CN109175747A - A kind of comprehensive method directly observed of metal material penetration fustion welding keyhole profile - Google Patents
A kind of comprehensive method directly observed of metal material penetration fustion welding keyhole profile Download PDFInfo
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- CN109175747A CN109175747A CN201811336366.0A CN201811336366A CN109175747A CN 109175747 A CN109175747 A CN 109175747A CN 201811336366 A CN201811336366 A CN 201811336366A CN 109175747 A CN109175747 A CN 109175747A
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K37/00—Auxiliary devices or processes, not specially adapted to a procedure covered by only one of the preceding main groups
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K31/00—Processes relevant to this subclass, specially adapted for particular articles or purposes, but not covered by only one of the preceding main groups
Abstract
The present invention provides a kind of comprehensive method directly observed of metal material penetration fustion welding keyhole profile, including using a kind of composite samples, composite samples include in upper metal specimen and the GG17 test specimen under, it is in n degree angle, and 0 ° of 90 ° of < n < between the top surface of the faying face and composite samples of metal specimen and GG17 test specimen；The method includes, step A, it is in the top surface of composite samples in horizontal plane, and plumb joint is set in the top of the composite samples, and the incident direction of the laser of plumb joint or electron beam is straight down, and the image pickup section including video camera for observing keyhole profile to be arranged；Step B, starting plumb joint carries out penetration fustion welding to composite samples, and welding direction is direction vertical with intersection L in horizontal plane.Method provided by the invention can direct observation comprehensive to keyhole profile, there is no observation dead angle, research to aperture behavior and aperture self-energy mechanism of absorption provide more accurate hole shape.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to penetration fustion welding fields, and in particular to a kind of metal material penetration fustion welding keyhole profile is comprehensive directly
The method of observation.
Background technique
As a kind of high-quality, efficient welding method, penetration fustion welding (including laser, electron beam etc.) has speed of welding
Fastly, the advantages that welding seam deep width ratio is big, heat affected area and welding deformation are small, in steel, nuclear power, aerospace, rail traffic, vapour
It is more and more widely used in the military projects such as vehicle, electronics industry, civilian Important Project, especially in traffic delivery means
Increasingly important role is played in lightweight (welding of the light materials such as thin-wall member and Al alloys andMg alloys).
(1) aperture observation technology status
The substantive characteristics of penetration fustion welding (including laser, electron beam etc.) is exactly to work as high power there are aperture (keyhole)
The focusing laser or electron beam of density irradiate workpiece material, workpiece material absorb the energy of laser or electron beam and generate fusing,
Gasification, then under the action of gasifying the bulbs of pressure, arranges generation aperture for melted material.The formation of aperture revolutionizes sharp
The energy coupling mode between material such as light or electron beam.Before keyhole formation, the energy of laser or electron beam can only be by work
Part Surface absorption, then transmitted by heat transfer to inside workpiece, bond pattern at this time is conduction welding；After keyhole formation,
Laser or electron beam can enter inside aperture, and energy is directly absorbed by inside workpiece, to realize penetration fustion welding.Therefore, small
The formation and maintenance in hole are the preconditions that the penetration fustion weldings such as laser or electron beam are achieved, and the determination of hole shape also becomes
Research penetration fustion welding (including laser, electron beam etc.) Process Energy coupling mechanism (i.e. keyhole effect) and penetration fustion welding mechanism
It is crucial.
But during the penetration fustion welding of metal material, aperture is wrapped among opaque metal material, it is difficult to
Directly observe.For this purpose, for many years, lot of domestic and foreign scholar always searches for the approach of observation aperture, many beneficial taste is made
Examination.The Arata et al. of Japan takes the lead in directly having observed laser from side by the method for high-speed photography using transparent glass material
Penetration fustion welding aperture.Since it is using common soda-lime glass, fusion temperature and gasification temperature difference very little, it is difficult to by aperture and
Other hyperthermia radiation regions distinguish, and the laser power (100 watts) used in addition is too small, and speed of welding (1mm/s) is too low, does not have
It is observed that clearly hole shape.For opaque metal material, Semak, Mohanty and Miyamato et al. are using high
Speed photography method from workpiece top observed Laser Deep Penetration Welding during workpiece surface aperture and melting pool shape.Arata
It then uses X-ray to penetrate imaging high-speed photographing method with the research group of Matsunawa and has observed Laser Deep Penetration Welding from side
Hole shape when metal, but effect is not ideal enough, because X-ray photographs contrast very little, hole shape are not clear enough, it is difficult to use
In further Quantitative Study.Wang et al., which is removed, penetrates imaging method from side observation Laser Deep Penetration Welding using X-ray
Outside melting pool shape when metal, two high-speed cameras are also set up at the top and bottom of workpiece respectively, for observing workpiece surface
And the hole shape of bottom, but the hole shape of inside workpiece can not be observed.
