CN109156424B - 一种饲喂镉超标饲用苎麻的黑山羊体内镉的测试方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种饲喂镉超标饲用苎麻的黑山羊体内镉的测试方法，包括如下步骤：S1、准备测试材料：对照组的日粮中粗饲料采用桂牧一号杂交象草，测试组的日粮中粗饲料采用镉超标饲用苎麻；S2、测试前清扫、冲洗栏舍；S3、开始测试，采用相同的喂养方式，分别采用步骤S1设计的日粮喂养测试组和对照组；S4、在测试的第50天，将对照组和测试组的黑山羊麻醉后宰杀，迅速剥离取出各个组织器官样品，用去离子水反复冲洗后置于塑料封口袋中，置于﹣20℃冰箱冷冻保存，然后微量元素测定，测定各个组织器官样品中的镉含量。本发明可以实现测试用在重金属污染土壤中种植的饲用苎麻饲养黑山羊后镉在其体内的蓄积分布规律。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及生物技术领域，具体涉及一种饲喂镉超标全株饲用苎麻的黑山羊体内镉的分布规律和安全性的测试方法。
背景技术
随着现代化工业的发展，环境毒物引起的人类和动物疾病日益受到重视，肉、禽、蛋、奶等动物性食品在人类的食物构成中占有重要的位置，食品安全问题尤其是动物源性食物的安全已成为消费者特别关注的问题。
重金属是一类典型的积累性污染物，可通过食物链逐渐传递富集，在某些条件下可以转化为毒性更大的金属有机化合物。过高的重金属浓度对植物和动物影响明显，尤其是靠近污染源养殖动物对其造成的危害更大。近年来，我国山羊养殖业得到了很大发展，但由于规模的不断扩大，人为活动造成的环境污染导致重金属在农业生态系统具有的潜在危害性愈发严重。重金属从土壤转移到动物体内有两种途径:一是直接污染，二是通过植物。虽然土壤对于痕量金属可起到有效的过滤作用，但植物仍可积累重金属，从而增加了重金属对人类和动物的危害风险。
饲用苎麻是高蛋白植物饲料，适宜于在重金属污染土壤上种植和生长。在Cd污染土壤上种植苎麻，在起到降低土壤镉污染的同时，可以将其作为饲用作物，得到经济效益。
发明内容
针对现有技术的不足，本发明旨在提供一种饲喂镉超标饲用苎麻的黑山羊体内镉的测试方法，实现测试用在重金属污染土壤中种植的饲用苎麻饲养黑山羊后镉在其体内的蓄积分布规律，帮助在饲养加工和动物养殖的饲料环节中采取有效的措施，纠正引起超标的行为，最终达到无残留动物性产品的生产，以适应食品安全和经济发展的要求，最终为山羊的健康养殖与食品安全提供科学依据。
为了实现上述目的，本发明采用如下技术方案：
一种饲喂镉超标饲用苎麻的黑山羊体内镉的测试方法，包括如下步骤：
S1、准备测试材料：
选用若干头黑山羊，采用随机区组测试，分为对照组和测试组；测试中采用的日粮按重量百分比计包括粗饲料50％和精料50％；所述精料包括玉米30％、麸皮10％、豆粕3％、棉籽粕4.8％、磷酸氢钙0.6％、食盐0.6％、预混料1％；对照组的日粮中粗饲料采用桂牧一号杂交象草，测试组的日粮中粗饲料采用镉超标饲用苎麻；
S2、测试前清扫、冲洗栏舍；
S3、每只黑山羊单笼饲养，均于07:00h和19:00h分别饲喂一次日粮，每次饲喂时先喂粗饲料，1h后再喂精料；自由饮水；测试期为50天；
S4、在测试的第50天，将对照组和测试组的黑山羊麻醉后宰杀，迅速剥离取出各个组织器官样品，用去离子水反复冲洗后置于塑料封口袋中，置于﹣20℃冰箱冷冻保存，然后微量元素测定，测定各个组织器官样品中的镉含量。
进一步地，步骤S2的具体方法为：先用2％NaOH溶液冲洗栏舍，再用1:200的百毒杀稀释液喷洒栏舍，最后用福尔马林和高锰酸钾的混合液对栏舍熏蒸12h；一周后，开始测试。
更进一步地，所述福尔马林和高锰酸钾的混合液的浓度为每1m3水中含30mL福尔马林和15g高锰酸钾。
进一步地，步骤S1中的镉超标饲用苎麻为在重金属镉污染土壤中种植的饲用苎麻，在80％群体的饲用苎麻草层高度达到60cm时开始刈割铡碎，并晒干制成青干苎麻草粉或烘干后制成草粉。
进一步地，在步骤S3中，50天的测试期中，包括预试期10天和正试期40天；先进行预试期，预试期期间先令黑山羊适应环境，摸清各只黑山羊的采食量和排粪规律；预试期结束后开始正试期，在正试期的第一天和第二天的清晨对每只黑山羊进行空腹称重，正试期开始后记录每天的采食量和剩料量。
本发明的有益效果在于：本发明提供了一种研究用在重金属污染土壤种植的饲用苎麻饲养黑山羊后镉在其体内的蓄积分布规律的测试方法，有助于在饲养加工和动物养殖的饲料环节中采取有效的措施，纠正引起超标的行为，最终达到无残留动物性产品的生产，以适应食品安全和经济发展的要求，最终为山羊的健康养殖与食品安全提供科学依据。
具体实施方式
以下将对本发明作进一步的描述，需要说明的是，以下实施例以本技术方案为前提，给出了详细的实施方式和具体的操作过程，但本发明的保护范围并不限于本实施例。
