Solar LED street lamp
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of street lamps, in particular to a solar LED street lamp.
Background
The main function of street lamps is lighting, and the street lamps play an important role as main lighting facilities on roads and cities. However, in some cases, such as a square, a decorative street lamp that mainly serves as a decoration is used, and the illumination brightness of the street lamp does not need to be high, but a good decoration is required. Moreover, most of the existing decorative street lamps are fixed on squares, and are easy to damage all the year round on the squares, so that the decorative effect of the squares is often insufficient when large activities need to be held.
Disclosure of Invention
The purpose of the invention is as follows: the invention aims to overcome the defects of the prior art and provides a solar LED street lamp.
The technical scheme is as follows: a solar LED street lamp is characterized by comprising a controller, a solar cell panel, a cylindrical lamp post, a bottom plate fixed at the bottom of the lamp post, an LED light-emitting unit fixed at the lamp post, a first substrate hinged with one side of the bottom plate through a first elastic resetting hinge component and a second substrate hinged with the other side of the bottom plate through a second elastic resetting hinge component, wherein the bottom plate, the first substrate and the second substrate are all cuboid, the thicknesses of the bottom plate, the first substrate and the second substrate are equal, and when no external force exists, the upper surfaces of the bottom plate, the first substrate and the second substrate are located on the same plane; the first substrate is internally provided with a first storage battery accommodating cavity for accommodating a first storage battery, the second substrate is internally provided with a second storage battery accommodating cavity for accommodating a second storage battery, the side surface of the first substrate, which is far away from the second substrate, is provided with a first positioning hole, the side surface of the second substrate, which is far away from the first substrate, is provided with a second positioning hole, the upper surface of the first substrate is provided with a third positioning hole, and the upper surface of the second substrate is provided with a fourth positioning hole; the lamp post penetrates through the limiting part, the limiting part comprises a circular column part and a circular plate fixedly connected with the bottom end of the circular column part, the limiting part can slide up and down along the lamp post, the lower surface of the circular plate is provided with a first positioning pin, a second positioning pin, a third positioning pin and a fourth positioning pin, and the circular column part is provided with a locking bolt capable of locking the relative positions of the circular column part and the lamp post; the street lamp can be in a folded state or an unfolded state, in the folded state, the locking bolt locks the relative position of the limiting part and the lamp post, the first positioning pin is inserted into the first positioning hole, the second positioning pin is inserted into the second positioning hole, and the first substrate and the second substrate are both parallel to the lamp post; in the unfolding state, the locking bolt locks the relative positions of the limiting part and the lamp pole, the third positioning pin is inserted into the third positioning hole, the fourth positioning pin is inserted into the fourth positioning hole, and the first substrate and the second substrate are perpendicular to the lamp pole.
Further, the first positioning pin and the second positioning pin are equal in length, the third positioning pin and the fourth positioning pin are equal in length, and the third positioning pin is longer than the first positioning pin.
Further, the circular column part and the circular plate are integrally formed.
Furthermore, the locking bolts have 4, are located same level and equally spaced apart distribution along the circumferencial direction of ring column portion.
Furthermore, the end parts of the first positioning pin, the second positioning pin, the third positioning pin and the fourth positioning pin are all hemispherical, and the closed ends of the first positioning pin, the second positioning pin, the third positioning pin and the fourth positioning pin are all hemispherical.
Furthermore, the first storage battery and the second storage battery are both lithium batteries.
Furthermore, a top plate is fixed to the top of the lamp post, a bearing is arranged on the top plate, a rotating shaft is mounted at the bearing, a driven gear is fixed to the rotating shaft, a cross-shaped rod is fixed to the top end of the rotating shaft, 4 end portions of the cross-shaped rod are connected with a connecting rope respectively, each connecting rope is connected with a transparent straight rod, a driving motor is further fixed to the top plate, and a driving gear meshed with the driven gear is fixed to a motor shaft of the driving motor; the LED lamp comprises a lamp post and is characterized in that the side wall of the lamp post is provided with a plurality of LED light-emitting unit mounting holes, one LED light-emitting unit is fixedly mounted at each LED light-emitting unit mounting hole, each LED light-emitting unit mounting hole is covered by a light-transmitting cover, each LED light-emitting unit comprises a circuit board, a plurality of LED lamp beads mounted on the circuit board, a heat-conducting block abutted against the circuit board and a plurality of radiating fins connected with the heat-conducting block, the lamp post is a hollow cylindrical lamp post, and all the radiating fins are located in the hollow lamp post.