Applicant has also made some good tries to the direct observation of aperture during Laser Deep Penetration Welding, and constantly changes
Into observation method.Similar to the thinking of Arata et al., initially also laser depth is directly observed in trial with transparent material to applicant
Fusion welding aperture.Applicant has found a kind of transparent material --- GG17 that can be applied to simulated laser penetration fustion welding test very well
Glass replaces common soda-lime glass used in Arata et al., since the softening temperature and gasification temperature difference of GG17 glass are far,
And good thermal shock, it is not easy to burst in the welding process, can be avoided collapsing or penetrating for Laser Deep Penetration Welding aperture, guarantee small
Hole is complete and undistorted, and keyhole profile when observing Laser Deep Penetration Welding through it is feasible.Using this transparent examination
Part material completely and has clearly observed hole shape when Laser Deep Penetration Welding by high-speed photographing method (see Fig. 1).
Then, in order to directly observe hole shape when Laser Deep Penetration Welding metal material, applicant carries out the experimental provision of Fig. 1
It improves, propose and presss from both sides multilayer aluminium film (i.e. so-called " sandwich " method, see Fig. 2) using between two blocks of GG17 glass, focus
Laser is directly incident on aluminium film top and moves that (GG17 and the faying face of aluminium film are parallel with welding direction, and welding side along aluminium film
To in the horizontal plane) method, carry out simulated laser penetration fustion welding metal material process, through GG17 glass from side successfully
The shape of aperture is observed.But this method has a significant drawback: it is a kind of loose for welding metallic diaphragm used
The actual conditions of structure, fine and close workpiece when this and welding have very big difference, because loose multilayer aluminium film is to laser
The absorption of heat transfer, mass transfer and laser energy during penetration fustion welding and the influence of transmission process and the cause of engineering in practice
Close aluminum alloy materials are very different, the aperture and melting pool shape observed also with reality when welding fine and close workpiece material
Situation has very big difference.Theoretical research is carried out to keyhole effect with such aperture, especially calculating laser through hole
The multiple reflections of wall absorb the laser power density point of the inverse bremstrahlen absorption of (Fresnel absorption) and keyhole plasma
Cloth, calculated result make it difficult for people to convince.
The shortcomings that in order to overcome above-mentioned " sandwich " to simulate welding method, applicant, which has made this method, further to be changed
Into (see Fig. 3), using two-layer compound workpiece, (for half for engineering widely used fine and close aluminium alloy in practice, the other half is transparent
GG17 glass) replace " sandwich " structure workpiece GG17 glass steam and metal etc. are utilized by the method for high-speed photography
The difference of the luminous intensity of gas ions is small when directly observing Laser Deep Penetration Welding aluminium alloy from side through transparent glass material
Hole, melting pool shape.This modified " sandwich " method has obtained rapidly the application of studies in China person.But using Fig. 1 to figure
3 experimental provision can only be realized small when directly observing Laser Deep Penetration Welding aluminium alloy from side through transparent glass material
Hole shape can not achieve the omnibearing observation of aperture.
To sum up it can be found that: existing aperture observation method can only realize from workpiece top surface, bottom surface or side observation swash
Hole shape when optical depth fusion welding, i.e., can only obtain in workpiece top surface, bottom surface or laser beam axis moving interface (that is,
The faying face of symmetrical section and metal and GG17) aperture chamfered shape, and true three-dimensional hole shape can not be obtained.
(2) plasma observation technology status
During penetration fustion welding (including laser, electron beam etc.), after keyhole formation, swash in the focusing of high power density
Under light or electron beam effect, metallic vapour occurs ionization and forms plasma in hole.Plasma is inhaled by anti-bremstrahlen
Laser energy is received, the energy of absorption is then passed into workpiece material by way of convection current, thermally conductive and heat radiation.Plasma
Inverse Bremsstrahlung absorption to laser is another importance of keyhole effect.The plasma of different densities, volume and state
Cognition causes different degrees of influence to the laser beam of process, due to the appearance of plasma, so that there are two kinds for laser energy
Mechanism of absorption, Fresnel absorbs and inverse Bremsstrahlung absorption.Plasma is furtherd investigate to the inverse Bremsstrahlung absorption of laser,
The all information of the plasma generated in laser beam welding must be grasped.Laser beam act on workpieces processing generation it is equal from
Daughter is referred to as photo plasma, can be divided into outside hole in plasma and hole etc. according to the different location of workpiece where plasma
Gas ions.Plasma due to studying more convenient for observation both at home and abroad at present outside hole.And keyhole plasma is due to being wrapped in not
Among transparent metal material, it is difficult directly to observe, scholars always search for the approach of its experimental observation.Miyamoto etc.
