CN109161002A - 基于烷氧噻吩炔单元的n型共轭聚合物及其在有机光伏中的应用 - Google Patents

基于烷氧噻吩炔单元的n型共轭聚合物及其在有机光伏中的应用 Download PDF

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CN109161002A
CN109161002A CN201810702964.9A CN201810702964A CN109161002A CN 109161002 A CN109161002 A CN 109161002A CN 201810702964 A CN201810702964 A CN 201810702964A CN 109161002 A CN109161002 A CN 109161002A
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thiophene
alcoxyl
conjugated polymer
unit
alkynes
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黄飞
刘孝诚
胡志诚
应磊
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South China University of Technology SCUT
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Abstract

本发明涉及基于烷氧噻吩炔单元的n型共轭聚合物及其在有机光伏中的应用。所述的共轭聚合物由烷氧噻吩炔与酰亚胺共聚而成。通过在聚合物主链中引入炔键可以提高聚合物的平面性；同时，烷氧噻吩单元的引入可以增强分子内电荷转移，从而获得高的电子迁移率；此外，采用高迁移率的苝/萘二酰亚胺单元保障了材料的高迁移率。所述的聚合物可作为高效的电子受体用于有机太阳电池中。合成方法采用Sonogashira聚合，避免了高毒的有机锡中间体，适合以后的工业生产。

