CN109202314B - Electric arc thermal diffusion composite welding method for MAX-based ceramic material - Google Patents
Electric arc thermal diffusion composite welding method for MAX-based ceramic material Download PDFInfo
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K28/00—Welding or cutting not covered by any of the preceding groups, e.g. electrolytic welding
- B23K28/02—Combined welding or cutting procedures or apparatus
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Abstract
The invention relates to the field of electric arc welding of MAX phase-based ceramic materials, in particular to an electric arc thermal diffusion composite welding method of MAX phase-based ceramic materials, which realizes the mutual connection of the MAX phase-based ceramic materials or the connection of the MAX phase-based ceramic materials and other materials. The method mainly comprises the following steps: (1) preprocessing the MAX-phase ceramic material welding part to be welded, and selecting a welding wire material. (2) The material to be treated is placed in a heating system and is kept warm for a period of time after reaching the temperature. (3) And selecting a proper welding method and proper welding equipment, and setting welding parameters to proper values. (4) And performing arc-thermal diffusion hybrid welding. (5) And after the welding is finished, keeping the temperature for a period of time, and gradually reducing the temperature of the materials at the welding position. (6) And carrying out heat treatment on the welded block. The invention covers various technical routes, can be selected and used according to factors such as different part requirements, welding requirements, equipment conditions and the like, and has good technical adaptability and transportability.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of electric arc welding of MAX phase-based ceramic materials, in particular to an electric arc thermal diffusion composite welding method of MAX phase-based ceramic materials.
Background
MAX phase ceramics (e.g. Ti)3SiC2、Ti2AlC、Nb2AlC, etc.) is a class of machinable ceramics with a number of unique and advantageous properties, including covalent, metallic, and ionic bonding, and thus, both ceramic and metallic properties, such as: the characteristics of high melting point, oxidation resistance, corrosion resistance, metal conductivity, machinability, damage tolerance, thermal shock resistance and the like of the ceramic material and the radiation damage resistance of the nano ceramic enable the MAX phase ceramic and the ceramic matrix composite thereof to be expected to be applied to high-temperature service parts, friction-resistant parts, conductive elements, corrosion-resistant parts and nuclear industry departmentsThe method is applied to the important fields of parts and the like.
However, the MAX phase-based ceramic prepared by sintering at present, especially the MAX phase-based ceramic prepared by pressure sintering, is generally limited by factors such as sintering equipment, and thus the sintering preparation of large-sized components and components with complex shapes cannot be realized. Whilst the MAX phase based ceramic material has the advantages and excellent properties described above, in many applications the excellent properties will only be available in a small area of the monolithic component to which the MAX phase ceramic is to be bonded as a regional material. Therefore, it is of great value to develop welding techniques that can join MAX phase based ceramic materials or MAX phase based ceramic materials with other materials.
However, the patents and literature reports on MAX phase welding that have been published to date have limitations. Such as: the hot-pressing diffusion method adopted by the method is widely reported to be completed in a hot-pressing furnace, and large-size component connection cannot be realized due to the limitation of hot-pressing equipment. The method comprises the steps of placing a weldment in a mold by a brazing method, then placing the mold in a vacuum heating furnace, applying mechanical pressure to the weldment for welding, and connecting the MAX phase-based ceramic materials. The above-described method is also affected by the factors of the apparatus and the method, and the connection of large-sized parts cannot be achieved.
Electric arc welding techniques, including gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW or TIG welding), Plasma Arc Welding (PAW) and gas metal arc welding (GMAW or MIG welding, MAG welding), are industrially mature techniques for welding metallic materials of various sizes. However, due to the special material properties of the MAX phase, the above welding method has not been reported in the literature to be successfully implemented in connection with MAX phase based ceramic materials.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a widely applicable, efficient, convenient and easy-to-operate MAX phase-based ceramic material composite welding method based on an electric arc welding technology, which is not limited by fields and equipment.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
an electric arc thermal diffusion composite welding method for MAX-based ceramic materials adopts an electric arc welding method, uses welding wires as materials for filling welding seams, enables the welding wires to completely fill the welding seams or connect welding surfaces, and realizes mutual connection between the MAX-based ceramic materials or connection between MAX-phase-based ceramic materials and other materials.
The electric arc thermal diffusion hybrid welding method of the MAX-based ceramic material is characterized in that an electric arc welding method is argon tungsten-arc welding, plasma arc welding or gas metal arc welding.
