CN109142338B - Soil property comparison detection method - Google Patents
Soil property comparison detection method Download PDFInfo
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- CN109142338B CN109142338B CN201810795951.0A CN201810795951A CN109142338B CN 109142338 B CN109142338 B CN 109142338B CN 201810795951 A CN201810795951 A CN 201810795951A CN 109142338 B CN109142338 B CN 109142338B
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/75—Systems in which material is subjected to a chemical reaction, the progress or the result of the reaction being investigated
- G01N21/77—Systems in which material is subjected to a chemical reaction, the progress or the result of the reaction being investigated by observing the effect on a chemical indicator
- G01N21/78—Systems in which material is subjected to a chemical reaction, the progress or the result of the reaction being investigated by observing the effect on a chemical indicator producing a change of colour
Abstract
A method for comparing and detecting soil characters comprises the following steps: s1, weighing each soil sample to be detected, and leaching for 6 hours by using NaOH solutions respectively; s2, manufacturing a plurality of groups of color disks and absorption columns, wherein each absorption column is matched with one color disk; absorbing AgNO by absorption column3Solution of AgNO to3The solution is absorbed by the absorption column and gradually transferred to a color developing disc connected with the absorption column, and is dried for standby; s3, absorbing the soil leaching liquor by the absorption column, conducting the soil leaching liquor to a connected color development disc, and carrying out exposure treatment on the color development disc; and S4, performing area division on the soil characters on each color development disc subjected to the exposure treatment in the step S3, and finally performing comparative analysis on the corresponding color development discs obtained from each soil sample. The advantages are that: the simultaneous comparison and detection of multiple soil samples are facilitated; the whole test process uses less materials, does not need more precise measuring instruments and equipment, and has wide application range; the method can be used for measuring multiple soil property indexes through one test, the required test samples are few, and the test times are few.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of soil property detection, in particular to a soil property comparison detection method.
Background
China is a big agricultural country, and agriculture plays an important role in national economy. However, because of large population base and small cultivated land area in China, the food yield in China only barely reaches the 'stuttering' level. The soil properties including soil porosity, soil fertility, humus content, soil microorganism activity and the like have direct relation to the yield and quality of crops. In various scientific researches, people often measure soil microbial activity, soil porosity, soil fertility, humus content and the like through a series of experiments so as to evaluate soil. In the traditional method, a plurality of instruments are needed for carrying out different experiments, and a plurality of samples are needed for carrying out determination, so that manpower and material resources are greatly consumed.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the technical defects, the invention provides the soil property comparison detection method, the operation method is simple and convenient, multiple soil property indexes can be observed at the same time, and convenience is provided for soil fertility identification in agricultural production and soil evaluation in scientific research work.
A method for comparing and detecting soil characters comprises the following steps:
s1, weighing each soil sample to be detected, and leaching for 6 hours by using NaOH solutions respectively to obtain soil leaching liquor for later use;
s2, manufacturing a plurality of groups of color discs and absorption columns according to the types of soil samples, wherein each absorption column is matched with one color disc; absorbing AgNO by absorption column3Solution of AgNO to3The solution is absorbed by the absorption column and gradually conducted to the color developing disc connected with the absorption column, so that AgNO is absorbed by the absorption column and the color developing disc3Finally, airing each color developing disc and the absorption column for later use to absorb the soil leaching liquor;
s3, absorbing the soil leaching liquor by the absorption column and transferring the soil leaching liquor to the connected color disc, and exposing the color disc after the soil leaching liquor is absorbed by the absorption column and the color disc;
and S4, performing area division on the soil characters on each color development disc subjected to the exposure treatment in the step S3, and finally performing comparative analysis on the corresponding color development discs obtained from each soil sample to know the soil characters.
A soil property comparison detection method has the advantages that:
1. the simultaneous comparison and detection of multiple soil samples are facilitated;
2. the whole test process uses less materials, does not need more precise measuring instruments and equipment, and has wide application range;
3. the method is economical and practical, does not consume too much manpower, material resources and financial resources, and is convenient for large-scale popularization and application;
4. the method can determine multiple soil property indexes through one test, and compared with the traditional method, the method has the advantages that the required test samples are fewer, and the test times are fewer;
5. the method utilizes AgNO3The colored sediment generated by the reaction with NaOH is taken as the basis, so that the soil property is displayed on the color disc in a graphic mode, the resolution is easy, and the display is more visual.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a diagram showing the shapes of a soil integral fertility zone, a soil permeability zone, a soil microorganism activity zone and a humus level zone in soil;
FIGS. 2 to 7 are views for showing an entire fertility area of soil;
figures 8 to 10 are views for showing the soil permeability zones;
FIGS. 11 to 13 are views for showing the activity areas of soil microorganisms;
FIGS. 14 to 19 are diagrams for illustrating the humus level region;
FIGS. 20 to 22 are diagrams for showing the properties of various regions of soil;
FIGS. 23-25 are graphs showing transitional behavior of various regions of soil;
FIG. 26 is a PT soil and JY soil property comparison diagram.
