CN109104137A - A kind of common pole-type power generator being collected simultaneously rainwater energy and solar energy - Google Patents
A kind of common pole-type power generator being collected simultaneously rainwater energy and solar energy Download PDFInfo
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- CN109104137A CN109104137A CN201811057833.6A CN201811057833A CN109104137A CN 109104137 A CN109104137 A CN 109104137A CN 201811057833 A CN201811057833 A CN 201811057833A CN 109104137 A CN109104137 A CN 109104137A
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02S—GENERATION OF ELECTRIC POWER BY CONVERSION OF INFRARED RADIATION, VISIBLE LIGHT OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT, e.g. USING PHOTOVOLTAIC [PV] MODULES
- H02S10/00—PV power plants; Combinations of PV energy systems with other systems for the generation of electric power
- H02S10/10—PV power plants; Combinations of PV energy systems with other systems for the generation of electric power including a supplementary source of electric power, e.g. hybrid diesel-PV energy systems
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02N—ELECTRIC MACHINES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H02N1/00—Electrostatic generators or motors using a solid moving electrostatic charge carrier
- H02N1/04—Friction generators
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
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- Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)
Abstract
The present invention relates to electrostatic friction, solar battery, field of energy conversion, refer in particular to a kind of common pole-type power generator that can be collected simultaneously rainwater energy and solar energy.Present invention proposition is covered on solar cell surface with a kind of friction nanometer power generator of transparent independent layer model, instead of the protection board of conventional solar cell surface top layer, and together with solar battery surface grid line, forms a kind of common pole-type combined generating device.This common pole-type combined generating device collects solar energy as usual and carries out photovoltaic power generation in fine day, and when the rainy day, photovoltaic efficiency was greatly reduced, it is collected simultaneously rainwater energy and carries out triboelectricity.On the one hand transparent friction nanometer power generator in the invention can be used as the protective layer of solar battery, do not influence the photovoltaic efficiency of solar battery, on the other hand, and can collect the energy of rainwater in nature, be to the effective supplement of one kind of photovoltaic power generation.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to electrostatic friction, solar battery, field of energy conversion, refer in particular to one kind can be collected simultaneously rainwater can and
The common pole-type power generator of solar energy.
Background technique
Energy problem be influence one of human progress and the significant problem of sustainable development, it is various around new energy development,
The research of renewable energy recycling progress like a raging fire all over the world；Solar energy is as a kind of inexhaustible, use
The inexhaustible environmentally friendly energy, be one of most promising new energy.Solar battery utilizes photoelectric effect or photochemistry
Solar energy is converted into electric energy by effect, is the most effective form of Solar use；It realizes and receives for the first time from Wang Zhonglin in 2006
Since rice generator collecting mechanical energy, the mechanical energy collection technology based on piezoelectricity and triboelectric effect is deep extensive by scientific circles
Concern becomes self energizing microelectronic element and system, by integrating in order to improve efficiency, it will usually while using two or two
A above energy extraction element realizes collaborative work or complementary；One kind according to the present invention can be collected simultaneously rainwater energy and the sun
The common pole-type power generator of energy has just accepted the above theory；Application No. is 201410380160.3 Chinese patent applications to disclose
A kind of compound energy device and electricity-generating method, carry out photovoltaic power generation by solar battery, are aided with friction generator and collect rain
Water energy amount carry out triboelectricity, but the friction nanometer power generator use single electrode mode, the unit time transfer total amount of electric charge compared with
Few, the electric current of output is lower, and friction nanometer power generator and solar battery respectively use oneself independent electrode, and the nanometer that rubs
Generator also needs additional ground terminal, increases circuit connection and energy consumption external between unit, reduces power generation effect
Rate；Application No. is 201710943534.1 Chinese patent applications to disclose the energy collecting device and the energy of a kind of shared electrode
System integrates solar battery and friction nanometer power generator, and friction nanometer power generator and solar battery will be silver-colored electric
Pole is as a shared electrode, but friction nanometer power generator uses single electrode mode, the total amount of electric charge of unit time transfer compared with
Few, the electric current of output is lower, and needs additional ground terminal.