According to the electric arc thermal diffusion hybrid welding method for the MAX-based ceramic material, in the electric arc welding process, the inert gas which is used for preventing argon or helium from reacting with the MAX-based ceramic material and a welding wire at a high temperature is adopted for protection, or the welding is carried out under a vacuum condition.
The welding wire material is nickel-chromium alloy, nickel-silicon alloy, iron-chromium-aluminum alloy or pure nickel welding wire.
According to the electric arc thermal diffusion hybrid welding method of the MAX-based ceramic material, in the electric arc welding process, the MAX-based ceramic material and a welding wire are subjected to auxiliary thermal diffusion welding at the temperature of 500-2000 ℃, and the temperature is kept for 5-5000 seconds before welding.
The electric arc thermal diffusion composite welding method of the MAX-based ceramic material is characterized in that the thermal diffusion welding adopts a heating method which can bring a thermal effect and adopts a heat source and a heating mode: current induction heating, infrared heating, resistance heating, or combustion heating.
According to the electric arc thermal diffusion composite welding method for the MAX-based ceramic materials, after welding is completed, heat treatment is conducted on a welding seam, the heat treatment temperature is 500-1800 ℃, the heat preservation time is 10-6000 minutes, and furnace cooling is conducted to the room temperature.
According to the electric arc thermal diffusion composite welding method for the MAX-based ceramic material, after welding is completed, pressure is applied when heat treatment is conducted on a welding seam, the applied pressure is perpendicular to the welding seam surface as much as possible, and the applied pressure is 0.1-500 MPa.
In the electric arc thermal diffusion composite welding method for the MAX-based ceramic materials, in the heat treatment process, if certain specific MAX-phase types or alloy welding wire materials are seriously oxidized at the heat treatment temperature, vacuum or inert gas protection is applied, otherwise, the heat treatment is directly carried out in the atmospheric environment.
According to the electric arc thermal diffusion hybrid welding method for the MAX-based ceramic materials, after welding is completed, the temperature is kept for 60-1200 seconds, the output power of a heating system is gradually reduced, the temperature of the materials at the welding position is slowly reduced, and the temperature reduction rate ranges from 5 ℃/min to 30 ℃/min.
The invention has the advantages and beneficial effects that:
(1) the invention realizes the application of the electric arc welding technology in the MAX phase-based ceramic material welding field and solves the difficult problem of the electric arc welding technology in MAX phase-based ceramic material connection.
(2) Compared with other MAX phase-based ceramic material welding technologies, the electric arc welding method is simple and convenient, wide in usable equipment, huge and mature in industry and easy to popularize in a large area.
(3) Compared with other MAX phase-based ceramic material welding technologies, the electric arc welding method is not limited by the size of the connecting part, the electric arc welding method is as small as a pipeline or a tank with a filament as large as several meters in diameter, and all common alloy parts capable of being welded through electric arc welding are applicable to the electric arc welding method.
(4) The invention covers various technical routes, can be selected according to different part requirements, welding requirements, equipment conditions and other factors, and has good technical adaptability and transportability.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a weld zone weave picture.
FIG. 2 is a further enlarged photograph of the alloy and ceramic transition layer region of FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is a graph showing EDS element line distribution analysis from an alloy region, a transition layer region and a ceramic region.
FIG. 4 is an analysis of the scan lines of FIG. 3.
Detailed Description
In the specific implementation process, the electric arc thermal diffusion composite welding method for the MAX-based ceramic materials, which is provided by the invention, adopts an electric arc welding method, uses a welding wire as a material for filling a welding seam, and realizes the mutual connection between the MAX-based ceramic materials or the connection between the MAX-phase ceramic materials and other materials, and comprises the following specific steps:
(1) and (3) selecting MAX phase ceramic materials to be welded, and polishing the welding position of the ceramic materials to obtain a fresh and bright surface. And (4) purging and cleaning the welding position of the ceramic material to remove impurities attached to the surface. Selecting proper alloy wire materials as welding wire materials, wherein the welding wire materials can be alloy welding wires of nickel-chromium alloy, nickel-silicon alloy, iron-chromium-aluminum alloy, pure nickel and the like, and the specific welding wire is determined by the type of the MAX phase, the required specific connection condition, the welding environment and other factors.
(2) And (3) placing the MAX phase ceramic material to be welded in an effective working area of the heating system, and starting the heating system. Adjusting the relevant heating parameters to proper values, heating the MAX phase ceramic materials to the required temperature, and keeping the temperature for a period of time after the temperature is reached.