Detailed Description
A method for comparing and detecting soil characters comprises the following steps:
s1, weighing each soil sample to be detected, and leaching for 6 hours by using NaOH solutions respectively to obtain soil leaching liquor for later use;
preferably, in step S1, when the soil sample is weighed, the surface layer of the sampling point needs to be removed by 5cm of soil, so as to avoid external pollution and interference;
further, in step S1, the soil sample is taken back and then needs to be crushed by wearing disposable gloves, and then laid on clean white paper and dried in the air;
further, in step S1, the air-dried soil sample is screened through a 0.5mm aperture screen, and then the screened soil sample is leached in NaOH solution;
preferably, in the step S1, the concentration of the NaOH solution used for leaching is 1%, and the mass ratio of the soil sample to the NaOH solution is 1: 10-20;
preferably, in step S1, if the soil sample is very fertile, such as humus, organic fertilizer or other nutrient-rich culture medium, the amount of the weighed soil sample is reduced by half, that is, the mass ratio of the soil sample to the NaOH solution is 1: 20;
further, in step S1, the soil leaching step is:
firstly, mixing a soil sample with a NaOH solution and stirring for the first time; standing for 15min, stirring for the second time, standing for 45min, stirring for the third time, and standing for at least 3h to clarify the leaching solution and precipitate impurities in the soil sample; wherein, each stirring needs to be uniformly stirred, and the stirring is carried out at room temperature;
s2, manufacturing a plurality of groups of color discs and absorption columns according to the types of soil samples, wherein each absorption column is matched with one color disc; absorbing AgNO by absorption column3Solution of AgNO to3The solution is absorbed by the absorption column and gradually conducted to the color developing disc connected with the absorption column, so that AgNO is absorbed by the absorption column and the color developing disc3Finally, airing each color developing disc and the absorption column for later use to absorb the soil leaching liquor;
preferably, in step S2, each group of color development discs and absorption columns is prepared by filter paper, the color development discs are flat circular filter paper, and the absorption columns are filter paper curled into columns;
step S2 includes:
s21, in step S2, a through hole matched and fixed with the absorption column is formed in the center point of the color developing disc, so that the absorption column is vertically inserted into the middle of the color developing disc, the vertical distance between one end of the absorption column, far away from the color developing disc, and the color developing disc is 8-9 mm, and the absorption column is used for AgNO3Absorption and transmission of the solution; meanwhile, two circles with different radiuses are drawn on the color disc as a mark by taking the circle center of the color disc as a starting point for controlling AgNO at the later stage3The absorption capacity of the solution and the soil leaching liquor; wherein the radius of the circle close to the edge of the color disc is at least less than 1cm of the radius of the color disc, and the radius of the circle close to the center of the color disc is equal toThe ratio of the radius of the circle far away from the center of the color disc is 2: 3.
Further, in step S21, the radius of the circle on the color wheel as the mark is selected according to the need, and it is preferable that the circle is drawn with the radius of 4cm and 6cm as the mark;
in step S21, the diameter of the through hole is 2 mm;
s22 absorbing AgNO with absorption column3Solution of AgNO to3When the solution is absorbed to a circle on the color disc close to the circle center of the color disc, stopping absorption, taking the absorption column out of the color disc, and airing the color disc in a dark place;
in step S22, AgNO3The concentration of the solution is 5 percent;
step S22, drying in the dark place, namely, completely drying white paper on the inner pad of the drawer, placing the color developing disc on the white paper, closing the drawer and waiting for drying;
s23, dyeing the non-impregnated AgNO3Inserting an absorption column of the solution onto the color development disc processed in the step S22, placing the color development disc inserted with the absorption column on a vessel, wherein one surface with the absorption column faces to the inside of the vessel and is used for absorbing soil leaching liquor by the absorption column;
in step S23, the vessel is a culture dish or a bottle cap or a clean vessel with replaceable gas;
s3, absorbing the soil leaching liquor by the absorption column and transferring the soil leaching liquor to the connected color disc, and exposing the color disc after the soil leaching liquor is absorbed by the absorption column and the color disc;
in step S3, the absorption column may absorb the leaching solution by spraying soil leaching solution onto the absorption column, or pouring soil leaching solution into a vessel, and placing the color developing tray into the vessel with the surface inserted with the absorption column facing the vessel for absorbing the soil leaching solution;
if the soil leaching liquor is sprayed on the absorption column, carefully absorbing the soil leaching liquor from the middle of the soil leaching liquor by using a liquor-transferring gun, wherein the leaching liquor cannot be shaken or stirred in the period;
in step S3, when the leaching solution is absorbed to the circle on the color developing disc near the edge of the color developing disc, the absorption can be stopped, and the absorption column is taken out from the color developing disc, and the color developing disc is hung in a ventilated place for exposure for two days.