Summary of the invention
Technical problem solved by the present invention is decline for rainy season or night rainy day solar cell power generation efficiency, and
Surface is easy contaminated, accumulation dust in solar battery use process, seriously affects generating efficiency and needs often cleaning etc.
Problem.
The invention proposes the common pole-type power generator that one kind can be collected simultaneously rainwater energy and solar energy, to make up the rainy day too
The low deficiency of positive cell conversion efficiency；In fine day, after sunlight penetrates transparent friction nanometer power generator, solar battery does as usual
It collects solar energy and carries out photovoltaic power generation, in the rainy day, photovoltaic efficiency is greatly reduced, and friction nanometer power generator collects rainwater
Energy carries out triboelectricity；On the one hand transparent friction nanometer power generator is protected as the solar battery for not influencing photoelectric conversion efficiency
On the other hand backplate, and can collect the energy of rainwater in nature, which uses independent layer model,
The quantity of electric charge shifted in unit time is more, and output electric current is larger, ground terminal that should not be additional；And friction nanometer power generator and too
Positive energy battery shares solar cell surface gate electrode, reduces circuit connection and energy consumption external between unit, improves
Generating efficiency.The present invention by share solar battery surface gate electrode, by the solar panel of photovoltaic power generation and friction
Nano generator is organically combined, and a kind of common pole-type combined generating device is formed, and is had widely in field of renewable energy
Application prospect.
To achieve the above object, the present invention proposes to be covered on a kind of friction nanometer power generator of transparent independent layer model
Solar cell surface, instead of the protection board of conventional solar cell surface top layer, and together with solar battery surface grid line,
Form a kind of common pole-type combined generating device.This common pole-type combined generating device collects solar energy in fine day as usual
Photovoltaic power generation is carried out, and when the rainy day, photovoltaic efficiency was greatly reduced, it is collected simultaneously rainwater energy and carries out triboelectricity.The hair
On the one hand transparent friction nanometer power generator in bright can be used as the protective layer of solar battery, do not influence the light of solar battery
Efficiency is lied prostrate, on the other hand, and the energy of rainwater in nature can be collected, is to the effective supplement of one kind of photovoltaic power generation.
Common pole-type combined generating device proposed by the present invention, comprising: solar battery is covered on solar cell surface
The rectification circuit of transparent friction nanometer power generator and friction generator.Wherein: the friction nanometer power generator is independent stratum mould
The friction nanometer power generator of formula is made of gate-shaped electrode layer and transparent frictional layer from bottom to top, wherein gate-shaped electrode layer is by first
Group gate-shaped electrode layer and second group of gate-shaped electrode layer are constituted, and the lower surface of the transparent frictional layer is printed on first group of gate-shaped electrode
Layer, solar battery plate surface gate line electrode are used as second group of gate-shaped electrode layer, first group of gate-shaped electrode and solar-electricity simultaneously
Pond plate surface gate line electrode is alternatively arranged along solar cell surface gate line electrode orientation.The rectification circuit is by rectifier bridge
It constitutes, rectifier bridge any end is connected by conducting wire and first group of gate-shaped electrode layer of friction nanometer power generator, and the other end passes through
Conducting wire is connected with one end of energy storage device, and one end of energy storage device passes through second group of grid of conducting wire and friction nanometer power generator again
The connection of shape electrode layer.The solar battery preparation is square on flexible substrates, from bottom to top by flexible substrate, solar battery
Hearth electrode, solar battery PN junction, solar battery plate surface gate line electrode composition.
Preferably, the material of the transparent frictional layer is transparent insulation material, can for one of llowing group of materials or
It is several: polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), dimethyl silicone polymer, polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene and polyethylene terephthalate, and
It is flexible material.
Preferably, the surface of the transparent frictional layer is hydrophobic structure, and the surface of frictional layer has super-hydrophobicity.