Further, a plurality of solar cell panels are arranged on the upper surface of the top plate.
Furthermore, the number of the LED light-emitting unit mounting holes is 3, the 3 mounting holes are located at the same horizontal height, the transparent straight rod is made of transparent plastics, and the central cross point of the cross-shaped rod is fixedly welded with the top end of the rotating shaft.
Further, the printing opacity cover has 3, and 3 printing opacity covers are located same level, lamp pole department has a plurality of louvres, and the level of a plurality of louvres bottom edge all is higher than the level of printing opacity cover top edge.
Further, a wireless communication unit is fixed at the top plate, a heat radiation fan is arranged in the lamp post, a first heat conduction pad is arranged between the lower surface of the first storage battery accommodating cavity and the first storage battery, a first horizontal channel and a first vertical channel communicated with the first horizontal channel are arranged in the first substrate, a cuboid-shaped first fixing block is fixed on the upper surface of the first substrate, a second heat conduction pad is arranged between the lower surface of the second storage battery accommodating cavity and the second storage battery, a second horizontal channel and a second vertical channel communicated with the second horizontal channel are arranged in the second substrate, a cuboid-shaped second fixing block is fixed on the upper surface of the second substrate, a first sealing pad is arranged at the end part of the first horizontal channel, a second sealing pad is arranged at the end part of the second horizontal channel, a vertical connecting channel communicated with the interior of the lamp post and a horizontal connecting channel communicated with the vertical connecting channel are arranged in the bottom plate, when the street lamp is in an unfolded state, the first horizontal channel is connected with one end of the horizontal connecting channel, the second horizontal channel is connected with the other end of the horizontal connecting channel, the first sealing gasket is positioned between the first horizontal channel and the horizontal connecting channel, and the second sealing gasket is positioned between the second horizontal channel and the horizontal connecting channel; the first fixing block is internally provided with a third channel communicated with the first vertical channel and a fourth channel communicated with the third channel, the first fixing block is also internally provided with a fifth channel and a first blind hole connected with the fifth channel, the first blind hole is internally provided with a first liquid level sensor, the open end of the fourth channel is lower than the end connected with the third channel, and the open end of the fifth channel is lower than the end communicated with the first blind hole; the second fixing block is internally provided with a sixth channel communicated with the second vertical channel and a seventh channel communicated with the sixth channel, the second fixing block is also internally provided with an eighth channel and a second blind hole connected with the eighth channel, the second blind hole is internally provided with a second liquid level sensor, the open end of the seventh channel is lower than the end connected with the sixth channel, and the open end of the eighth channel is lower than the end communicated with the second blind hole.
Further, the lower surface of the first heat conducting pad is provided with a plurality of first hemispherical bulges, and the lower surface of the first accommodating cavity is provided with a plurality of first hemispherical grooves engaged with the first hemispherical bulges; the lower surface of the second heat conducting pad is provided with a plurality of second hemispherical bulges, and the lower surface of the second accommodating cavity is provided with a plurality of second hemispherical grooves engaged with the second hemispherical bulges.
Through such setting for area of contact is bigger, and thus the heat conduction effect is better.
Furthermore, a heating device is further installed in the lamp post, a first connecting channel for communicating the first blind hole with the third channel is formed in the first fixing block, and a first valve is arranged at the first connecting channel; and a second connecting channel communicated with the second blind hole and the sixth channel is arranged in the second fixing block, and a second valve is arranged at the second connecting channel.
Further, the wireless communication unit and the cooling fan are both connected with the controller, and when the measured value of the first liquid level sensor or the measured value of the second liquid level sensor is larger than a set threshold value, the controller controls the wireless communication unit to transmit an alarm signal.