Further, in the exposure process, the direct irradiation of sunlight to the color developing disc is avoided;
and S4, performing area division on the soil characters on each color development disc subjected to the exposure treatment in the step S3, and finally performing comparative analysis on the corresponding color development discs obtained from each soil sample to know the soil characters.
In step S4, a soil integral fertility area, a soil permeability area, a soil microbial viability area, and a humus level area are sequentially provided on the color developing tray from the center of the circle to the outer peripheral edge (as shown in fig. 1, wherein D denotes the soil integral fertility area, C denotes the soil permeability area, B denotes the soil microbial viability area, and a denotes the humus level area);
furthermore, in the soil overall labor area, if the color development is white, the soil fertility is good, and if the soil fertility is not good or unstable, the color development is darker; when the soil fertility of the plurality of color discs is compared, if the area is larger or smaller, the fertility component of the soil sample corresponding to the color disc is not good; (as shown in FIGS. 2 to 7, the region in FIG. 2 shows dark soil color and poor soil fertility; the region in FIG. 3 shows medium soil color and general soil fertility; the region in FIG. 4 shows white soil color and best soil fertility; the region in FIG. 5 is too small; the region in FIG. 6 is too large; the region in FIG. 7 shows medium size is best in FIGS. 5 to 7.)
In the soil permeability zone, which represents the water and air containment capacity of the soil and the soil structure; if the soil structure is formed naturally, rather than by machine cultivation, the area is such that a clear line appears from the center to the outside, indicating that the soil structure is good; if the area does not contain clear lines, it indicates that the soil is compacted and that the wood has sufficient water holding capacity (as shown in figures 8 to 10, the area in figure 8 is poor in soil permeability and structure; the area in figure 9 is general in soil permeability and structure; the area in figure 10 is good in soil permeability and structure);
in a soil microbial activity zone, which shows the quality of life of the soil; the area uniformly covers the raised peaks and has moderate width; if the zone shows peaks that are small and uneven or no peaks at all, this indicates that soil life is not sufficiently active or soil microorganisms are rare and not viable (as shown in FIGS. 11-13, the convex peaks of the zone in FIG. 11 are blunt and unclear, while the peak tips gradually disappear; the zone in FIG. 12 is too small and the convex peaks are sharp; the zone in FIG. 13 is larger, indicating that microorganisms are viable).
In the humus level region, which represents the condition of humus in the soil, it shows the mass of organic matter in the soil, which may reflect the entire interval from the original organic matter to the stabilized humus; when the region is dark brown and narrow, it means that humus is still in the process of formation and is not completely completed; when this zone is small and between the peaks of the soil microbial activity zone, but not on the peaks, the humus is also in a state of incomplete corrosion; the best state of humic substances is when the area is beige in colour and sufficiently wide and on the peak, where at the end of the peak a spot of humic substance is present (as shown in figures 14 to 19, this area is shown as dark spot in figure 14, i.e. indicating non-decomposed organic matter; this area is shown as degraded organic matter (half degraded) in figure 15; this area is shown as beige humic substance spot in figure 16, i.e. indicating humic substance; this area is shown without humic substance spot in figure 17; this area is shown with very few humic substance spots in figure 18; this area is shown with humic substance spots in figure 19).
