CN109115555A - A kind of bay aromatic hydrocarbon enrichment facility - Google Patents

A kind of bay aromatic hydrocarbon enrichment facility Download PDF

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Publication number
CN109115555A
CN109115555A CN201811193972.1A CN201811193972A CN109115555A CN 109115555 A CN109115555 A CN 109115555A CN 201811193972 A CN201811193972 A CN 201811193972A CN 109115555 A CN109115555 A CN 109115555A
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China
Prior art keywords
concentrate
bay
aromatic hydrocarbon
connect
concentrate bottle
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CN201811193972.1A
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CN109115555B (en
Inventor
尤炬炬
薛彬
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Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute
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Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute
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Priority to CN201811193972.1A priority Critical patent/CN109115555B/en
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    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01NINVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N1/00Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
    • G01N1/02Devices for withdrawing samples
    • G01N1/10Devices for withdrawing samples in the liquid or fluent state
    • G01N1/14Suction devices, e.g. pumps; Ejector devices
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01NINVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N1/00Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
    • G01N1/28Preparing specimens for investigation including physical details of (bio-)chemical methods covered elsewhere, e.g. G01N33/50, C12Q
    • G01N1/40Concentrating samples
    • G01N1/4022Concentrating samples by thermal techniques; Phase changes
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01NINVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N1/00Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
    • G01N1/02Devices for withdrawing samples
    • G01N1/10Devices for withdrawing samples in the liquid or fluent state
    • G01N1/14Suction devices, e.g. pumps; Ejector devices
    • G01N2001/1418Depression, aspiration

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
  • Sampling And Sample Adjustment (AREA)

Abstract

The present invention discloses a kind of bay aromatic hydrocarbon enrichment facility, belong to environmental monitoring field, the present apparatus includes water pump, water pump is connect with settling tank, settling tank is connect with concentrate bottle side wall, and cooperation is equipped with heating mechanism below concentrate bottle, and concentrate bottle bottom sidewall saves tank with concentrate by third dispatch tube and connect, concentrate saves tank top and is connect by the 4th dispatch tube with cooler, and concentrate bottle bottleneck is connect by the second dispatch tube with cooler.The present apparatus, which can be realized, carries out automation water sampling and concentration to harbour, and concentration process is highly-safe, while obtaining volatility and solid contaminant in water sample, and water sample analysis accuracy is high.