Has the advantages that: the street lamp is convenient to move and transport when the first substrate and the second substrate are folded, can be stably placed on a square when the first substrate and the second substrate are unfolded, and can automatically generate electricity and be used even if placed on the square for a period of time due to solar power generation and energy storage of the storage battery. The power generation is carried out in the daytime, and the square is decorated and beautified at night, so that the solar energy generating device is particularly suitable for large-scale activities. When the activity is finished and the use is not needed, the movable square can be removed from the square and moved to other places for use.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view showing an expanded state of embodiment 1;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of embodiment 1 in a folded state;
FIG. 3 is a partial enlarged view of embodiment 1;
FIG. 4 is a schematic view of embodiment 2, when the position-limiting portion is not abutted to the first and second substrates;
fig. 5 is a schematic view of embodiment 2, in which the first and second substrates are limited by the limiting portion in the expanded state;
FIG. 6 is an enlarged view of area A;
FIG. 7 is an enlarged view of area B;
FIG. 8 is a schematic view of embodiment 2, in which the first and second substrates are folded and the position-limiting portion is not yet abutted against the first and second substrates;
FIG. 9 is a schematic view of the embodiment 2, in which the position-limiting portion abuts against the first and second substrates;
FIG. 10 is an enlarged view of area C;
fig. 11 is an enlarged schematic view of region D.
Detailed Description
Reference numerals: 1 a first substrate; 1.1 a first battery; 1.3 a first thermally conductive pad; 1.4 first horizontal channel; 1.5 a first vertical channel; 1.6 a third positioning hole; 1.7 first locating holes; 1.8 first seal; 2 a second substrate; 2.1 a second battery; 2.3 a second thermally conductive pad; 2.4 second horizontal channel; 2.5 a second vertical channel; 2.6 a fourth positioning hole; 2.7 second positioning holes; 2.8 a second gasket; 3, a bottom plate; 3.1 connecting the channels horizontally; 3.2 connecting the channels vertically; 4, a circular ring plate; 4.1 a first locator pin; 4.2 a second locating pin; 4.3 a third locating pin; 4.4 fourth locating pin; 4.5 a circular column part; 4.6 locking the bolt; 6, a lamp post; 6.1 a radiator fan; 6.2 heat dissipation holes; 6.4 heating means; 7 a top plate; 7.3 a cross-shaped rod; 7.4 a transparent straight rod; 8.1 a light-transmitting cover; 8.2LED lamp beads; 8.3 a circuit board; 8.4 heat conducting block; 8.5 heat dissipation fins; 9 a first fixing block; 9.1 a third channel; 9.2 a fourth channel; 9.3 first blind holes; 9.4 a fifth channel; 9.5 a first level sensor; 9.6 first connecting channel; 9.7 first valve; 10 second fixed block.
Example 1
As shown in fig. 1-3, a solar LED street lamp is characterized by comprising a controller, a solar panel (not shown), a cylindrical lamp post 6, a bottom plate 3 fixed at the bottom of the lamp post, an LED light-emitting unit fixed at the lamp post, a first substrate 1 hinged to one side of the bottom plate through a first elastic resetting hinge component, and a second substrate 2 hinged to the other side of the bottom plate through a second elastic resetting hinge component, wherein the bottom plate, the first substrate, and the second substrate are rectangular, the thicknesses of the bottom plate, the first substrate, and the second substrate are equal, and when no external force is applied, the upper surfaces of the bottom plate, the first substrate, and the second substrate are located on the same plane; a first storage battery accommodating cavity for accommodating a first storage battery is formed in the first substrate, a second storage battery accommodating cavity for accommodating a second storage battery is formed in the second substrate, a first positioning hole 1.7 is formed in the side face, far away from the second substrate, of the first substrate, a second positioning hole 2.7 is formed in the side face, far away from the first substrate, of the second substrate, a third positioning hole 1.6 is formed in the upper surface of the first substrate, and a fourth positioning hole 2.6 is formed in the upper surface of the second substrate; the lamp post penetrates through the limiting part, the limiting part comprises a circular column part 4.5 and a circular plate 4 fixedly connected with the bottom end of the circular column part, the limiting part can slide up and down along the lamp post, the lower surface of the circular plate is provided with a first positioning pin 4.1, a second positioning pin 4.2, a third positioning pin 4.3 and a fourth positioning pin 4.4, and the circular column part is provided with a locking bolt capable of locking the relative positions of the circular column part and the lamp post; the street lamp can be in a folded state or an unfolded state, in the folded state, the locking bolt locks the relative position of the limiting part and the lamp post, the first positioning pin is inserted into the first positioning hole, the second positioning pin is inserted into the second positioning hole, and the first substrate and the second substrate are both parallel to the lamp post; in the unfolding state, the locking bolt locks the relative positions of the limiting part and the lamp pole, the third positioning pin is inserted into the third positioning hole, the fourth positioning pin is inserted into the fourth positioning hole, and the first substrate and the second substrate are perpendicular to the lamp pole.