(3) And selecting a proper welding method and proper welding equipment, opening an argon protection system, and starting the equal-arc welding system. And setting the relevant welding use gas flow and welding parameters to proper values. The specific process of the electric arc welding is an electric arc welding method such as argon tungsten-arc welding, plasma arc welding, gas metal arc welding and the like, and the electric arc welding process adopts inert gases such as argon, helium and the like which do not react with MAX phase-based ceramic materials and welding wires at high temperature or welding under vacuum condition.
(4) And carrying out arc-thermal diffusion composite welding on the selected alloy wire material of the MAX phase complex phase ceramic block so that the welding wire material completely fills the welding seam or the connecting welding surface. The material of the welding wire can be nickel-chromium alloy, nickel-silicon alloy, iron-chromium-aluminum alloy, pure nickel and other alloy welding wires, and the specific welding wire is determined by the type of the MAX phase, the required specific connection condition, the welding environment and other factors.
In the arc welding process, the MAX phase-based ceramic material and the welding wire need to be subjected to auxiliary thermal diffusion welding at the same time, the thermal diffusion welding temperature is 500-2000 ℃ (preferably 800-1200 ℃), and the temperature is kept for 5-5000 seconds (preferably 100-500 seconds) before welding. The time and temperature required for different welding properties and weld joint quality, and the like of different types of MAX phase-based ceramic materials in a specific heat treatment system are greatly different due to different physical and chemical properties.
(5) And after the welding is finished, keeping the temperature for a period of time, and gradually reducing the output power of the heating system to slowly reduce the temperature of the materials at the welding position.
(6) And (3) carrying out heat treatment on the welded block, and selecting proper heat treatment temperature, whether to apply pressure, a pressure application method, heat preservation time, heating rate and other heat treatment parameters. Wherein the heat treatment temperature is 500-1800 ℃ (preferably 600-1400 ℃), and the heat preservation time is 10-6000 minutes (preferably 60-240 minutes). The applied pressure is as vertical as possible to the welding seam surface, and the applied pressure is 0.1-500 MPa (preferably 20-200 MPa). In the heat treatment process, if certain MAX phase types or alloy welding wire materials are seriously oxidized at the heat treatment temperature, vacuum or inert gas protection is applied, otherwise, the heat treatment is directly carried out in the atmospheric environment.
For the purpose of promoting a further understanding of the objects, aspects and advantages of the present disclosure, reference should be made to the following detailed description and specific examples, which are to be read in connection with the accompanying drawings. Also, it should be noted that the examples described below are only intended as illustrations of some of the operations and embodiments, and not all of the possible embodiments. All technical methods which are within the scope of the claims of the invention are used and should belong to the protection scope of the invention.
Example 1
In this embodiment, the arc thermal diffusion hybrid welding method for the MAX-based ceramic material is as follows:
(1) selecting Ti as a product name3AlC2Hot pressing and sintering pure MAX phase ceramic block, and grinding Ti with grinder3AlC2And polishing the welding position of the block body to obtain a fresh and bright surface. And blowing the polished surface by using compressed air to remove impurities attached to the surface. After the surface is simply brushed and washed by absolute ethyl alcohol and a hairbrush, the surface is dried by clean air. Selecting an alloy wire with the mark of Cr20Ni80 as a welding wire material.
(2) Ti to be welded3AlC2The to-be-welded part of the block is placed in induction heatingAnd starting an induction heating system in the effective working area of the coil. The oscillation frequency of the induction coil is 50KHz, the heating voltage is 50V, and the heating current is 500A. To be welded with Ti3AlC2The material was heated to 1000 ℃ and held at temperature for 100 seconds.
(3) Opening an argon protection system, starting a tungsten electrode argon arc welding system, setting the argon flow value to be 10L/min by adopting a tungsten needle with the diameter of 1 mm, setting the arc starting current to be 120A, the welding current to be 130A, the arc closing current to be 200A, and performing high-frequency arc starting in an arc starting mode.
(4) For Ti3AlC2And performing tungsten argon arc-thermal diffusion composite welding on the Cr20Ni80 alloy wire material of the block body to enable the welding wire material to completely fill the welding seam.
(5) And gradually reducing the output power of the induction heating system 100 seconds after the welding is finished, so that the temperature of the material at the welding position is slowly reduced, and the cooling rate is 10 ℃/min.
(6) And (3) carrying out stress relief annealing treatment on the welded block, wherein the annealing temperature is 600 ℃, the heat preservation time is 2 hours, the heating rate is 10 ℃/minute, and the block is cooled to the room temperature along with the furnace.