In a soil integral fertility area, a soil permeability area, a soil microorganism activity area and a humus horizontal area, when soil is in a balanced state, the width of each area is moderate, if one area is small and the other area is large, the chromaticity of each area on a color disc is out of balance, which indicates that the soil is not balanced yet (as shown in fig. 20 to 22, the balance degree of each area is poor in fig. 20, the proportion of each area is general in fig. 21, and the proportion of each area is good in fig. 22);
in the soil integral fertility area, the soil permeability area, the soil microorganism activity area and the humus level area, the transition among the areas can be well integrated when the soil is in a balanced state, and can be only realized when the soil is in a very good quality state (as shown in figures 23 to 25, the transition among the areas is not consistent in figure 23, the transition level among the areas is general in figure 24, and the transition among the areas is very smooth in figure 25).
The method for detecting soil characteristics according to the present invention will be further described with reference to the following specific examples. The following examples are illustrative only and are not to be construed as limiting the invention.
The experimental procedures in the following examples are conventional unless otherwise specified. The experimental materials used in the following examples were all commercially available unless otherwise specified.
Example one
1. 2 soil samples were taken for comparative analysis: taking a part of soil from an orange garden in the western school district of Yangtze university, removing a soil layer with the surface layer of about 5cm before sampling, and then randomly digging a shovel of soil in a plastic self-sealing bag by using a small shovel, wherein the serial number is JY;
taking the other soil sample from a wasteland outside the orange garden, removing a soil layer with the surface layer of 5cm, and randomly digging a shovel of soil into a plastic self-sealing bag by using a small shovel, wherein the number of the shovel is PT;
2. taking the soil sample back to a laboratory, primarily kneading the soil sample into pieces in a self-sealing bag, spreading the pieces on a piece of clean A4 paper, and airing the pieces in a ventilated place for 2 days without direct sunlight;
3. respectively sieving the dried soil samples through a sieve with the aperture of 0.5mm, accurately weighing 5.00g of the soil samples in a clean small beaker, adding 50ml of NaOH solution with the concentration of 1%, respectively stirring uniformly (the glass rods are not shared), and standing on a platform; stirring, namely mixing a soil sample with a NaOH solution and stirring for the first time; standing for 15min, stirring for the second time, standing for 45min, stirring for the third time, and standing for 3.5 hr to clarify the leaching solution and precipitate impurities in the soil sample; wherein, each stirring needs to be uniformly stirred, and the stirring is carried out at room temperature.
4. During the standing soil period, an absorption column and a color disc are prepared by the following specific method:
the color developing disc is made of filter paper with the radius of 7.5cm, and the absorption column is a cylinder with the length of 1cm formed by rolling rectangular filter paper with the length of 2cm and the width of 1cm along the long edge; punching a small hole with the diameter of 2mm by using a puncher in the center of the circle of the color disc, paying attention to the non-bendable filter paper during punching, and wearing disposable gloves to prevent the pollution caused by touching the filter paper by hands;
drawing circles at the positions 4cm and 6cm away from the circle center on the filter paper after punching to serve as marks, vertically inserting the absorption column into the middle of the color developing disc, and exposing one end of the absorption column for 8 mm;
finally, the AgNO with the concentration of 5% is absorbed by an absorption column3Stopping absorption when the solution reaches a circle marked with the radius of 4 cm;
5. the absorption column is drawn out of the color developing disc, the color developing disc is placed in a drawer and dried in the dark, and a layer of clean A4 paper is padded under the drawer to prevent the color developing disc from being polluted;
after the color developing disc is dried, a new piece of non-stained AgNO is put in3The absorption column of the solution is inserted into the middle small hole, the color developing disc is placed in a new clean bottle cap (wherein, the side inserted with the absorption column faces the bottle cap, so that the absorption column is contacted with the soil leaching liquor in the bottle cap), 2ml of soil leaching liquor is added into the bottle cap, and when the solution is absorbed to a circle marked with the radius of 6cm on the color developing disc, the absorption can be stopped. The absorption column is drawn out, the color developing disc is pasted on the glass at the ventilation position for exposure for 2 days, and the direct irradiation of sunlight is avoided in the exposure process.
6. And (4) analyzing results:
as shown in fig. 26, PT denotes general soil, JY denotes citrus garden soil;
PT soil
Zone a shows humus levels, in front of and behind the outermost serrations. No dark brown (non-decomposed organic matter) or light brown-yellow (decomposed organic matter) spots were found in zone a. Indicating that the organic matter level of the soil is rather low.
Zone B shows soil life, with jaggies that are undulating but not sharp enough. Indicating that the soil is not sufficiently populated or active.