The length of the first positioning pin is equal to that of the second positioning pin, the length of the third positioning pin is equal to that of the fourth positioning pin, and the length of the third positioning pin is greater than that of the first positioning pin. The circular column part and the circular plate are integrally formed. The locking bolts are 4 and are located at the same horizontal height and distributed at equal intervals along the circumferential direction of the circular ring column part. The end parts of the first positioning pin, the second positioning pin, the third positioning pin and the fourth positioning pin are all hemispheric, and the closed ends of the first positioning hole, the second positioning hole, the third positioning hole and the fourth positioning hole are all hemispheric. The first storage battery and the second storage battery are both lithium batteries.
A top plate is fixed to the top of the lamp post, a bearing is arranged on the top plate, a rotating shaft 7.1 is installed at the bearing, a driven gear is fixed to the rotating shaft, a cross-shaped rod 7.3 is fixed to the top end of the rotating shaft, 4 end portions of the cross-shaped rod are connected with a connecting rope respectively, each connecting rope is connected with a transparent straight rod 7.4, a driving motor is further fixed to the top plate, and a driving gear meshed with the driven gear is fixed to a motor shaft of the driving motor; the side wall of lamp pole has a plurality of LED luminescence unit mounting holes, and every LED luminescence unit mounting hole fixed mounting has one LED luminescence unit, every LED luminescence unit mounting hole is covered 8.1 by a printing opacity cover, LED luminescence unit include circuit board 8.3, install in a plurality of LED lamp pearl 8.2 of circuit board, with the heat conduction piece 8.4 of circuit board butt and with a plurality of radiating fin 8.5 that the heat conduction piece is connected, the lamp pole is hollow cylindrical lamp pole, and all radiating fin all are located hollow lamp pole.
The top plate upper surface has a plurality of solar cell panel. The LED luminous unit mounting holes are 3, the 3 mounting holes are located at the same horizontal height, the transparent straight rod 7.4 is made of transparent plastics, and the central cross point of the cross-shaped rod is fixedly welded with the top end of the rotating shaft. The printing opacity cover has 3, and 3 printing opacity covers are located same level, lamp pole department has a plurality of louvres, and the level of a plurality of louvres bottom edge all is higher than the level of printing opacity cover top edge.
As shown in the figure, expand first, two base plates to when utilizing spacing portion spacing, the street lamp can be fixed on the square steadily, fold first, two base plates when, and when utilizing spacing portion spacing, the street lamp can be convenient accomodate and remove. And because the storage battery is arranged in the first base plate and the second base plate, the gravity center of the street lamp is reduced, and the street lamp is more stable.
Example 2
A solar LED street lamp is characterized by comprising a controller, a solar cell panel, a cylindrical lamp post 6, a bottom plate fixed at the bottom of the lamp post, an LED light-emitting unit fixed at the lamp post, a first substrate 1 hinged with one side of the bottom plate through a first elastic resetting hinge component and a second substrate 2 hinged with the other side of the bottom plate through a second elastic resetting hinge component, wherein the bottom plate, the first substrate and the second substrate are cuboid, the thicknesses of the bottom plate, the first substrate and the second substrate are equal, and when no external force exists, the upper surfaces of the bottom plate, the first substrate and the second substrate are positioned on the same plane; a first storage battery accommodating cavity for accommodating a first storage battery is formed in the first substrate, a second storage battery accommodating cavity for accommodating a second storage battery is formed in the second substrate, a first positioning hole 1.7 is formed in the side face, far away from the second substrate, of the first substrate, a second positioning hole 2.7 is formed in the side face, far away from the first substrate, of the second substrate, a third positioning hole 1.6 is formed in the upper surface of the first substrate, and a fourth positioning hole 2.6 is formed in the upper surface of the second substrate; the lamp post penetrates through a limiting part, the limiting part comprises a circular column part 4.5 and a circular plate 4 fixedly connected with the bottom end of the circular column part, the limiting part can slide up and down along the lamp post, the lower surface of the circular plate is provided with a first positioning pin 4.1, a second positioning pin 4.2, a third positioning pin 4.3 and a fourth positioning pin 4.4, and a locking bolt 4.6 capable of locking the relative position of the circular column part and the lamp post is arranged at the position of the circular column part 4.5; the street lamp can be in a folded state or an unfolded state, in the folded state, the locking bolt locks the relative position of the limiting part and the lamp post, the first positioning pin is inserted into the first positioning hole, the second positioning pin is inserted into the second positioning hole, and the first substrate and the second substrate are both parallel to the lamp post; in the unfolding state, the locking bolt locks the relative positions of the limiting part and the lamp pole, the third positioning pin is inserted into the third positioning hole, the fourth positioning pin is inserted into the fourth positioning hole, and the first substrate and the second substrate are perpendicular to the lamp pole.
