苗：及时剪掉嫁接口上方的叶片，促进生长，待新稍长到30cm时立柱。
除草及病虫害防治：用人工伏耕和松土措施使树干周围2m范围内无杂草；8月份嫁接苗旺盛生长期，结合叶面喷肥，选用50%抗蚜威可湿性粉剂1000倍稀释液防治蚜虫，每株使用50-100ml。
肥水管理：根据土壤墒情浇水，每月喷洒2-3次浓度为0.3-0.5%的尿素进行根外追肥，并及时抹芽；8-9月份喷1-2次浓度为0.2%的硼肥，促进苗木木质化。
实施例3
1、本发明调节剂对嫁接的影响：
组别设置：
实验组：实施例1；
对照组1：不添加氨基酸，其余同实施例1；
对照组2：不添加壳聚糖，其余同实施例1；
对照组3：不添加氨基酸和壳聚糖，其余同实施例1。
各组别的嫁接工艺同实施例1，并且采用统一的施肥、除草、中耕等田间管理措施。于11月20日统计嫁接后的穗条萌芽和成活情况，并计算嫁接萌芽率和成活率，于11月20日测量一次新梢生长量和新梢粗度，每个处理测300株取平均值。
表1
| 组别 | 嫁接株数 | 萌芽株数 | 嫁接萌芽率% | 成活株数 | 成活率% |
| 实验组 | 300 | 288 | 96 | 279 | 93 |
| 对照组1 | 300 | 257 | 85.7 | 241 | 80.3 |
| 对照组2 | 300 | 263 | 87.7 | 244 | 81.3 |
| 对照组3 | 300 | 219 | 73 | 189 | 63 |
结论：与对照组3相比，实验组、对照组1-2在常规生长素的基础上添加氨基酸或/和壳聚糖，能够与多酚类物质结合，避免被氧化形成隔离层，影响愈伤组织的形成，而且为愈伤组织提高营养物质，从而提高了嫁接成活率；而实验组通过添加氨基酸和壳聚糖，协同性能好，嫁接萌芽率和成活率都大幅提升，分别达到96%和91%。
表2
注：＊＜0.05与对照组3比较；＊＊＜0.01。
结论：以上数据结果表明：与对照组3相比，实验组的新梢生长量和新梢粗度指标、对照组1的新梢粗度指标，均具备显著性差异；对照组1的新稍生长量指标、对照组2组别的新梢生长量和新梢粗度指标相对于对照组3，没有显著性差异。
2、壳聚糖添加量对扦插效果的影响：
以实施例1为例，设置不同的壳聚糖重量份，分别为0.25份、0.5份、1份、2份、4份；分别检测了嫁接萌芽率、成活率。如图1所示，随着壳聚糖浓度的增加，嫁接萌芽率和成活率也相应提高，继续增加壳聚糖浓度，嫁接萌芽率和成活率并没有提高，反而有所减低，可能是因为过高浓度的壳聚糖提高了渗透压，对植物细胞的生长代谢造成了损害，从而不利于愈伤组织的形成；因此，选择1-2份的壳聚糖添加量最为合适。
虽然，上文中已经用一般性说明及具体实施方案对本发明作了详尽的描述，但在本发明基础上，可以对之作一些修改或改进，或在实施案例之外的树种实施本方法，这对本领域技术人员而言是显而易见的。因此，在不偏离本发明精神的基础上所做的这些修改，改进或范围的扩大，均属于本发明要求保护的范围。
Claims (2)
1.用于薄壳山核桃嫁接的植物调节剂，其特征在于，所述植物调节剂包括如下重量份的组分：
吲哚丁酸3-5份、氨基酸2-3份、赤霉素2-3份、壳聚糖1-2份、水100-150份；所述氨基酸为组氨酸、蛋氨酸、丝氨酸、色氨酸按照1:2:2:3的质量比组成的混合物；
所述植物调节剂按照如下工艺制备而得：按照重量份取吲哚丁酸3-5份、氨基酸2-3份、赤霉素2-3份、壳聚糖1-2份，然后依次添加到100-150份的水中，搅拌均匀，调pH为7.5-8.5，即得。
2.权利要求1所述植物调节剂的应用，其特征在于，所述应用包括如下步骤：
1）处理砧木：往砧木截断面喷洒植物调节剂，喷洒量为3-5ml/株，从中间部位向下垂直切一刀，切口长度2.5cm；
2）处理接穗：把接穗下端削1个长2cm的大削面，再在背面削1个1.5cm的小斜面，把接穗浸泡到调节剂中，辅助超声波处理30min，然后取出；
3）嫁接：将接穗插入砧木切口中，大斜面向里与砧木切口的形成层对齐，塑料绳捆绑接口，然后套上保鲜袋密封保湿。
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| CN104904501A (zh) * | 2015-06-01 | 2015-09-16 | 张亚南 | 高成活率的核桃树嫁接方法 |
| CN107162833A (zh) * | 2017-06-20 | 2017-09-15 | 普定县绿源苗业开发有限公司 | 一种核桃的育苗方法 |
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| CN104904501A (zh) * | 2015-06-01 | 2015-09-16 | 张亚南 | 高成活率的核桃树嫁接方法 |
| CN107162833A (zh) * | 2017-06-20 | 2017-09-15 | 普定县绿源苗业开发有限公司 | 一种核桃的育苗方法 |
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