Preferably, the transparent friction layer surface has hydrophobic structure, and the hydrophobic structure is one-dimensional or two-dimentional micro-nano knot
Structure is nano-pillar, nanocone, micron cone, nano particle, nano flower, nanometer channel, micron trenches, and nanosphere and micron are spherical
One of which in structure, and the array formed by aforementioned structure.
Preferably, the hydrophobic structure is prepared by template or lithographic methods in the upper surface of the transparent frictional layer
It forms.
Preferably, the transparent frictional layer with a thickness of 100nm-0.5mm.
Preferably, the material of first group of gate-shaped electrode layer is transparent conductive film TCO, Indium-tin Oxide Transparent Conductive Film
ITO, fluorine-doped tin oxide transparent conductive film FTO, aluminum-doped zinc oxide transparent conductive film AZO, conductive hydrogel use silver nanoparticle
The dispersion liquid of line is printed in frictional layer lower surface by industrial silk-screen printing technique, and is flexible material；First group
The grid line width of gate-shaped electrode layer is 0.1mm-0.5mm.
Preferably, the friction nanometer power generator fits closely encapsulation using the packaging technology in manufacture of solar cells
And it is fixed on solar battery upper surface.
Preferably, the angular range on the surface and ground of the transparent frictional layer of the friction nanometer power generator be 20 ° extremely
70°。
Preferably, the solar battery is flexible thin-film solar cell.
Preferably, the friction nanometer power generator is flexible friction nano generator, is packaged in solar cell surface.
Preferably, the present invention provides a kind of energy collecting devices of shared electrode, including solar battery, friction nanometer
Generator and full bridge rectifier, the solar battery and the friction nanometer power generator share second group of gate-shaped electrode (i.e.
Solar cell surface gate line electrode).
Preferably, the present invention also provides a kind of electricity-generating methods, and sunlight is through the transparent friction nanometer power generator irradiation
Photoelectric conversion is carried out to the solar battery；And/or the rainwater of electrically charged raindrop or flowing is in the friction nanometer generating
The transparent friction layer surface of machine is slided, and sense is generated between first group of gate-shaped electrode layer and second group of gate-shaped electrode layer
It answers charge and forms electric current.
Compared with prior art, the invention has the advantages that；
1, the invention proposes one kind can be collected simultaneously the common pole-type power generator of rainwater energy and solar energy, for simultaneously or
The solar energy and rainwater energy in nature under different weather situation are collected respectively.The compound power-generating battery system is independent by two sets
Electrification component constitute, lower layer is solar battery, by photovoltaic effect collect sunshine in through friction nanometer power generator too
Sunlight energy；Upper layer is transparent friction nanometer power generator, collects rainy day rain by " frictional electricity " and " electrostatic induction " effect
The electrostatic energy of water, while friction nanometer power generator is also used as solar cell surface protection board.
2, one kind proposed by the present invention can be collected simultaneously the common pole-type power generator of rainwater energy and solar energy, and when fine day can
The effective photoelectric conversion for guaranteeing solar energy, when rainy day photovoltaic efficiency is greatly reduced, friction nanometer power generator collects rainwater energy
Amount carries out power generation output, is to a kind of insufficient useful supplement of rainy day solar battery transformation efficiency.The present invention has expanded single
A kind of completely new compound green power generation device using the power generator of the solar panel of photovoltaic power generation, rainwater compared with
More areas and rainwater more season have extensive practical application value.
3, the friction nanometer power generator uses independent layer model, and the quantity of electric charge shifted within the unit time is more, output
Electric current is larger, and does not need additional ground terminal.
4, the solar battery and the friction nanometer power generator include second group of gate-shaped electrode layer being used in conjunction with
(i.e. solar cell surface gate line electrode layer) reduces circuit connection and energy consumption external between unit, improves hair
Electrical efficiency.
5, the present invention in friction nanometer power generator layers of material, be in sunlight wave band it is transparent, almost without absorption, class
Like the protection board of existing commercial solar cell plate, absorption of the solar battery to daylight is not influenced, i.e., does not influence solar-electricity
The photoelectric conversion efficiency of pond plate.