Description

A kind of bay aromatic hydrocarbon enrichment facility
Technical field
The invention belongs to environmental monitoring field, and in particular to a kind of bay aromatic hydrocarbon enrichment facility.
Background technique
Studies have shown that the registration marine ship in the whole world consumed 200~290,000,000 tonnes of fuel, the whole world in 2000 About 15% NO of mankind's dischargexWith 4%~9% SO2From steamer, the particulate matter total amount of the annual direct emission of ship is up to 1.4 Million tonnes.And with the expansion of ocean trade scale, the discharge amount of each major pollutants is in rising trend.Global ship in 2005 The particulate matter total amount of oceangoing ship direct emission is up to 1.8 million tonnes.Nearly 70% ship discharge occurs at 400 kilometers from coastline In the range of, especially port area is affected to the atmospheric environment and water quality in coastal waters city.
In general, mostly using bunker fuel oil (heavy oil) using the merchant navy vessel of low-speed diesel engine.Discharge diesel particulate Object (DMP) all has an impact to human health and environmental quality.Noxious emission a part of diesel engine forms particulate matter and is entrained in It is a part of soluble in water in air, air and water quality are had a very big impact, the noxious emission of diesel engine includes complicated Organic matter and inorganic matter have gas, liquid, solid three-phase.Wherein solid (SOL) and dissolved organic matter (SOF) all can lead to cancer. Some substances in dissolved organic matter, especially aromatic hydrocarbon ring (PAH) and nitrogenous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) (Nitro-PAH) then have Bigger carcinogenesis, and it is very big to environmental hazard.
For monitoring port air quality and water quality, environmental protection department usually carries out atmospheric sample acquisition and water sample at harbour Acquisition, wherein for the water sample detection of acquisition, water sample concentration is essential process, but concentrated in current water sample Cheng Zhong, the instrument of the continuous concentration of no automation, FAQs have: being unable to judge accurately surplus water;Water sample concentration heating is not Stablize, the safety accidents such as vapour explosion easily occurs;The organic matter for being difficult to will volatilize is collected, and causes water extracts data not smart It is quasi-.
Summary of the invention
The purpose of the present invention is to provide a kind of bay aromatic hydrocarbon enrichment facility, to harbour carry out automation water sampling and Concentration, concentration process is highly-safe, while obtaining volatility and solid contaminant in water sample, and water sample analysis accuracy is high.
The technical solution that the present invention is taken to achieve the above object are as follows: a kind of bay aromatic hydrocarbon enrichment facility, including water Pump, water pump are connect with settling tank, and settling tank is connect with concentrate bottle side wall, and cooperation is equipped with heating mechanism, concentrate bottle below concentrate bottle Bottom sidewall saves tank with concentrate by third dispatch tube and connect, and concentrate saves tank top and passes through the 4th dispatch tube and cooling Device connection, concentrate bottle bottleneck are connect by the second dispatch tube with cooler.The present invention by by water pump be set to harbour water area into Row draws water and can carry out obtaining harbour water sample at a distance, and be arranged settling tank, heating mechanism, concentrate bottle, concentrate preservation tank and Being equipped between the components such as cooler realizes to harbour water sample automation collection, while the water sample of acquisition being concentrated, will Solid contaminant and volatile contaminant save respectively, keep water sample detection accurate data higher, and it is quasi- to improve port pollution assessment True property.
Further, water pump and the tank connected water pipe of precipitating are equipped with flowmeter.The statistics available extraction of setting of flowmeter Water sample amount to obtain, and can also be compared with the overall volume of water sample after concentration, to guarantee nothing in water sample concentration Water sample loss.
Further, bottom is equipped with filter plate in settling tank, precipitates and opens up window, the settling tank above filter plate on pot sidewall The first dispatch tube is connected on side wall, the first dispatch tube other end passes through benefit with the setting that concentrate bottle upper portion side wall connect settling tank Separating treatment is carried out to bulky grain pollutant with particulate matter settlement in filter plate and water sample, obtains in water and dissolves organic pollutant Water sample or swim in the pollutant of water surface.
Further, heating mechanism includes the canister for placing concentrate bottle, is also placed in canister thermally conductive Sand, the cooperation of canister bottom are equipped with heating plate, are equipped with supporting table below heating plate.Thermally conductive sand used is quartz sand, by adding The mode that the hot sand of thermal conductivity conducts heat to concentrate bottle again can be heated mildly, avoid excessively heating.
Further, the bottom of bottle of concentrate bottle is equipped with hemispherical thermally conductive that concave, thermally conductive surface in concentrate bottle It is surrounded with the thermally conductive lines of figure.Concentration, which carries out heating to concentrate bottle using the thermally conductive sand of heater plate, can be achieved mildly Heating mode, and the bottom of bottle of concentrate bottle be arranged thermally conductive can increase thermally conductive sand and steam concentrate bottle contact area, improve Be concentrated heating efficiency, thermally conductive surface be arranged trapezoidal lines can realize it is thermally conductive at the thermally conductive lines for being gathered in trapezoidal textured The hole of existing various scales is filled between sand, while is generated the charge on thermally conductive sand surface and being uniformly distributed, and is improved The contact area and amount of thermal conduction of thermally conductive sand and concentrate bottle bottom realize that internal liquid medium can not during heating for concentrate bottle Pressure lamination is generated, avoids occurring the i.e. steam explosion accident appearance of bumping in heating process, guarantees water sample concentration process Safety, it helps promoted water sample in ecotoxicology detection accuracy.