A series of spoke of the people studying small keyhole plasma in such a way that workpiece top arranges photodiodes by certain angle
Spectrum is penetrated, sees Fig. 4.But due to the bending of aperture during Laser Deep Penetration Welding, there are observation dead angles, therefore in this way
Hardly result in all information of plasma resonance spectrum in aperture.Zhang Yi et al. is based on " sandwich " scheme, using spectroscope
Keyhole plasma is directly observed, and calculates its temperature and density.Due to the inherent shortcoming of aforementioned " sandwich " scheme, knot
Fruit be also be difficult to it is compellent.Applicant is it is proposed that a kind of method (see Fig. 5) of direct observation keyhole plasma, the party
The GG17 glass that method uses to be noncrystal, spectral line be successive line, without it is any can with identification feature spectral line (see Fig. 9 (a)),
And there is no selective absorbing to the radiation spectrum wave band of alloying element in aluminium alloy, it can clearly be seen through this glass material
Characteristic radiation spectral line (see Fig. 9 (b)) of the alloying element in aluminium alloy during Laser Deep Penetration Welding is measured, therefore uses light
Metallic plasma radiation spectrum when spectrometer is through the observation of GG17 glass, analysis Laser Deep Penetration Welding aluminium alloy is also completely may be used
Capable.On the basis of this method is aperture observation device shown in Fig. 3, replaces high speed camera with multi-channel spectrometer, penetrate
Keyhole plasma radiation spectrum when GG17 transparent glass material directly detects Laser Deep Penetration Welding aluminium alloy from side.But
It is that this method can only observe the radiation spectrum information in symmetrical plane (i.e. aluminium alloy test specimen and GG17 glass test specimen contact surface),
And it can not achieve the direct observation of plasma resonance spectrum whole distributed intelligence in different depth orifice cross sectional.Obtain aperture
Whole distributed intelligences of interior plasma, it is necessary to accomplish the plasma spectrometry in comprehensive accurate detection aperture.
In conclusion in the prior art, full side both can be carried out to metal material penetration fustion welding keyhole profile without a kind of
The device and method that position is directly observed also carry out entirely without a kind of can be distributed to the small keyhole plasma of metal material penetration fustion welding
The device and method that orientation is directly observed equally also can be used for the comprehensive direct sight of metal material penetration fustion welding aperture without a kind of
The composite samples of survey.
Summary of the invention
Therefore, present invention firstly provides a kind of comprehensive direct observation composite samples of metal material penetration fustion welding aperture,
The composite samples include and top surface, that is, metal specimen of entire composite samples in upper metal specimen and the GG17 test specimen under
Top surface be plane, the bottom surface of metal specimen and the top surface of GG17 test specimen are smooth faying face, the metal specimen and
It is in n degree angle, and 0 ° of 90 ° of < n < between the faying face of GG17 test specimen and the top surface of composite samples.
In a kind of specific embodiment, 1 °≤n≤60 °, preferably 2 °≤n≤45 °, more preferable 5 °≤n≤30 °.
In a kind of specific embodiment, bottom surface, that is, GG17 test specimen bottom surface of the composite samples is plane, and multiple
The bottom surface for closing test specimen is parallel with the top surface of composite samples.
In a kind of specific embodiment, the composite samples are integrally in cuboid or the square bodily form.
In a kind of specific embodiment, the metal specimen is that top surface, ramped bottom surface and a vertical side are
Rectangle, and there are two the triangular prism shaped structures that opposite vertical side is right angled triangle.
In a kind of specific embodiment, the GG17 test specimen is triangular prism shaped structure or the GG17 test specimen is
Sloped top face, bottom surface and be rectangle there are two opposite vertical side, and other two opposite vertical side is right angle
Trapezoidal four prism type structure；And the preferably described GG17 test specimen is four prism type structure.
In a kind of specific embodiment, the metal specimen is aluminium alloy test specimen.
The present invention correspondingly provides a kind of penetration fustion welding aperture observation device, including the upper composite samples, and
It is arranged in below composite samples and for changing the reflecting mirror of light transmission direction.
In addition, the present invention provides a kind of comprehensive device directly observed of metal material penetration fustion welding keyhole profile, it is described
Device includes plumb joint, the composite samples below plumb joint, and the image pickup section for observing keyhole profile；Institute
Stating plumb joint is the plumb joint that can use laser or electron beam；The composite samples include in upper metal specimen and under
GG17 test specimen, and top surface, that is, metal specimen top surface of entire composite samples is plane, the bottom surface of metal specimen and GG17 test specimen
Top surface be smooth faying face, be in n between the top surface of the faying face and composite samples of the metal specimen and GG17 test specimen
Spend angle, and 0 ° of 90 ° of < n <；Described image shooting unit includes video camera, and described image shooting unit can connect from bottom to top
Continue the orifice cross sectional shape on the faying face of the shooting composite samples in the projection of horizontal plane.
In a kind of specific embodiment, described image shooting unit is integrally provided in translatable displacement work table
On.
In a kind of specific embodiment, the plumb joint is laser welding head, and is entered including laser beam, compressed air
Mouth, laser welding nozzle and GaAs condenser lens；Described image shooting unit further includes reflecting mirror and optical filter.
In a kind of specific embodiment, described device further includes for preventing metal from aoxidizing and reinforcing welding workpiece
The argon nozzle (11) of surface radiating.
In addition, the present invention correspondingly provides a kind of comprehensive side directly observed of metal material penetration fustion welding keyhole profile
Method includes using a kind of composite samples in the method, and the composite samples include in upper metal specimen and the GG17 under
Test specimen, and top surface, that is, metal specimen top surface of entire composite samples is plane, the bottom surface of metal specimen and the top of GG17 test specimen
Face is smooth faying face, is pressed from both sides between the top surface of the faying face and composite samples of the metal specimen and GG17 test specimen in n degree
Angle, and 0 ° of 90 ° of < n <；Described method includes following steps,
Step A, the composite samples are fixedly installed so that the top surface of composite samples is in horizontal plane, and described multiple
The top for closing test specimen is arranged plumb joint, and the plumb joint is can be using the plumb joint of laser or electron beam, and laser or electronics
The incident direction of beam is straight down；And the image pickup section for observing keyhole profile, described image shooting unit are set
Including video camera, and described image shooting unit can be continuously shot the aperture on the faying face of the composite samples from bottom to top and cut
Projection of the face shape in horizontal plane；
Step B, the intersection of the extended surface and composite samples top surface that define the faying face or faying face is L, starting welding
Head carries out penetration fustion welding to composite samples, and the translation direction of welding direction, that is, plumb joint in the welding process is in horizontal plane and to hand over
Line L vertical direction.