6, the frictional layer surface hydrophobicity structure of friction nanometer power generator has self-cleaning function, it will help maintains friction
The friction layer surface of nano generator is clean, ensure that and uses in environment outdoors, effective output of solar cell, while effectively
Reduce the cost of manual maintenance.
Detailed description of the invention
By attached drawing, summary of the invention of the invention and its purpose, feature and advantage will be more clear.Phase in all the attached drawings
Same appended drawing reference indicates identical part.Attached drawing deliberately is not drawn by actual size equal proportion scaling, it is preferred that emphasis is is shown
Purport of the invention.
Fig. 1 is the structural schematic diagram of common pole-type power generator of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is friction nanometer power generator gate-shaped electrode schematic diagram in common pole-type power generator of the present invention.
Fig. 3 is rectification circuit schematic diagram of the present invention.
Fig. 4 is working principle diagram of the friction nanometer power generator when raining in common pole-type power generator of the present invention；(a) raindrop
The working principle diagram to fall when touching friction nanometer power generator；(b) working principle diagram of raindrop sliding process.
It is below the explanation and illustration of each code name in figure: 10, common pole-type power generator 11, friction nanometer power generator 12, too
Positive energy battery；111, transparent frictional layer, 112, first groups of gate-shaped electrode layers, 113, second groups of gate-shaped electrode layer (i.e. solar-electricities
Pond plate surface gate line electrode), 121, solar cell PN junction, 122, solar battery bottom electrode layer, 123, flexible substrate
Specific embodiment
The present invention provides a kind of solar battery by single photovoltaic power generation and the friction nanometer of transparent independent layer model is sent out
The common pole-type power generator that motor combines.In fine day, after sunlight penetrates friction nanometer power generator, solar battery does as usual
It collects solar energy and carries out photovoltaic power generation, when the rainy day, photovoltaic efficiency was greatly reduced, be aided with friction nanometer power generator receipts
Collect rainwater energy and carries out triboelectricity；Transparent friction nanometer power generator is on the one hand as the solar energy for not influencing photoelectric conversion efficiency
On the other hand battery protecting plate, and can collect the energy of rainwater in nature.
Specific embodiment party of the invention is discussed in detail in technical solution to facilitate the understanding of the present invention with reference to the accompanying drawing
Method.
It is a kind of schematic diagram of typical structure of common pole-type power generator 10 provided by the invention, comprising: too referring to Fig. 1
Positive energy battery 11, covers friction nanometer power generator 12 and friction nanometer power generator rectification circuit group on the solar cell
At, in which: the friction generator is made of gate-shaped electrode layer and the stacking of transparent frictional layer 111 from bottom to top, wherein palisade electricity
Pole layer is made of first group of gate-shaped electrode layer 112 and second group of gate-shaped electrode layer 113 (solar battery plate surface gate line electrode),
The lower surface of transparent frictional layer 111 is printed on first group of gate-shaped electrode layer 112, and second group of gate-shaped electrode layer 113 is located at solar-electricity
121 surface of pond PN junction；As shown in Fig. 2, first group of gate-shaped electrode layer 112 and second group of gate-shaped electrode layer 113 are along solar battery
Surface gate line electrode orientation is alternatively arranged and connects with energy storage devices such as rectification circuit and batteries, rectification circuit such as Fig. 3
It is shown.The solar battery is by taking flexible thin-film solar cell as an example, from bottom to top by flexible substrate 123, solar battery
Hearth electrode 122, solar cell PN junction 121, solar battery plate surface gate line electrode form, wherein solar battery plate surface grid
Line electrode is the shared electrode with friction nanometer power generator.Friction nanometer power generator is packaged and fixes table on the solar cell
Face.For solar battery by solar battery plate surface gate line electrode as positive electrode, solar energy hearth electrode 122 is used as negative electrode,
The electric current that photovoltaic effect generates inputs energy storage system by solar battery hearth electrode 122 and solar battery plate surface gate line electrode
In system, the energy storage device of the energy-storage system and friction nanometer power generator is not shared, and is two independent energy storage devices.Rub nanometer
Generator is independent layer model, and rainwater is exchange in the electric current that the friction layer surface sliding process of friction nanometer power generator generates
Electricity, can first pass through rectification circuit becomes direct current, then accesses external circuit again or energy storage device stores.The compound power-generating
Friction nanometer power generator and this two sets of electrification components of solar battery are mutually indepedent in device, can be under different weather conditions
Output electric energy outward.