Further, third dispatch tube is equipped with drawing liquid pump, and the water sample in concentrate bottle passes through drawing liquid pump after the completion of concentration Water sample in concentrate bottle is extracted to concentrate to save in tank and is saved, the water sample in concentrate bottle can carry out next after being extracted The water sample of batch is concentrated, and improves the degree of automation of water sampling.
Further, gas storage box is equipped in cooler, cooler surface is equipped with corresponding with gas preservation box body shape Opening-closing plate, cooling box top and bottom are respectively equipped with water inlet pipe and outlet pipe.The pollutants such as petroleum hydrocarbon, benzene homologues in water sample are by height It is volatile when warm, if still its volatilization certainly will will lead to the reduction of water sampling accurate data, by by concentrate bottle in concentration process And concentrate saves tank and connect with gas storage box, and uses liquid, such as seawater flows into cooling box to gas storage box Interior gas cooling, can also be such that part of gas condenses, and improve detection simplicity.
Further, the second dispatch tube and the 4th dispatch tube extend through on cooler side wall and gas storage box side wall The connection of pipe nozzle corresponding matching.It is connect, is realized with gas storage box by the way that concentrate bottle in concentration process and concentrate are saved tank By in water sample volatility and solid contaminant obtain respectively, convenient for detection.
Further, enrichment facility in concentration process by control water pump, heating mechanism industrial personal computer in modular formula The watery liquid viscosity in concentrate bottle is calculated, whether water sample concentration is completed according to the judge of watery liquid viscosity;
Modular formula are as follows: η=K0exp(Ea/RT);
In formula: η is the viscosity (mPas) of fluid, and T is temperature, K0For constant (mPas), EaFor activation energy (KJ/ Kmol), R is gas constant, calculates water sample concentrated liquid viscosity by above-mentioned modular formula, and be concentrated according to actually required water sample Viscosity, which compares, judges whether to reach concentration viscosity, if completes concentration process, avoids concentration excessive influence water sampling number The influence that may cause device security according to accuracy and excessively concentration.
Compared with prior art, the invention has the benefit that the present invention is carried out by the way that water pump is set to harbour water area Drawing water can carry out obtaining harbour water sample at a distance, and settling tank, heating mechanism, concentrate bottle, concentrate is arranged and saves tank and drop Being equipped between the components such as warm device realizes to harbour water sample automation collection, while the water sample of acquisition being concentrated, and will consolidate State pollutant and volatile contaminant save respectively, keep water sample detection accurate data higher, and it is accurate to improve port pollution assessment Property.
Present invention employs a kind of bay aromatic hydrocarbon enrichment facilities that above-mentioned technical proposal provides, and compensate for the prior art Deficiency, reasonable design, easy operation.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is a kind of schematic diagram of bay aromatic hydrocarbon enrichment facility of the present invention;
Fig. 2 is settling tank schematic diagram of the invention;
Fig. 3 is heating mechanism schematic diagram;
Fig. 4 is concentrate bottle schematic diagram;
Fig. 5 is the cross-sectional view of cooler.
Description of symbols: 1- water pump;2- flowmeter;3- settling tank;3a- window;3b- filter plate;The first dispatch tube of 4-; 5- concentrate bottle;5a. thermally conductive;The thermally conductive line of 5b.;The second dispatch tube of 6-;7- cooler;7a- water inlet pipe;7b- outlet pipe;7c- is opened Plywood;8- heating mechanism;8a- canister;The thermally conductive sand of 8b-;8c- heating plate;9- supporting table;10- drawing liquid pump;11- third passes Send pipe;The 4th dispatch tube of 12-;13- concentrate saves tank;14- gas storage box;14a- pipe nozzle.
Specific embodiment
Present invention is further described in detail with attached drawing with reference to embodiments:
Embodiment 1:
As shown in Figs. 1-5, a kind of bay aromatic hydrocarbon enrichment facility, including water pump 1, water pump 1 are connect with settling tank 3, precipitating Tank 3 is connect with 5 side wall of concentrate bottle, and cooperation is equipped with heating mechanism 8 below concentrate bottle 5, and 5 bottom sidewall of concentrate bottle is transmitted by third Pipe 11 saves tank 13 with concentrate and connect, and concentrate saves 13 top of tank and connect by the 4th dispatch tube 12 with cooler 7, is concentrated 5 bottlenecks of bottle are connect by the second dispatch tube 6 with cooler 7.The present invention can by the way that water pump 1 is set to that harbour water area draws water Remote acquisition harbour water sample is carried out, and settling tank 3, heating mechanism 8, concentrate bottle 5, concentrate are set and save tank 13 and cooling Being equipped between the components such as device 7, realizes to harbour water sample automation collection, while the water sample of acquisition being concentrated, and will consolidate State pollutant and volatile contaminant save respectively, keep water sample detection accurate data higher, and it is accurate to improve port pollution assessment Property.
The water pipe that water pump 1 is connect with settling tank 3 is equipped with flowmeter 2.The water sample of the statistics available extraction of setting of flowmeter 2 obtains Taken amount, and can also be compared with the overall volume of water sample after concentration, to guarantee to damage in water sample concentration without water sample It loses.