实施例一
1、测试材料
测试选用6头体重18±1.0公斤左右的浏阳黑山羊(羯羊)，采用随机区组测试，分2个处理，每个处理测试3只(编号从1-6，其中1-3号为对照组，4-6号为测试组)，测试期为50天，单笼饲养。对照组和测试组的日粮的粗精比为50:50，其中对照组的日粮中的桂牧一号青干草的重量百分比为50％，测试组的日粮中的镉超标饲用苎麻的重量百分比为50％。测试期为50天，预实验10d，正式测试40d，在第50天分别屠宰取样，日粮(表1)参照中国农业部肉羊饲养标准(NY/T 816-2004)。表1为测试所采用的日粮的组成及营养成分。
表1测试日粮组成及营养成分(％)
2、动物饲养管理
测试开始前先清扫、冲洗栏舍。先用2％NaOH溶液冲洗栏舍，再用1:200的百毒杀稀释液喷洒栏舍，最后用福尔马林和高锰酸钾混合液(每1m3水中加30mL福尔马林，15g高锰酸钾)对栏舍熏蒸12h。一周后，开始测试。预测试10天后开始正式测试。
每只山羊单笼饲养，均于07:00h和19:00h饲喂日粮，先喂粗饲料，1h后再喂精料，自由饮水。
所述镉超标饲用苎麻来源：在重金属镉污染土壤中种植的饲用苎麻，在80％群体达到饲用苎麻草层高度60cm时开始刈割铡碎，并晒干制成青干苎麻草粉或烘干后制成草粉。在本实施例中，镉超标饲用苎麻是在重金属镉污染(3.935mg/kg)的农田种植的饲用苎麻草粉，镉含量3.85mg/kg
3、检测项目
测试羊的各器官的重金属含量，包括第50天时的动物血液、组织器官、骨骼毛发、尿液、粪便中重金属镉的含量。
4、样品制备、采集方法及测定方法
测试期50天，预试期10天(适应环境，摸清采食量，排粪规律)，正试期40天，正试期第一天和第二天清晨空腹称重，正试期开始后记录每天采食量，剩料量。
组织样品：测试的第50天，对照组和测试组的山羊均麻醉后宰杀，迅速剥离取出心脏、肝脏、肾脏等组织器官样品(表2)，用去离子水反复冲洗后置于塑料封口袋中，置于﹣20℃冰箱冷冻保存，用于微量元素测定。
5、测试结果
表2为测试山羊中内脏Cd含量检测结果。表2表明，在本实施例中，绝大部分镉积累于动物内脏，其中肾脏、肝等器官积累最多，空肠、网胃、皱胃等器官、积累居其次。与GB15201-1994食品中镉限量卫生标准(肉、鱼≦0.1mg/kg)对比，肾脏、肝等器官镉严重超标，空肠、网胃等器官镉超标。其他部分的镉含量均不超标。说明重金属镉污染(3.935mg/kg)的农田种植的饲用苎麻草粉(镉含量3.85mg/kg)养殖黑山羊，除肾脏、肝等器官镉严重超标，空肠、网胃等器官镉超标不能食用外，其他部分的镉含量均不超标，可以食用，符合国家食品镉限量卫生标准。
表2动物内脏Cd含量检测结果
对于本领域的技术人员来说，可以根据以上的技术方案和构思，给出各种相应的改变和变形，而所有的这些改变和变形，都应该包括在本发明权利要求的保护范围之内。
Claims (4)
1.一种饲喂镉超标饲用苎麻的黑山羊体内镉的测试方法，其特征在于，包括如下步骤：
S1、准备测试材料：
选用若干头黑山羊，采用随机区组测试，分为对照组和测试组；测试中采用的日粮按重量百分比计包括粗饲料50％和精料50％；所述精料包括玉米30％、麸皮10％、豆粕3％、棉籽粕4.8％、磷酸氢钙0.6％、食盐0.6％、预混料1％；对照组的日粮中粗饲料采用桂牧一号杂交象草，测试组的日粮中粗饲料采用镉超标饲用苎麻；所述镉超标饲用苎麻为在重金属镉污染土壤中种植的饲用苎麻，在80％群体的饲用苎麻草层高度达到60cm时开始刈割铡碎，并晒干制成青干苎麻草粉或烘干后制成草粉；
S2、测试前清扫、冲洗栏舍；
S3、每只黑山羊单笼饲养，均于07:00h和19:00h分别饲喂一次日粮，每次饲喂时先喂粗饲料，1h后再喂精料；自由饮水；测试期为50天；
S4、在测试的第50天，将对照组和测试组的黑山羊麻醉后宰杀，迅速剥离取出各个组织器官样品，用去离子水反复冲洗后置于塑料封口袋中，置于﹣20℃冰箱冷冻保存，然后微量元素测定，测定各个组织器官样品中的镉含量。
2.根据权利要求1所述的测试方法，其特征在于，步骤S2的具体方法为：先用2％NaOH溶液冲洗栏舍，再用1:200的百毒杀稀释液喷洒栏舍，最后用福尔马林和高锰酸钾的混合液对栏舍熏蒸12h；一周后，开始测试。
3.根据权利要求2所述的测试方法，其特征在于，所述福尔马林和高锰酸钾的混合液的浓度为每1m3水中含30mL福尔马林和15g高锰酸钾。
4.根据权利要求1所述的测试方法，其特征在于，在步骤S3中，50天的测试期中，包括预试期10天和正试期40天；先进行预试期，预试期期间先令黑山羊适应环境，摸清各只黑山羊的采食量和排粪规律；预试期结束后开始正试期，在正试期的第一天和第二天的清晨对每只黑山羊进行空腹称重，正试期开始后记录每天的采食量和剩料量。
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