Fig. 4 is the electricity generating principle schematic diagram of friction generator.The rainfall generated in cloud layer is in the sky in dropping process, with sky
Gas and aerial molecule rub, and generate and carry triboelectric charge.The polarity of triboelectric charge entrained by raindrop is by working as
When cloud layer charging property and dropping process in fine particle in the air and air that are rubbed determine, can be positive charge,
But negative electrical charge.For the sake of simplicity, in Fig. 4 (a), it is assumed that entrained triboelectric charge is positive charge in raindrop.When carrying positive electricity
When the raindrop of lotus are dropped on the surface of frictional layer polytetrafluoroethylene film, due to electrostatic induction, in first group of gate-shaped electrode layer
Between 112 and second group of gate-shaped electrode layer 113, a positive potential difference values are formed, this potential difference is by first group of gate-shaped electrode layer
Free electron in 112 flows to second group of gate-shaped electrode layer 113, to generate the forward current of a period until first group
Potential difference between gate-shaped electrode layer 112 and second group of gate-shaped electrode layer 113 is reduced to zero.As shown in Fig. 4 (b), when raindrop are rubbing
It wipes after being slid on layer polytetrafluoroethylene film, due to electrostatic induction, in first group of gate-shaped electrode layer 112 and second group of gate-shaped electrode
A negative potential difference values are generated between layer 113 again, this potential difference drives electronics to flow back into the from second group of gate-shaped electrode layer 113
One group of gate-shaped electrode layer 112, to generate the negative current of a short time until first group of gate-shaped electrode layer 112 and second group
Potential difference between gate-shaped electrode layer 113 is reduced to zero.As a result, raindrop frictional layer polytetrafluoroethylene film slide during,
It is generated between first group of gate-shaped electrode layer 112 and second group of gate-shaped electrode layer 113 and continuously exports positive and negative alternate periodically electricity
Stream.It should be noted that raindrop carry the sliding speed between the size and a large amount of raindrop and polytetrafluoroethylene film of the quantity of electric charge
Degree, directly affects the size of power output.
One kind of the invention, which can be collected simultaneously rainwater, to be mainly used in outdoor ring with the common pole-type power generator of solar energy
In border, friction nanometer power generator is placed directly within solar battery upper surface, another on the one hand as the protective layer of solar battery
Aspect collects rainwater energy and carries out triboelectricity, and shares solar cell surface gate electrode, reduces outside between unit
Circuit connection and energy consumption, improve generating efficiency, are a kind of very useful green energy resource systems.
The present invention also provides a kind of using the common pole-type composite power generation method, and sunlight is sent out through the friction nanometer
Motor is irradiated to the solar battery and carries out photoelectric conversion；And/or the rainwater of electrically charged raindrop or flowing is in the friction
The transparent friction layer surface of nano generator is slided, and charge inducing is generated between gate-shaped electrode layer and forms electric current.Described
Electricity-generating method, in fine day sunshine abundance, solar battery capture sunlight carries out photovoltaic power generation and exports electric signal outward；And
The night of rainy day or rainy day are aided with friction nanometer power generator and collect rainwater in the case where solar energy photoelectric conversion efficiency reduces
Energy generates electricity, and has extensive practical value.
Embodiment above describes basic principles and main features of the invention and advantage, the technical staff of the industry should
Understand, the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments, and the above embodiments and description only describe originals of the invention
Reason, under the range for not departing from the principle of the invention, various changes and improvements may be made to the invention, these changes and improvements are each fallen within
In the scope of protection of the invention.