Bottom is equipped with filter plate 3b in settling tank 3, opens up window 3a, the settling tank 3 above filter plate 3b on 3 side wall of settling tank The first dispatch tube 4 is connected on side wall, the setting that 4 other end of the first dispatch tube connect settling tank 3 with 5 upper portion side wall of concentrate bottle is logical It crosses and separating treatment is carried out to bulky grain pollutant using particulate matter settlement in filter plate 3b and water sample, dissolved in acquisition water organic The water sample of pollutant or the pollutant for swimming in water surface.
Heating mechanism 8 includes the canister 8a for placing concentrate bottle 5, is also placed with thermally conductive sand in canister 8a 8b, the cooperation of the bottom canister 8a are equipped with heating plate 8c, are equipped with supporting table 9 below heating plate 8c.Thermally conductive sand 8b used is quartz Sand can be heated mildly by way of heating thermally conductive sand 8b and conducting heat to concentrate bottle 5 again, avoid excessively heating.
The bottom of bottle of concentrate bottle 5 is equipped with thermally conductive 5a for concaving hemispherical, thermally conductive 5a surface loop in concentrate bottle 5 around It is provided with the thermally conductive lines 5b of figure.Concentration, which carries out heating to concentrate bottle 5 using the thermally conductive sand 8b of heating plate 8c heating, can be achieved Mild heating mode, and the bottom of bottle of concentrate bottle 5 be arranged thermally conductive 5a can increase thermally conductive sand 8b with steam concentrate bottle 5 contact Area improves concentration heating efficiency, trapezoidal lines is arranged can realize on the thermally conductive surface 5a and be gathered in the thermally conductive of trapezoidal textured The hole of existing various scales is filled between thermally conductive sand 8b at lines 5b, while making the charge on the surface thermally conductive sand 8b Generation is uniformly distributed, and improves the contact area and amount of thermal conduction of thermally conductive sand 8b Yu 5 bottom of concentrate bottle, realizes that concentrate bottle 5 is heating Internal liquid medium can not generate pressure lamination in the process, avoid occurring bumping i.e. steam explosion accident in heating process Occur, guarantee the safety of water sample concentration process, it helps promotes the detection accuracy of ecotoxicology in water sample.
Third dispatch tube 11 is equipped with drawing liquid pump 10, will by drawing liquid pump 10 after the completion of the water sample in concentrate bottle 5 is concentrated Water sample in concentrate bottle 5 is extracted to concentrate to save in tank 13 and be saved, and the water sample in concentrate bottle 5 can carry out down after being extracted A batch of water sample concentration, improves the degree of automation of water sampling.
Gas storage box 14 is equipped in cooler 7,7 surface of cooler is equipped with folding corresponding with 14 figure of gas storage box Plate 7c, 7 top and bottom of cooling box are respectively equipped with water inlet pipe 7a and outlet pipe 7b.The pollutants such as petroleum hydrocarbon, benzene homologues in water sample exist It is volatile when by high temperature, if still its volatilization certainly will will lead to the reduction of water sampling accurate data, by will be dense in concentration process Contracting bottle 5 and concentrate save tank 13 and connect with gas storage box 14, and using right in liquid, such as seawater inflow cooling box 7 Gas cooling in gas storage box 14, can also be such that part of gas condenses, and improve detection simplicity.
Second dispatch tube 6 and the 4th dispatch tube 12 extend through 7 side wall of cooler and connecing on 14 side wall of gas storage box The connection of 14 corresponding matching of nozzle.It is connect by the way that concentrate bottle 5 in concentration process and concentrate are saved tank 13 with gas storage box 14, Realize by water sample volatility and solid contaminant obtain respectively, convenient for detection.
Embodiment 2:
In actual use, water pump 1 is set in monitoring harbour water body a kind of bay aromatic hydrocarbon enrichment facility of the invention, And settling tank 3, concentrate bottle 5, heating mechanism 8, cooler 7 and concentrate preservation tank 13 may be disposed at harbour land or remote Laboratory in, when need to carry out water sampling, by water pump 1 extract water body, and by flowmeter 2 record extract water flow simultaneously Record, the water body extracted stewing process in settling tank 3, using particulate matter settlement in filter plate 3b and water sample to big Grain pollutant carries out separating treatment, obtains and dissolves the water sample of organic pollutant in water or swim in the pollutant of water surface, then will Concentration is carried out in its concentrate bottle 5 of making a gift to someone, the water sample in concentrate bottle 5 passes through modular formula and heating ginseng in concentration process Number, gas parameter can calculate concentrated liquid viscosity, judge whether the water sample of acquisition is completed to be concentrated, and avoid concentration excessive influence water sample Accurate data and concentration safety are acquired, the vapor or volatile materials generated in water sample concentration process passes through the second transmission Pipe 6 enters in gas storage box 14, passes through drawing liquid pump 10 for the water in concentrate bottle 5 after the completion of the water sample concentration in concentrate bottle 5 Sample is extracted to concentrate to save in tank 13 and be saved, and the water sample in concentrate bottle 5 can carry out the water sample of next batch after being extracted Concentration, concentrate save the escaping gas generated in tank 13 and are entered in gas storage box 14 by the 4th dispatch tube 12, realized By in water sample volatility and solid contaminant obtain respectively.
Sentence concentrated liquid viscosity calculations formula are as follows: η=K0exp(Ea/RT);
In formula: η is the viscosity (mPas) of fluid, and T is temperature, K0For constant (mPas), EaFor activation energy (KJ/ Kmol), R is gas constant.
The above embodiments are only used to illustrate the present invention, and not limitation of the present invention, the ordinary skill people of this field Member can also make a variety of changes and modification without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.Therefore, all equivalent Technical solution also belong to scope of the invention, scope of patent protection of the invention should be defined by the claims.