The area C shows the air and water permeability of the soil, and thin lines emitted from the area from the center to the periphery are not obvious, which indicates that the soil has certain air and water permeability but is lower than the general level.
The area D shows the overall fertility of the soil, the area has no obvious boundary, the color is slightly different from the area C but not obvious enough, and the color is not light enough (white), which indicates that the overall fertility of the soil is low.
JY soil:
humus level in zone a, no dark brown (un-decomposed organic matter) or light brown-yellow (decomposed organic matter) punctate areas. Indicating that the organic matter level of the soil is rather low.
The soil life in the B area is moderate and sharp. Indicating that the soil is not sufficiently populated or active.
The C area shows the air permeability and water permeability of the soil, and thin lines radiating from the center to the periphery can be seen, which indicates that the soil has the middle upper air permeability and water permeability.
The area D shows the overall fertility of the soil, the area has no obvious boundary, the color is slightly different from the area C but not obvious enough, and the color is not light enough (white), which indicates that the overall fertility of the soil is low.
The above description is only for the purpose of illustrating the preferred embodiments of the present invention and is not to be construed as limiting the invention, and any modifications, equivalents, improvements and the like that fall within the spirit and principle of the present invention are intended to be included therein.
Claims (7)
1. A soil property comparison detection method is characterized in that: comprises the following steps
S1, weighing each soil sample to be detected, and leaching for 6 hours by using NaOH solutions respectively to obtain soil leaching liquor for later use;
s2, manufacturing a plurality of groups of color discs and absorption columns according to the types of soil samples, wherein each absorption column is matched with one color disc; absorbing AgNO by absorption column3Solution of AgNO to3The solution is absorbed by the absorption column and gradually conducted to the color developing disc connected with the absorption column, so that AgNO is absorbed by the absorption column and the color developing disc3Finally, airing each color developing disc and the absorption column for later use to absorb the soil leaching liquor;
s3, absorbing the soil leaching liquor by the absorption column and conducting the soil leaching liquor to the connected color disc, and exposing the color disc after the soil leaching liquor is absorbed by the absorption column and the color disc;
and S4, performing area division on the soil characters on each color development disc subjected to the exposure treatment in the step S3, and finally performing comparative analysis on the corresponding color development discs obtained from each soil sample to know the soil characters.
2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: in step S1, the air-dried soil sample is screened through a 0.5mm mesh screen, and then the screened soil sample is leached in NaOH solution.
3. The method of claim 1, further comprising: in the step S1, the concentration of the NaOH solution used for leaching is 1%, and the mass ratio of the soil sample to the NaOH solution is 1: 10-20.
4. The method of claim 1, further comprising: step S2 includes:
s21, forming a through hole in the center of the color disc, wherein the through hole is matched and fixed with the absorption column, so that the absorption column is vertically inserted into the middle of the color disc, and the vertical distance between one end of the absorption column, which is far away from the color disc, and the color disc is 8-9 mm, and the absorption column is used for AgNO3Absorption and transmission of the solution; meanwhile, two circles with different radiuses are drawn on the color disc as a mark by taking the circle center of the color disc as a starting point for controlling AgNO at the later stage3The absorption capacity of the solution and the soil leaching liquor; wherein the radius of the circle close to the edge of the color disc is at least less than 1cm of the radius of the color disc, and the ratio of the radius of the circle close to the center of the color disc to the radius of the circle far away from the center of the color disc is 2: 3;
s22 absorbing AgNO with absorption column3Solution of AgNO to3When the solution is absorbed to a circle on the color disc close to the circle center of the color disc, stopping absorption, taking the absorption column out of the color disc, and airing the color disc in a dark place;
s23, dyeing the non-impregnated AgNO3The absorption column of the solution is inserted onto the color developing plate processed in the step S22, and the color developing plate with the absorption column inserted is placed on a vessel and is provided with one absorption columnFacing the vessel and used for absorbing soil leaching liquor by the absorption column.
5. The method of claim 4, further comprising: in step S22, AgNO3The concentration of the solution was 5%.
6. The method of claim 4, further comprising: in step S3, when the leaching solution is absorbed to the circle on the color developing disc near the edge of the color developing disc, the absorption can be stopped, and the absorption column is taken out from the color developing disc, and the color developing disc is hung in a ventilated place for exposure.
7. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein: in step S4, a soil fertility area, a soil permeability area, a soil microorganism viability area, and a humus level area are sequentially provided on the color developing plate from the center of the circle to the outer peripheral edge.
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