In a kind of specific embodiment, described image shooting unit is integrally provided in translatable displacement work table
On, the displacement work table is with welding direction and speed of welding synchronizing moving, to take the aperture on faying face in time
Projected image in the horizontal plane.
In addition, the present invention correspondingly provides a kind of comprehensive direct observation of the small keyhole plasma of metal material penetration fustion welding
Device, described device includes plumb joint, the composite samples below plumb joint, and for observing small keyhole plasma
The spectral signal detection part of situation；The plumb joint is the plumb joint that can use laser or electron beam；The composite samples
Including in upper metal specimen and the GG17 test specimen under, and entirely, top surface, that is, metal specimen top surface of composite samples is flat
Face, the bottom surface of metal specimen and the top surface of GG17 test specimen are smooth faying face, the knot of the metal specimen and GG17 test specimen
It is in n degree angle, and 0 ° of 90 ° of < n < between conjunction face and the top surface of composite samples；The spectral signal detection part include optical fiber and
Spectrometer.
In a kind of specific embodiment, the spectral signal detection part further includes reflecting mirror and optical fiber fixed plate.
In a kind of specific embodiment, the spectral signal detection part is integrally provided in translatable displacement work
On platform.
In a kind of specific embodiment, described device further includes for the comprehensive figure directly observed of keyhole profile
As shooting unit, described image shooting unit includes video camera, and described image shooting unit can be continuously shot institute from bottom to top
The orifice cross sectional shape on the faying face of composite samples is stated in the projection of horizontal plane.
In a kind of specific embodiment, described image shooting unit is integrally provided in a translatable displacement job
On platform, preferably described image shooting unit further includes reflecting mirror and optical filter.
In addition, the present invention correspondingly provides a kind of comprehensive direct observation of the small keyhole plasma of metal material penetration fustion welding
Method, include using a kind of composite samples in the method, the composite samples include in upper metal specimen and under
GG17 test specimen, and top surface, that is, metal specimen top surface of entire composite samples is plane, the bottom surface of metal specimen and GG17 test specimen
Top surface be smooth faying face, be in n between the top surface of the faying face and composite samples of the metal specimen and GG17 test specimen
Spend angle, and 0 ° of 90 ° of < n <；Described method includes following steps,
Step A, the composite samples are fixedly installed so that the top surface of composite samples is in horizontal plane, and described multiple
The top for closing test specimen is arranged plumb joint, and the plumb joint is can be using the plumb joint of laser or electron beam, and laser or electronics
The incident direction of beam is straight down；And the spectral signal detection part for observing plasma conditions in aperture is set, and
The spectral signal detection part includes optical fiber and spectrometer；
Step B, the intersection of the extended surface and composite samples top surface that define the faying face or faying face is L, starting welding
Head carries out penetration fustion welding to composite samples, and the translation direction of welding direction, that is, plumb joint in the welding process is in horizontal plane and to hand over
Line L vertical direction.
In a kind of specific embodiment, the spectral signal detection part further includes reflecting mirror and optical fiber fixed plate；
It is preferred that the spectral signal detection part is integrally provided on translatable displacement work table, the displacement work table is with welding
Direction and speed of welding synchronizing moving, to capture the spectral signal of the plasma in aperture in time.
It further include using image pickup section and the plumb joint and composite samples in a kind of specific embodiment
With the use of so as to the comprehensive direct observation of keyhole profile, described image shooting unit includes video camera, and described image is clapped
Orifice cross sectional shape that component can be continuously shot from bottom to top on the faying face of the composite samples is taken the photograph in the projection of horizontal plane；Tool
Body can first use image pickup section, plumb joint and composite samples observation keyhole profile, reasonable Arrangement optical fiber solid in optical fiber
Position on fixed board, to ensure that optical fiber can obtain the optical signal in entire orifice cross sectional, afterwards using spectral signal detection part,
Plasma in plumb joint and composite samples observation aperture；Or first using spectral signal detection part, plumb joint and
Composite samples observe the plasma in aperture, observe hole-shaped using image pickup section, plumb joint and composite samples afterwards
Looks.
The present invention at least has the following beneficial effects:
1) aperture observation experiment device provided by the invention can observe true three-dimension aperture in different depths clear and accurately
Cross-sectional profiles at degree, there is no observation dead angles to be more in line with practical aperture so that the accuracy of later reconstitution aperture is higher
Shape, research and aperture self-energy mechanism of absorption to aperture behavior provide more accurate hole shape.