Description

基于烷氧噻吩炔单元的n型共轭聚合物及其在有机光伏中的 应用
技术领域
本发明涉及高分子光电材料领域，具体涉及基于烷氧噻吩炔单元的n型共轭聚合物及其在有机光伏中的应用。
背景技术
随着科学技术的进步和人类社会的发展，人们对能源的需求也与日俱增。同其他的新型能源相比，太阳能具有不受地域限制、无污染、利用成本较低等巨大的优势。如何高效地利用太阳能是全世界科学家长期以来为之奋斗的重要科学和技术难题。而太阳电池也就无可厚非成为了最好的太阳能利用元件，制备高效、廉价、可大面积制备的太阳电池一直是各国在获取新能源、特别是清洁能源技术研究中的主要目标之一。
太阳电池是一种根据材料的光伏效应产生电能的器件。根据光伏活性材料的不同，太阳电池可以分为无机太阳电池、染料敏化太阳电池和有机/聚合物薄膜太阳电池三种。其中，以多晶硅为代表的已实现商品化的无机太阳电池的效率已达到20％以上。与无机太阳电池、染料敏化太阳电池相比，有机/聚合物太阳电池具有柔性高、制作成本低和可卷对卷印刷加工等无法相比的优点，因此日益受到人们的关注并得到不断发展。
当前有机太阳电池研究的主流是基于共轭聚合物的本体异质结聚合物太阳电池，此类器件通常采用旋涂有高功涵的ITO的玻璃或塑料基板作为阴极，而活性层通常由p-型共轭聚合物(电子给体)和n-型共轭聚合物或PCBM(电子受体)的共混膜(光敏活性层)夹在ITO(氧化铟锡)透光电极(正极)和Al等金属电极(负极)之间所组成，界面修饰层嵌于阴极与活性层或阳极与活性层之间，1992年，Sariciftci等发现了共轭聚合物和富勒烯(C60)的混合物受光激发作用会产生迅速、高效的光诱导电子转移。此后，富勒烯作为典型的电子受体材料受到了广泛关注，并且迅猛发展。随后，一系列富勒烯衍生物被开发出来，并展示出了良好的电子受体性质，比如PC61BM，PC71BM等。迄今为止，科研工作者使用PC61BM和PC71BM作为电子受体，制作了串联叠层OPV器件，其最高转化效率为11.62％。但由于富勒烯及其衍生物材料吸光波长范围较窄、亲和能高、溶解性差等，严重制约了富勒烯作为有机太阳电池电子受体材料的更广泛应用和器件性能的进一步提升。共轭聚合物作为电子受体材料相对于富勒烯及其衍生物，发展比较缓慢。近年来，共轭聚合物电子受体材料因为其能级可调、合成简便、制作成本低、溶解性能优异等吸引了人们越来越多的关注。更重要的是，此类材料在可见太阳光光谱中比富勒烯及其衍生物材料有更为宽广的吸收范围。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于设计并合成一类主链结构为苝/萘二酰亚胺与烷氧噻吩炔的n型共轭聚合物并将其作为电子受体材料用于有机太阳电池。
本发明技术方案如下。
基于烷氧噻吩炔单元的n型共轭聚合物，具有以下结构：
其中，n为小于100万的正整数，A为萘二酰亚胺或者苝二酰亚胺单元，R为烷基链。
进一步地，所述的A单元为以下结构中的一种：
R1，R2为具有1～40个碳原子的直链、支链或者环状烷基链，其中一个或多个碳原子可被氧原子、烯基、炔基、芳基、羟基、氨基、羰基、羧基、酯基、氰基，甲基，乙基，甲氧基、硝基取代，氢原子可被氟原子取代。
进一步地，所述的R为具有1～20个碳原子的直链、支链或者环状烷基链。
主链结构为苝/萘二酰亚胺与烷氧噻吩炔的n型共轭聚合物作为电子受体用于有机光伏器件中。
本发明所述的新型共轭聚合物通过Sonogashira聚合反应得到。
本发明中使用的有机光伏器件结构如图1所示，由衬底1、阴极2、阴极界面层3、光吸收层4、阳极界面层5、阳极6。光吸收层受体由本发明合成的共轭聚合物组成。
本发明太阳电池中，阳极材料优选为铝、银、金、钙/铝合金或钙/银合金。
本发明所述阳极界面层优选为有机共轭聚合物(如聚3,4-乙撑二氧噻吩/聚苯乙烯磺酸盐)或无机半导体。
本发明所述阴极优选为金属、金属氧化物(如氧化铟锡导电膜(ITO)，掺杂二氧化锡(FTO)，氧化锌(ZnO)，铟镓锌氧化物(IGZO))和石墨烯及其衍生物中的至少一种。
本发明所述衬底优选为玻璃、柔性材料(如聚酰亚胺、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯、乙烯对苯二甲酸酯、聚萘二甲酸乙二醇酯或其他聚酯材料)、金属、合金和不锈钢薄膜中的至少一种。
与现有技术相比，本发明具有以下特点：
(1)本发明设计了一系列主链为苝/萘二酰亚胺与烷氧噻吩炔的n型半导体共轭聚合物，分子具有很高的电子迁移率；
(2)烷氧噻吩的引入是的聚合物具有较浅的LUMO能级，作为受体材料有利于获得较高的开路电压；此外，烷氧噻吩作为强给电子单元，能够增强分子间的电荷转移。
附图说明
图1有机太阳电池结构示意图；
图2所述的n型共轭聚合物(PTO,NTO)的紫外-可见光-近红外吸收谱图；
图3电池结构为ITO阳极/阳极界面层/活性层/阴机界面层/阴极(正装结构)时，代表性含本次发明的共轭聚合物(PTO,NTO)作为电子受体材料时电池器件的电流-电压曲线图。
具体实施方式