Claims (9)

1. a kind of bay aromatic hydrocarbon enrichment facility, it is characterised in that: including water pump (1), the water pump (1) and settling tank (3) Connection, the settling tank (3) are connect with concentrate bottle (5) side wall, and cooperation is equipped with heating mechanism below the concentrate bottle (5) (8), the concentrate bottle (5) bottom sidewall saves tank (13) with concentrate by third dispatch tube (11) and connect, and described is dense Contracting object saves tank (13) top and is connect with cooler (7) by the 4th dispatch tube (12), and the concentrate bottle (5) bottleneck passes through the Two dispatch tubes (6) are connect with cooler (7).
2. a kind of bay aromatic hydrocarbon enrichment facility according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: the water pump (1) and heavy The water pipe of shallow lake tank (3) connection is equipped with flowmeter (2).
3. a kind of bay aromatic hydrocarbon enrichment facility according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: in the settling tank (3) Bottom is equipped with filter plate (3b), opens up window (3a) on the settling tank (3) side wall, the precipitating above the filter plate (3b) It is connected with the first dispatch tube (4) on tank (3) side wall, the first dispatch tube (4) other end and concentrate bottle (5) upper portion side wall connect It connects.
4. a kind of bay aromatic hydrocarbon enrichment facility according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: the heating mechanism (8) Including the canister (8a) for placing concentrate bottle (5), thermally conductive sand (8b), institute are also placed in the canister (8a) The canister bottom (8a) cooperation stated is equipped with heating plate (8c), is equipped with supporting table (9) below the heating plate (8c).
5. a kind of bay aromatic hydrocarbon enrichment facility according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: the concentrate bottle (5) Bottom of bottle is equipped with thermally conductive (5a) for concaving hemispherical, and thermally conductive (5a) surface loop in the concentrate bottle (5) is around setting There is the thermally conductive lines (5b) of figure.
6. a kind of bay aromatic hydrocarbon enrichment facility according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: the third dispatch tube (11) drawing liquid pump (10) are equipped with.
7. a kind of bay aromatic hydrocarbon enrichment facility according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: in the cooler (7) Equipped with gas storage box (14), the cooler (7) surface is equipped with opening-closing plate corresponding with gas storage box (14) figure (7c), the cooling box (7) top and bottom are respectively equipped with water inlet pipe (7a) and outlet pipe (7b).
8. a kind of bay aromatic hydrocarbon enrichment facility according to claim 7, it is characterised in that: second dispatch tube (6) and the 4th dispatch tube (12) extends through cooler (7) side wall and the pipe nozzle (14) on gas storage box (14) side wall is right It should be cooperatively connected.
9. a kind of bay aromatic hydrocarbon enrichment facility application method described in -8 according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: described is dense Compression apparatus in concentration process by control water pump (1), heating mechanism (8) industrial personal computer in modular formula calculate concentrate bottle (5) Whether interior watery liquid viscosity completes water sample concentration according to the judge of watery liquid viscosity;
The modular formula are as follows: η=K0exp(Ea/RT);
In formula: η is the viscosity (mPas) of fluid, and T is temperature, K0For constant (mPas), EaFor activation energy (KJ/kmol), R For gas constant.
CN201811193972.1A 2018-10-15 2018-10-15 Bay aromatic hydrocarbon enrichment facility Active CN109115555B (en)