2) aperture keyhole plasma observation device provided by the invention can detect true at different depth clear and accurately
Plasma resonance spectral information in real three-dimensional orifice cross sectional can be obtained true in conjunction with the accurate three-dimensional aperture that reconstruct obtains
Whole plasma resonance spectral informations in three-dimensional aperture, there is no observation dead angles, are more in line with actual conditions, are plasma
The research of body inverse Bremsstrahlung absorption provides accurate keyhole plasma parameter.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is the first penetration fustion welding keyhole profile observation device structure chart in the prior art.
Fig. 2 is second of penetration fustion welding keyhole profile observation device structure chart in the prior art.
Fig. 3 is the third penetration fustion welding keyhole profile observation device structure chart in the prior art.
Fig. 4 is the small keyhole plasma observation device structure chart of the first penetration fustion welding in the prior art.
Fig. 5 is the small keyhole plasma observation device structure chart of second of penetration fustion welding in the prior art, is specifically included
Fig. 5 (a) and Fig. 5 (b).
Fig. 6 is the comprehensive direct observation device structure chart of penetration fustion welding keyhole profile provided by the invention.
Fig. 7 is the comprehensive direct observation device structure chart of the small keyhole plasma of penetration fustion welding provided by the invention.
Fig. 8 is the structural schematic diagram for having formed composite samples in the present invention of aperture during penetration fustion welding.
In Fig. 6 of the invention into Fig. 8: 1- laser beam, the compressed air inlet 2-, 3- laser welding nozzle, the examination of 4- metal
Part, 5-GG17 test specimen, 6- optical filter, 7, video camera, 8- reflecting mirror, 9- aperture, 10- welding direction, 11- argon nozzle, 12-
GaAs condenser lens, 13- optical fiber fixed plate, 14- optical fiber, 15- spectrometer, 88- faying face.
Fig. 9 is the spectrum line chart of the prior art or GG17 glass provided by the invention and aluminium alloy, specifically includes Fig. 9 (a)
With Fig. 9 (b).
Specific embodiment
As shown in fig. 6, the present invention provides a kind of comprehensive method directly observed of metal material penetration fustion welding keyhole profile,
It include using a kind of composite samples in the method, the composite samples include the GG17 examination in upper metal specimen and under
Part, and top surface, that is, metal specimen top surface of entire composite samples is plane, the bottom surface of metal specimen and the top surface of GG17 test specimen
It is smooth faying face, is in n degree angle between the top surface of the faying face and composite samples of the metal specimen and GG17 test specimen,
And 0 ° of 90 ° of < n <；Described method includes following steps, step A, the composite samples is fixedly installed so that composite samples
Top surface is in horizontal plane, and plumb joint is arranged in the top of the composite samples, and the plumb joint is that can use laser or electricity
The plumb joint of beamlet, and the incident direction of laser or electron beam is straight down；And the image for observing keyhole profile is set
Shooting unit, described image shooting unit include video camera, and described image shooting unit can be continuously shot from bottom to top it is described
The projection of hole shape on the faying face of composite samples in horizontal plane；Step B, the extension of the faying face or faying face is defined
The intersection of face and composite samples top surface is L, and starting plumb joint carries out penetration fustion welding to composite samples, and welding direction, that is, plumb joint exists
Translation direction in welding process is direction vertical with intersection L in horizontal plane.
In a kind of specific embodiment, described image shooting unit is integrally provided in translatable displacement work table
On, the displacement work table is with welding direction and speed of welding synchronizing moving, to take the aperture on faying face in time
Projected image in the horizontal plane.
In a kind of specific embodiment, the plumb joint is laser welding head, and is entered including laser beam, compressed air
Mouth, laser welding nozzle and GaAs condenser lens；Described image shooting unit further includes reflecting mirror and optical filter.
In a kind of specific embodiment, further include the top of the composite samples using argon nozzle to aperture at
Spray protection argon gas is to prevent metal oxidation.
In a kind of specific embodiment, 1 °≤n≤60 °, preferably 2 °≤n≤45 °, more preferable 5 °≤n≤30 °.
In a kind of specific embodiment, bottom surface, that is, GG17 test specimen bottom surface of the composite samples is plane, and multiple
The bottom surface for closing test specimen is parallel with the top surface of composite samples.
In a kind of specific embodiment, the composite samples are integrally in cuboid or the square bodily form.
In a kind of specific embodiment, the metal specimen is that top surface, ramped bottom surface and a vertical side are
Rectangle, and there are two the triangular prism shaped structures that opposite vertical side is right angled triangle.
In a kind of specific embodiment, the GG17 test specimen is triangular prism shaped structure or the GG17 test specimen is
Sloped top face, bottom surface and be rectangle there are two opposite vertical side, and other two opposite vertical side is right angle
Trapezoidal four prism type structure；And the preferably described GG17 test specimen is four prism type structure.
In a kind of specific embodiment, the metal specimen is aluminium alloy test specimen.
Embodiment 1
The technical side of the aperture cross-sectional profiles shape at different depth is directly observed using device as shown in Figure 6 layering
Case.
As shown in fig. 6, it is a kind of directly observed for metal material penetration fustion welding (laser, electron beam etc.) keyhole profile it is new
Device, including mainly by laser beam 1, compressed air inlet 2, laser welding nozzle 3, argon nozzle 11, GaAs condenser lens 12
The laser welding head of composition, the composite samples being made of metal specimen 4 and GG17 test specimen 5, and by optical filter 6,7 and of video camera
The image pickup section that reflecting mirror 8 forms.