The method has simple welding and easy and convenient implementation, but the strength of the welding seam structure which is not processed by high temperature and pressurization is lower than that of the structure processed by high temperature and pressurization, the interface bending strength is 150MPa and is lower than that of the Ti3AlC2Bending strength of the block body is 320 MPa.
As shown in fig. 1, as can be seen from the weld zone structure picture, the structure at the alloy ceramic welding interface is divided into typically three regions, which are composed of an alloy region, an alloy and ceramic transition layer region, and a ceramic region of the welding filler weld.
As shown in FIG. 2, it can be seen from the structure enlarged photograph of the alloy and ceramic transition layer, the region has no obvious bonding interface with the alloy and ceramic region, and belongs to typical metallurgical bonding and gradient slow transition, so the bonding condition is good, the chemical affinity is good, and the matching property of the physical expansion coefficient is good. The thickness of the area is about 150 microns, the structure mainly comprises ceramic grains and alloy penetrating into the ceramic grain boundaries, the alloy of the ceramic grain boundaries in the picture is bright, and the ceramic grains are lamellar and dark.
As shown in fig. 3 and 4, it is understood from the EDS element line distribution analysis of the alloy region, the transition layer region, and the ceramic region that the Ni element and Cr element contents gradually decrease and the Ti, Al, and C elements gradually increase from the alloy region to the transition layer region and the ceramic region, but Al element enrichment is observed at the upper and lower interfaces of the transition layer, and is most evident at the interface between the alloy and the transition layer.
Example 2
In this embodiment, the arc thermal diffusion hybrid welding method for the MAX-based ceramic material is as follows:
(1) selecting nano Ti2AlC/Al2O3And (3) hot-pressing and sintering two MAX-phase ceramic blocks of the complex-phase ceramic, and polishing the welding position of the ceramic blocks by using abrasive paper to obtain a fresh and bright surface. And blowing the polished surface by using compressed air to remove impurities attached to the surface. After the surface is simply brushed and washed by absolute ethyl alcohol and a hairbrush, the surface is dried by clean air. Selecting an alloy wire with the mark of 0Cr21A17Mo2 as a welding wire material.
(2) Nano Ti to be welded2AlC/Al2O3And (3) the complex phase ceramic block is to be welded in an effective working area of the infrared focusing heater, and the infrared focusing heating system is started. Nano Ti at the welding seam2AlC/Al2O3The complex phase ceramic material is heated to 800 ℃ and then is kept warm for 60 seconds.
(3) And opening the argon protection system and starting the plasma arc welding system. The cerium tungsten electrode was used, and the electrode retraction amount was 1.5 mm. The flow rate of argon as a shielding gas was set to 5L/min, and the flow rate of argon as an ion gas was set to 0.5L/min. The pilot arc current is 20A, the distance from the nozzle end face to the weldment is 3 mm, and the arc voltage is 36V.
(4) For nanometer Ti2AlC/Al2O3The complex phase ceramic block and the alloy wire of 0Cr21A17Mo2 are subjected to plasma arc-thermal diffusion hybrid welding, so that the welding wire material completely fills the welding seam.
(5) And (3) gradually reducing the output power of the infrared heating system 100 seconds after the welding is finished, so that the temperature of the material at the welding position is slowly reduced, and the cooling rate is 20 ℃/min.
(6) And carrying out hot isostatic pressing treatment on the welded block, wherein the hot isostatic pressing temperature is 1200 ℃, the heat preservation time is 2 hours, the hot isostatic pressing pressure is 150MPa, the heating rate is 10 ℃/min, and the block is cooled to the room temperature along with the furnace.
The defects and phase decomposition products of the weld joint tissue of the welding area subjected to high-temperature and high-pressure treatment are eliminated, the interface bonding strength is obviously increased, and the bending strength of the weld joint area is 300MPa and exceeds the bending strength of the weld joint tissue which is not subjected to high-temperature and high-pressure treatment.
Example 3
In this embodiment, the arc thermal diffusion hybrid welding method for the MAX-based ceramic material is as follows:
(1) selecting the product name as Nb2Hot pressing AlC to sinter two pure MAX phase ceramic blocks, and using sand paper to make Nb2And polishing the welding position of the AlC block to obtain a fresh and bright surface. And blowing the polished surface by using compressed air to remove impurities attached to the surface. After the surface is simply brushed and washed by absolute ethyl alcohol and a hairbrush, the surface is dried by clean air. Selecting a niobium alloy wire with the mark Nb1 as a welding wire material.