下面通过具体实施例对本发明作进一步的说明，其目的在于帮助更好的理解本发明的内容，具体包括合成、表征与器件制备，但这些具体实施方案不以任何方式限制本发明的保护范围。
实施例1
代表性合成路线如下：
(1)单体M1按照文献[Serin J M,Brousmiche D W,Fréchet J M J.A FRET-basedultraviolet to near-infrared frequency converter[J].Journal of the AmericanChemical Society,2002,124(40):11848-11849.]公开的方法合成。
(2)单体M2按照文献[Zhang W,Tao F,Xi L,et al.Novel thieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione-based conjugated copolymers with donor–acceptor structures[J].Journal of Materials Science,2012,47(1):323-331.]公开的方法合成。
(3)单体M3按照文献[Vadehra G S,Maloney R P,Garcia-Garibay M A,etal.Naphthalene diimide based materials with adjustable redox potentials:evaluation for organic lithium-ion batteries[J].Chemistry of Materials,2014,26(24):7151-7157.]公开的方法合成。
(4)聚合物PTO,NTO的合成：
将单体M1(0.22mmol)和单体M2(0.22mmol)加入到25mL两口烧瓶中，通入氮气保护，加入5mL氯苯和2.5ml二异丙胺。抽换气两次后加入7mgPd(PPh3)2Cl2、4mgCuI，60℃反应2h后用甲醇将聚合物沉淀出来，分别用丙酮、二氯甲烷，氯仿抽提。收集氯仿相，再次用甲醇沉淀出来，在真空条件下干燥24h。得183mg深绿色聚合物PTO，产率81％。GPC:Mn＝31.0kDa,Mw＝84.6kDa,PDI＝2.73.
将单体M3(0.22mmol)和单体M2(0.22mmol)加入到25mL两口烧瓶中，通入氮气保护，加入5mL氯苯和2.5ml二异丙胺。抽换气两次后加入7mgPd(PPh3)2Cl2、4mgCuI，60℃反应2h后用甲醇将聚合物沉淀出来，分别用丙酮、二氯甲烷，氯苯抽提。收集氯苯相，再次用甲醇沉淀出来，在真空条件下干燥24h。得103mg深蓝色聚合物NTO，产率48％。GPC:Mn＝47.0kDa,Mw＝116.6kDa,PDI＝2.48.
将所得的聚合物进行溶液的吸收光谱的测定，如图2所示。
实施例2
以实施例1所合成的共轭聚合物PTO，NTO作为电子受体在有机太阳电池(ITO阳极/阳极界面层/活性层/阴机界面层/阴极)中应用。
将ITO导电玻璃，方块电阻～20欧/平方厘米，预切成15毫米×15毫米方片。依次用丙酮、微米级半导体专用洗涤剂、去离子水、异丙醇超声清洗，氮气吹扫后置于恒温烘箱备用。在ITO上旋凃一层20nm厚的PEDOT:PSS，然后旋涂活性层材料PBDB-T/PTO，PBDB-T/NTO，厚度均为100纳米。然后旋涂一层5nm厚的PFN-Br，最后蒸镀Ag电极。所有制备过程均在提供氮气氛围的手套箱内进行。所制备的正装电池器件的电流-电压曲线如图3所示，相关的数据在表1中列出。
表1代表性共轭聚合物作为电子受体材料时，有机太阳电池的性能参数
本发明的上述实施例仅仅是为清楚地说明本发明所作的举例，而并非是对本发明的实施方式的限定。对于所属领域的普通技术人员来说，在上述说明的基础上还可以做出其它不同形式的变化或变动。这里无需也无法对所有的实施方式予以穷举。凡在本发明的精神和原则之内所作的任何修改、等同替换和改进等，均应包含在本发明权利要求的保护范围之内。

Claims (6)

1.基于烷氧噻吩炔单元的n型共轭聚合物，其特征在于，结构如下所示：
其中，n为小于100万的正整数，A为萘二酰亚胺或者苝二酰亚胺单元，R为烷基链。
2.根据权利要求1所述基于烷氧噻吩炔单元的n型共轭聚合物，其特征在于，所述的A单元为以下结构中的一种：
3.根据权利要求1所述基于烷氧噻吩炔单元的n型共轭聚合物，其特征在于，所述的R为具有1～20个碳原子的直链、支链或者环状烷基链。
4.根据权利要求2所述基于烷氧噻吩炔单元的n型共轭聚合物，其特征在于，所述的R1，R2为具有1～40个碳原子的直链、支链或者环状烷基链。
5.根据权利要求2所述基于烷氧噻吩炔单元的n型共轭聚合物，其特征在于，所述直链、支链或者环状烷基链中一个或多个碳原子被氧原子、烯基、炔基、芳基、羟基、氨基、羰基、羧基、酯基、氰基，甲基，乙基，甲氧基、硝基取代，氢原子被氟原子取代。
6.根据权利要求1-5任一项所述的n型共轭聚合物作为电子受体用于有机光伏器件中。
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