The length of the first positioning pin is equal to that of the second positioning pin, the length of the third positioning pin is equal to that of the fourth positioning pin, and the length of the third positioning pin is greater than that of the first positioning pin. The circular column part and the circular plate are integrally formed. The locking bolts are 4 and are located at the same horizontal height and distributed at equal intervals along the circumferential direction of the circular ring column part. The end parts of the first positioning pin, the second positioning pin, the third positioning pin and the fourth positioning pin are all hemispheric, and the closed ends of the first positioning hole, the second positioning hole, the third positioning hole and the fourth positioning hole are all hemispheric. The first storage battery and the second storage battery are both lithium batteries.
A top plate 7 is fixed to the top of the lamp post, a bearing is arranged on the top plate, a rotating shaft 7.1 is installed at the bearing, a driven gear is fixed to the rotating shaft, a cross-shaped rod 7.3 is fixed to the top end of the rotating shaft, 4 end portions of the cross-shaped rod are respectively connected with a connecting rope, each connecting rope is connected with a transparent straight rod 7.4, a driving motor is further fixed to the top plate, and a driving gear meshed with the driven gear is fixed to a motor shaft of the driving motor; the side wall of lamp pole has a plurality of LED luminescence unit mounting holes, and every LED luminescence unit mounting hole fixed mounting has one LED luminescence unit, every LED luminescence unit mounting hole is covered 8.1 by a printing opacity, LED luminescence unit include circuit board 8.3, install in a plurality of LED lamp pearl 8.2 of circuit board, with the heat conduction piece of circuit board butt and with a plurality of radiating fin 8.5 that the heat conduction piece is connected, the lamp pole is hollow cylindrical lamp pole, and all radiating fin all are located hollow lamp pole. The top plate upper surface has a plurality of solar cell panel. The LED light-emitting unit mounting holes are 3, the 3 mounting holes are located at the same horizontal height, the transparent straight rod is made of transparent plastics, and the central cross point of the cross-shaped rod is fixedly welded with the top end of the rotating shaft. The printing opacity cover has 3, and 3 printing opacity covers are located same level, lamp pole department has a plurality of louvres, and the level of a plurality of louvres bottom edge all is higher than the level of printing opacity cover top edge.
A wireless communication unit is fixed at the top plate, a heat radiation fan 6.1 is arranged in the lamp post, a first heat conducting pad 1.3 is arranged between the lower surface of the first storage battery accommodating cavity and the first storage battery, a first horizontal channel 1.4 and a first vertical channel 1.5 communicated with the first horizontal channel are arranged in the first substrate, a cuboid-shaped first fixing block 9 is fixed on the upper surface of the first substrate, a second heat conducting pad 2.3 is arranged between the lower surface of the second storage battery accommodating cavity and the second storage battery, a second horizontal channel 2.4 and a second vertical channel 2.5 communicated with the second horizontal channel are arranged in the second substrate, a cuboid-shaped second fixing block 10 is fixed on the upper surface of the second substrate, a first sealing pad 1.8 is arranged at the end part of the first horizontal channel, a second sealing pad 2.8 is arranged at the end part of the second horizontal channel, a vertical connecting channel 3.2 communicated with the interior of the lamp post and a horizontal connecting channel communicated with the vertical connecting channel are arranged in the bottom plate The street lamp comprises a channel 3.1, wherein when the street lamp is in an unfolded state, a first horizontal channel 1.4 is connected with one end of a horizontal connecting channel, a second horizontal channel 2.4 is connected with the other end of the horizontal connecting channel, a first sealing gasket is positioned between the first horizontal channel and the horizontal connecting channel, and a second sealing gasket is positioned between the second horizontal channel and the horizontal connecting channel; the first fixing block is internally provided with a third channel 9.1 communicated with a first vertical channel 1.5 and a fourth channel 9.2 communicated with the third channel, the first fixing block is also internally provided with a fifth channel 9.4 and a first blind hole 9.3 connected with the fifth channel, the first blind hole is internally provided with a first liquid level sensor 9.5, the open end of the fourth channel is lower than the end connected with the third channel, and the open end of the fifth channel is lower than the end communicated with the first blind hole; the second fixing block is internally provided with a sixth channel communicated with the second vertical channel and a seventh channel communicated with the sixth channel, the second fixing block is also internally provided with an eighth channel and a second blind hole connected with the eighth channel, the second blind hole is internally provided with a second liquid level sensor, the open end of the seventh channel is lower than the end connected with the sixth channel, and the open end of the eighth channel is lower than the end communicated with the second blind hole.