(2) Nb to be welded2Both masses of AlC are disposed within the resistive heater active region. Applying alumina heat insulating felt to cover the heat insulating area and alumina brick to isolate the temperature of the non-welding area and to make the alumina brick overflow to air and expose the welding seam area for easy welding and starting the resistance heating system. To be integrated Nb2The AlC block material is heated to 1200 ℃ and is kept warm for 3000 seconds after reaching the temperature.
(3) And opening an argon protection system, starting the argon tungsten-arc welding system, setting the argon flow value to be 15L/min by adopting a tungsten needle with the diameter of 1.5 mm, setting the arc starting current to be 130A, the welding current to be 150A, the arc closing current to be 200A and performing high-frequency arc starting in an arc starting mode.
(4) To Nb2And carrying out tungsten argon arc-thermal diffusion composite butt welding on the alloy wires of the AlC blocks and the Nb1 so that the welding wire materials completely fill the welding seams.
(5) Butt welding the two pieces of Nb2Mechanically pressurizing the AlC block, applying pressure of 100MPa to the vertical welding seam surface, keeping the pressure for 4 hours, maintaining the heat output of the resistance heating system, and treating the whole Nb2AlC blockThe bulk material temperature is maintained at up to 1200 ℃.
(6) And after the welding is finished for 1000 seconds, gradually reducing the output power of the heating system to slowly reduce the temperature of the material at the welding position, wherein the cooling rate is 10 ℃/min.
The welding method is simple, and is particularly suitable for welding oversized parts such as pipes or plates with diameters or lengths exceeding 500 millimeters.
Claims (9)
1. An electric arc thermal diffusion composite welding method for MAX-based ceramic materials is characterized in that an electric arc welding method is adopted, welding wires are used as materials for filling welding seams, the welding seams or connecting welding surfaces are completely filled with the welding wire materials, and mutual connection between the MAX-based ceramic materials or connection between the MAX-based ceramic materials and other materials is achieved;
in the arc welding process, the MAX-based ceramic material and the welding wire are subjected to auxiliary thermal diffusion welding at the temperature of 500-2000 ℃, and the temperature is kept for 5-5000 seconds before welding.
2. A method of arc thermal diffusion hybrid welding of MAX based ceramic materials according to claim 1 characterised in that the arc welding method is argon tungsten arc welding, plasma arc welding or gas metal arc welding.
3. The method of arc thermal diffusion hybrid welding of MAX-based ceramic materials of claim 1, wherein during arc welding argon or helium is used which is either protected with an inert gas which does not react with the MAX-based ceramic materials and the welding wire at high temperature, or welded under vacuum.
4. The arc thermal diffusion hybrid welding method for MAX-based ceramic materials of claim 1, wherein the material of the welding wire is nichrome, nickel silicon alloy, iron chromium aluminum alloy or pure nickel welding wire.
5. The arc thermal diffusion hybrid welding method for MAX-based ceramic materials of claim 1, wherein the thermal diffusion welding uses a heat source and the heating method is a heating method that can bring thermal effect: current induction heating, infrared heating, resistance heating, or combustion heating.
6. The electric arc thermal diffusion hybrid welding method for the MAX-based ceramic materials is characterized in that after welding is completed, heat treatment is conducted on a welding seam, the heat treatment temperature is 500-1800 ℃, the heat preservation time is 10-6000 minutes, and furnace cooling is conducted to the room temperature.
7. The arc thermal diffusion hybrid welding method for the MAX based ceramic materials according to the claim 1 or 6, wherein the pressure is applied when the heat treatment is performed to the welding seam after the welding is completed, the applied pressure is as vertical as possible to the welding seam surface, and the applied pressure is 0.1-500 MPa.
8. A method of arc thermal diffusion hybrid welding of MAX based ceramic materials as claimed in claim 6, wherein during the heat treatment, if severe oxidation of specific MAX phase species or alloy wire materials occurs at the heat treatment temperature, vacuum or inert gas shielding is applied, otherwise direct atmospheric heat treatment.
9. The electric arc thermal diffusion hybrid welding method for the MAX-based ceramic materials is characterized in that the temperature is kept for 60-1200 seconds after welding, the output power of a heating system is gradually reduced, the temperature of the materials at the welding position is slowly reduced, and the temperature reduction rate ranges from 5 ℃/minute to 30 ℃/minute.
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