The experimental principle observed in Fig. 6: the present invention uses two-layer compound workpiece, i.e., upper part metals test specimen 4 is that engineering is real
Widely used metal in border, lower part GG17 test specimen 5 are transparent, good thermal shock special glass GG17, the knot of the two
Conjunction face is the inclined-plane of a low-angle.Utilize the difference of the luminous intensity of GG17 glass steam and metallic plasma, high speed camera
Metal specimen and GG17 from different depth when directly observing metal material penetration fustion welding from workpiece bottom through transparent glass material
Aperture, melting pool shape on glass test specimen faying face.In the case where welding stable, by selecting the optical filter 6 of suitable thickness,
High speed camera obtains a series of aperture, molten bath cross section profile, i.e., layer-by-layer section is directly observed, and is similar to medically common CT
(CT scan) imaging technique.On the basis of orifice cross sectional shape layer-by-layer observed result, it can be obtained by reconstruct
True three-dimension hole shape is obtained, provides precision orifice shape foundation for the theoretical research of keyhole effect.
The diameter of aperture and depth can be due to bonding power, speed of welding, defocusing amount and workpiece material be different not
Together, but the hole diameter of Laser Deep Penetration Welding is usually less than 1mm.Under the stable state of the penetration fustion welding of metal material, this
Aperture always exists, and plasma is full of inside entire aperture.That is, those skilled in the art in the prior art
It is known that the aperture is irregular bending aperture, whole (vertical) in the height direction substantially in be bent and tip downward
Up big and down small shape, and the bending direction of aperture with welding direction on the contrary, the top surface shape of aperture be reported to it is round, ellipse
Circle is in the shapes such as drops.And in the prior art it is known that the height of aperture and aperture symmetrical section shape.
But the cross-sectional shape for not knowing the aperture of each depth in aperture in the prior art, can only be by the depth in aperture reconstruct
It is similar fitgures that the cross-sectional shape at place, which is ideally described as round, ellipse or droplet-shaped etc. and the top surface shape of aperture,
Shape.And many scholars including inventor think, and because the penetration fustion welding of metal is the process of a dynamic change, thus it is small
Cross-sectional shape inside hole may be with the shape at the top of aperture and irrelevant.But it is comprehensive without a kind of energy in the prior art
Directly observe the device of penetration fustion welding keyhole profile.
It is most initially the shape that aperture top surface (radial dimension maximum) is imaged out under welding direction shown in Fig. 6,
The aperture bottom i.e. shape at its tip position is finally imaged out.If welding direction be with welding direction in Fig. 6 on the contrary, if most open
The shape at its tip position of aperture bottom is imaged out when the beginning, the shape of aperture top surface is finally imaged out.
In the present invention, the high speed camera is the abbreviation namely CCD of high-speed camera.The setting of high speed camera described in Fig. 6
In the side of composite samples, main purpose be when preventing penetration fustion welding splatter and damage camera.It is taken in Laser Deep Penetration Welding
Cheng Zhong, although the direction of laser irradiation can be on any direction, most common laser irradiation direction is usually straight down
Or be slightly slanted, the present invention selects laser straight down for the ease of the pattern of the aperture formed when research penetration fustion welding
Irradiation.
Embodiment 2
The skill of plasma information in the aperture cross section at different depth is directly observed using device as shown in Figure 7 layering
Art scheme.
As shown in fig. 7, a kind of directly see for metal material penetration fustion welding (laser, electron beam etc.) small keyhole plasma
The new equipment of survey, including mainly focused by laser beam 1, compressed air inlet 2, laser welding nozzle 3, argon nozzle 11, GaAs
The laser welding head that lens 12 form, the composite samples being made of metal specimen 4 and GG17 test specimen 5, and by reflecting mirror 8, light
The plasma spectrometry signal detecting part that fine fixed plate 13, optical fiber 14 and spectrometer 15 form.
The experimental principle observed in Fig. 7: the present invention uses two-layer compound workpiece, i.e., upper part metals test specimen 4 is that engineering is real
Widely used metal in border, lower part GG17 test specimen 5 are transparent GG17 glass, and the faying face of the two is the oblique of a low-angle
Face.It is direct from workpiece bottom through transparent glass material using multi-channel spectrometer 15 by the multifiber 14 of reasonable Arrangement
In orifice cross sectional when observing metal material penetration fustion welding at different depth in metal specimen and GG17 glass test specimen faying face
Plasma resonance spectral information.In the case where welding stable, multi-channel spectrometer 15 can continuously acquire a series of aperture
Plasma information in section, i.e., layer-by-layer section are directly observed, and being similar to medically common CT, (electronic computer tomography is swept
Retouch) imaging technique.Aperture cross sectional shape successively observes the true three-dimension hole shape that reconstruct obtains in 1 in conjunction with the embodiments, can obtain
Whole plasma resonance spectral distribution informations in true three-dimension aperture are taken, are ground for plasma inverse Bremsstrahlung absorption theory
Study carefully and accurate keyhole plasma parameter is provided.