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Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2930340A1 (en) * 2008-04-22 2009-10-23 Total Sa Sa METHOD FOR SAMPLING HYDROGEN SULFIDE
CN103674668A (en) * 2013-12-11 2014-03-26 南昌航空大学 Online pre-separation and enrichment device for pollutants in large-volume water sample
CN104215497A (en) * 2014-09-19 2014-12-17 山东省科学院海洋仪器仪表研究所 Experimental device and method for extracting polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in enriched seawater
CN205879661U (en) * 2016-07-12 2017-01-11 青岛顺昕电子科技有限公司 Concentrated appearance of water sample
CN206832565U (en) * 2017-05-15 2018-01-02 中国科学院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所 Organic matter rapid extraction device in ervoconite

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2930340A1 (en) * 2008-04-22 2009-10-23 Total Sa Sa METHOD FOR SAMPLING HYDROGEN SULFIDE
CN103674668A (en) * 2013-12-11 2014-03-26 南昌航空大学 Online pre-separation and enrichment device for pollutants in large-volume water sample
CN104215497A (en) * 2014-09-19 2014-12-17 山东省科学院海洋仪器仪表研究所 Experimental device and method for extracting polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in enriched seawater
CN205879661U (en) * 2016-07-12 2017-01-11 青岛顺昕电子科技有限公司 Concentrated appearance of water sample
CN206832565U (en) * 2017-05-15 2018-01-02 中国科学院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所 Organic matter rapid extraction device in ervoconite

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
吴其晔 等: "《高分子材料流变学》", 31 October 2002 *

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