The lower surface of the first heat conducting pad is provided with a plurality of first hemispherical bulges, and the lower surface of the first accommodating cavity is provided with a plurality of first hemispherical grooves engaged with the first hemispherical bulges; the lower surface of the second heat conducting pad is provided with a plurality of second hemispherical bulges, and the lower surface of the second accommodating cavity is provided with a plurality of second hemispherical grooves engaged with the second hemispherical bulges. Through such setting for area of contact is bigger, and thus the heat conduction effect is better. A heating device 6.4 is further installed in the lamp post, a first connecting channel 9.6 for communicating the first blind hole with the third channel is formed in the first fixing block, and a first valve 9.7 is arranged at the position of the first connecting channel 9.6; and a second connecting channel communicated with the second blind hole and the sixth channel is arranged in the second fixing block, and a second valve is arranged at the second connecting channel. The wireless communication unit and the cooling fan are both connected with the controller, and when the measured value of the first liquid level sensor or the second liquid level sensor is larger than a set threshold value, the controller controls the wireless communication unit to transmit an alarm signal.
As shown in fig. 4-11, the embodiment 2 further adds a heat dissipation feature on the basis of the embodiment 1, so that under the condition of normal use, the first and second valves are in a closed state, when the street lamp is turned on, the heat dissipation fan is turned on, heat dissipation airflow enters from the first and second fixed blocks, passes through the hollow lamp post and the heat dissipation fins, and takes away heat of the LED light-emitting unit and the storage battery together, so that the street lamp has a good heat dissipation effect. And the open ends of the fourth channel and the seventh channel are inclined downwards, so that rainwater is not easy to enter.
Because use on the square, especially summer needs continuous use several days, meet the possibility of torrential rain weather easily, have ponding on the square, in order to deal with this kind of condition, when having ponding on the square, ponding can be gone into first, two blind holes earlier to first, two liquid level sensor detect, thereby report to the police. Maintenance personnel maintain the street lamps in time, for example, remove the street lamps. The rainwater is prevented from entering the first horizontal channel and the second horizontal channel of the first substrate and the second substrate. The size of the street lamp can be set according to the requirement, the street lamp is particularly used as a decorative street lamp, different colors can be selected by the LED light-emitting units, the size of the street lamp is not required to be large, the height of the street lamp is about 2 meters, and when the cross-shaped rod rotates, the street lamp is more favorable for the decorative effect and has the feeling of being personally on the scene.
In addition, when the water collecting device is used on a sunny day, if the accumulated water in the first blind hole and the second blind hole is not completely treated, a false alarm may occur, and the situation is solved. When the first valve and the second valve are opened, the first blind hole and the second blind hole are communicated with the first horizontal channel and the second horizontal channel, so that the heating device is opened, the heat radiation fan is reversely rotated, hot air can be blown to the first blind hole and the second blind hole, on one hand, water in the first blind hole and the second blind hole is blown off, and on the other hand, water in the first blind hole and the second blind hole is evaporated to be dry quickly. Thereby accumulated water can be cleaned. The false alarm caused by the accumulated water not being cleaned up when the water is used in a sunny day is avoided.
While the invention has been shown and described with respect to the preferred embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made without departing from the scope of the invention as defined in the following claims.