In Fig. 7 of the present invention, because an optical fiber can only observe the distributed intelligence of the plasma in certain area, thus
Completely plasma information is obtained in aperture, then needs reasonably to arrange the position of multifiber, optical fiber is seen in the present invention
The gross area of survey is at least more than aperture top surface area (aperture top surface area is that entire aperture cross-sectional area is maximum), specific cloth
Scheme is set referring to aperture top surface.And optical fiber is used to observe the longitudinal section information of aperture in the prior art, thus wherein only relate to light
Arrangement of the fibre on one-dimensional square (small hole center axis), and the optical fiber in the present invention is related to that (aperture is transversal in two-dimensional directional
Face) on reasonable Arrangement.
Embodiment 3
Fig. 8 is the structural schematic diagram for having formed composite samples in the present invention of aperture 9 during penetration fustion welding.?
Before penetration fustion welding, aperture is free of in heretofore described composite samples.The composite samples include in upper 4 He of metal specimen
GG17 test specimen 5 under, and top surface, that is, metal specimen top surface of entire composite samples is plane, the bottom surface of metal specimen with
The top surface of GG17 test specimen is smooth faying face, the faying face (88) and composite samples of the metal specimen and GG17 test specimen
It is in n degree angle, and 0 ° of 90 ° of < n < between top surface.
During preparing composite samples of the invention (its structure is for example shown in Fig. 8), by metal specimen and GG17 test specimen
Faying face polishes smooth, then secures the two together to form composite samples with fixture.
In the present invention, the value of the n is, for example, 1 °≤n≤60 °, preferably 2 °≤n≤45 °, more preferable 5 °≤n≤30 °.
The angle n is bigger, more level off to 90 ° when, the ratio of the length of composite samples is got in the height and welding direction of composite samples
Greatly, under same speed of welding, the variation of keyhole profile on faying face is faster, therefore when n is excessive may result in high speed phase
The camera speed and precision of machine do not reach requirement, and influence the accuracy of observation of aperture.The angle n is smaller, more level off to 0 ° when, it is multiple
The ratio for closing the length of composite samples in the height and welding direction of test specimen is smaller, under same speed of welding, on faying face
Keyhole profile variation is slower, therefore n more hour, generally to shoot precision higher.But it may result in the length of composite samples when n is too small
It is excessive to spend (length in welding direction).
In the present invention, if metal specimen is four prism type, the keyhole profile of the one section of depth started at the top of aperture is by nothing
Method takes, thus metal specimen is triangular prism shaped structure in the preferred present invention.In the present invention, preferably the bottom surface of composite samples with
The top surface of composite samples is parallel, and the composite samples is facilitated to be fixed and observed by fixture.
In the present invention, the part in composite samples under uses GG17 glass test specimen.GG-17 belongs to the one of flame resistant glass
Kind, specifically a kind of high-boron-silicon glass.High-boron-silicon glass has low-down thermal expansion coefficient, high temperature resistant, resistance to 200 degree of the temperature difference
Drastic change.The softening temperature and gasification temperature difference of GG17 glass are far, and good thermal shock, are not easy to burst in the welding process.
The spectrum of GG17 glass will not have an impact and interfere to the observation of aluminium alloy penetration fustion welding, therefore becomes aluminium known today and close
The best glass of golden penetration fustion welding research.If but the following discovery or develop it is more more particularly suitable than GG17 glass in lower test specimen, can
The GG17 test specimen substituted in the present invention is used to obtain composite samples.
In addition, the GaAs focuses saturating in apparatus of the present invention that the prior art and Fig. 6~7 that Fig. 1~5 is represented represent
The purposes of mirror is that the light focusing for issuing laser beam is formed compared with small light spot, plays the role of concentrating energy.The protection argon gas
Purposes mainly have 1. air-isolation, avoid in test specimen welding process oxidation from influencing welding effect；2. blowing away aperture top to be formed
Plasma, avoid plasma change laser path, influence welding heat input；3. reinforcing workpiece surface heat dissipation, effectively
Reduce the effects of workpiece deformation in ground.Protection air, that is, compressed gas purposes is that spatter object is avoided to destroy the GaAs
Condenser lens.The purposes of the optical filter is the photo for taking appropriate brightness, can significantly distinguish aperture portion and height
Warm molten bath part, concrete implementation method is: adjusting the attenuation rate of optical filter, the brightness for photographing section of decaying, to obtain image
Clearly orifice cross sectional photo.In Fig. 5 be arranged displacement work table purpose be in order to enable plasma observation equipment keep with
The aperture synchronizing moving formed in penetration fustion welding, to capture the pattern of orifice cross sectional (on faying face) in time.
It is all the shape that the section (i.e. faying face) of aperture is directly shot from side in the prior-art devices that Fig. 1~5 is represented
Looks, thus wherein change the direction of light without the use of reflective mirror.It and is from compound examination in apparatus of the present invention that Fig. 6~7 is represented
The pattern for going to the section (i.e. faying face) of shooting aperture to project below part in the horizontal plane, and be to exempt from equipment such as high speed camera etc.
The molten metal to be splashed damages and cannot directly be disposed at the lower section of composite samples, thus needs in the present invention using anti-
Mirror is penetrated to observe the aperture of penetration fustion welding.In addition, upper part is opaque because the lower part of composite samples is transparent glass
Metal, and camera is shot from the bottom up, thus what high speed camera of the present invention observed is aperture on faying face, molten bath shape
Shape, and what is observed directly is the projection of the shape in the horizontal plane.