Claims (8)
1. one kind can be collected simultaneously rainwater can be with the common pole-type power generator of solar energy, which is characterized in that the common pole-type power generation
Device including solar battery, is covered on the transparent friction nanometer power generator and friction generator of solar cell surface
Rectification circuit；
The friction nanometer power generator is the friction nanometer power generator of independent layer model, from bottom to top by gate-shaped electrode layer and transparent
Frictional layer composition, wherein gate-shaped electrode layer is made of first group of gate-shaped electrode layer and second group of gate-shaped electrode layer, described transparent to rub
The lower surface for wiping layer is printed on first group of gate-shaped electrode layer, and solar battery plate surface gate line electrode is used as second group of palisade electricity simultaneously
Pole layer, first group of gate-shaped electrode and solar battery plate surface gate line electrode are along solar cell surface gate line electrode orientation
It is alternatively arranged；
The rectification circuit is made of rectifier bridge, and rectifier bridge any end passes through first group of grid of conducting wire and friction nanometer power generator
The connection of shape electrode layer, the other end is connected by conducting wire with one end of energy storage device, one end of energy storage device pass through again conducting wire and
Second group of gate-shaped electrode layer of friction nanometer power generator connects；
Described solar battery preparation side on flexible substrates, from bottom to top by flexible substrate, solar battery hearth electrode, too
Positive energy battery PN junction, solar battery plate surface gate line electrode composition.
2. one kind as described in claim 1, which can be collected simultaneously rainwater, to exist with the common pole-type power generator of solar energy, feature
In it is one of llowing group of materials or several that the material of the transparent frictional layer, which is transparent insulation material: polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE),
Dimethyl silicone polymer, polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene and polyethylene terephthalate, and be flexible material；It is described
Transparent frictional layer with a thickness of 100nm-0.5mm.
3. one kind as described in claim 1, which can be collected simultaneously rainwater, to exist with the common pole-type power generator of solar energy, feature
In the surface of the transparent frictional layer is hydrophobic structure, and the surface of frictional layer has super-hydrophobicity；The hydrophobic structure is one-dimensional
Or two-dimentional micro-nano structure, it is nano-pillar, nanocone, micron cone, nano particle, nano flower, nanometer channel, micron trenches, nanometer
One of which in ball and micron chondritic, and the array formed by aforementioned structure；The hydrophobic structure passes through template
Or lithographic methods are prepared in the upper surface of the transparent frictional layer.
4. one kind as described in claim 1, which can be collected simultaneously rainwater, to exist with the common pole-type power generator of solar energy, feature
In the material of first group of gate-shaped electrode layer is transparent conductive film TCO, Indium-tin Oxide Transparent Conductive Film ITO, fluorine-doped tin oxide
Transparent conductive film FTO, aluminum-doped zinc oxide transparent conductive film AZO, conductive hydrogel or the dispersion liquid using silver nanowires, pass through
Industrial silk-screen printing technique is printed in frictional layer lower surface, and is flexible material；The grid of first group of gate-shaped electrode layer
Line width is 0.1mm-0.5mm.
5. one kind as described in claim 1, which can be collected simultaneously rainwater, to exist with the common pole-type power generator of solar energy, feature
In the friction nanometer power generator is fitted closely using the packaging technology in manufacture of solar cells in table on solar battery
Face.
6. one kind as described in claim 1, which can be collected simultaneously rainwater, to exist with the common pole-type power generator of solar energy, feature
In the surface of the transparent frictional layer of the friction nanometer power generator and the angular range on ground are 20 ° to 70 °.
7. one kind as described in claim 1, which can be collected simultaneously rainwater, to exist with the common pole-type power generator of solar energy, feature
In the solar battery is flexible thin-film solar cell；The friction nanometer power generator is flexible friction nano generator,
It is packaged in solar cell surface.
8. one kind as described in claim 1, which can be collected simultaneously rainwater, to exist with the common pole-type power generator of solar energy, feature
In sunlight is irradiated to the solar battery through the transparent friction nanometer power generator and carries out photoelectric conversion；And/or band
The raindrop of charge or the rainwater of flowing are slided in the transparent friction layer surface of the friction nanometer power generator, described first
Charge inducing is generated between group gate-shaped electrode layer and second group of gate-shaped electrode layer and forms electric current.
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