In the device and correlation method of Fig. 6 and Fig. 7 of the present invention, skilled artisans will appreciate that, it is all from the friendship
The medium position of line L starts to weld, and terminates to weld when being generally welded onto the medium position of the opposite side of intersection L；Either with
This opposite path bond.The speed of penetration fustion welding aluminium alloy is, for example, 1000mm/min, naturally it is also possible to be it is other faster or
Slower speed of welding.
From Fig. 1~7 as it can be seen that welding direction line is parallel with faying face or in faying face in the prior art, and in the present invention
Welding direction line and faying face form an acute angle.
Unlike the prior art, the present invention is achieving important breakthrough following aspects.
1) mobile section of workpiece top surface, bottom surface or laser beam axis can only be observed for existing keyhole profile observation method
The aperture chamfered shape of (that is, symmetrical section), can not achieve the deficiency of aperture omnibearing observation, the present invention provides one in face
Kind realizes that the experimental provision of the aperture cross-sectional profiles shape at different depth is directly observed in layering by transparent material, thoroughly solution
It has determined the omnibearing observation problem of metal material penetration fustion welding aperture.
2) for existing plasma observation method can only peephole is outer or laser beam axis moving interface in (that is,
Symmetrical section) keyhole plasma information, can not achieve the deficiency of plasma information omnibearing observation in aperture, the present invention
It provides a kind of be layered by transparent material realization and directly observes plasma information in the aperture cross section at different depth
Experimental provision thoroughly solves the omnibearing observation problem of metal material penetration fustion welding aperture keyhole plasma information.
The above content is combine specific preferred embodiment to the further description of the invention made, and it cannot be said that originally
The specific implementation of invention is only limited to these instructions.For those of ordinary skill in the art to which the present invention belongs, not
Under the premise of being detached from present inventive concept, several simple deductions and replacement can also be made, all shall be regarded as belonging to guarantor of the invention
Protect range.
Claims (10)
- It include using a kind of 1. a kind of comprehensive method directly observed of metal material penetration fustion welding keyhole profile, in the method Composite samples, the composite samples include in upper metal specimen (4) and the GG17 test specimen (5) under, and entire composite samples Top surface, that is, metal specimen top surface be plane, the bottom surface of metal specimen and the top surface of GG17 test specimen are smooth faying face, It is in n degree angle, and 0 ° of 90 ° of < n < between the metal specimen and the faying face (88) and the top surface of composite samples of GG17 test specimen；Described method includes following steps,Step A, the composite samples are fixedly installed so that the top surface of composite samples is in horizontal plane, and in the compound examination The top of part is arranged plumb joint, and the plumb joint is can be using laser or the plumb joint of electron beam, and laser or electron beam enter Penetrating direction is straight down；And the image pickup section for observing keyhole profile is set, described image shooting unit includes taking the photograph Camera (7), and described image shooting unit can be continuously shot the hole shape on the faying face of the composite samples from bottom to top In the projection of horizontal plane；Step B, the intersection of the extended surface and composite samples top surface that define the faying face or faying face is L, starts plumb joint pair Composite samples carry out penetration fustion welding, and welding direction (10) the i.e. translation direction of plumb joint in the welding process is in horizontal plane and to hand over Line L vertical direction.
- 2. method according to claim 1, which is characterized in that described image shooting unit is integrally provided in translatable displacement On workbench, the displacement work table is with welding direction and speed of welding synchronizing moving, to take on faying face in time Aperture projected image in the horizontal plane.
- 3. method according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the plumb joint is laser welding head, and including laser beam (1), compressed air inlet (2), laser welding nozzle (3) and GaAs condenser lens (12)；Described image shooting unit further includes Reflecting mirror (8) and optical filter (6).
- 4. method according to claim 1, which is characterized in that further include using argon nozzle in the top of the composite samples (11) to spray protection argon gas at aperture to prevent metal oxidation.
- 5. the method according to claim 1, wherein 1 °≤n≤60 °, preferably 2 °≤n≤45 °, more preferable 5 °≤ n≤30°。
- 6. the method according to claim 1, wherein the bottom surface of the composite samples, that is, GG17 test specimen bottom surface is Plane, and the bottom surface of composite samples is parallel with the top surface of composite samples.
- 7. according to the method described in claim 6, it is characterized in that, the composite samples are integrally in cuboid or the square bodily form.
- 8. the method according to the description of claim 7 is characterized in that the metal specimen is that top surface, ramped bottom surface and one are perpendicular It is rectangle to side, and there are two the triangular prism shaped structures that opposite vertical side is right angled triangle.
- 9. the method according to the description of claim 7 is characterized in that the GG17 test specimen is triangular prism shaped structure or described GG17 test specimen is sloped top face, bottom surface and is rectangle there are two opposite vertical side, and other two opposite vertical side Face is the four prism type structure of right-angled trapezium；And the preferably described GG17 test specimen is four prism type structure.
- 10. method described according to claim 1~any one of 9, which is characterized in that the metal specimen is aluminium alloy examination Part.
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