CN109088484B - Wireless energy transmission space matching method - Google Patents
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- CN109088484B CN109088484B CN201810966853.9A CN201810966853A CN109088484B CN 109088484 B CN109088484 B CN 109088484B CN 201810966853 A CN201810966853 A CN 201810966853A CN 109088484 B CN109088484 B CN 109088484B
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- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J50/00—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power
- H02J50/20—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power using microwaves or radio frequency waves
Abstract
The invention relates to the field of microwave energy transmission, and aims to obtain the maximum total energy transmission efficiency of a microwave energy transmission system; sequentially carrying out field matching, impedance matching and power matching; the field matching includes polarization matching and aperture field matching. According to the energy transmission space matching technology provided by the invention, by improving field matching, impedance matching and power matching, the space electromagnetic wave transmission efficiency and the rectifying antenna direct-current conversion efficiency are improved, and the total energy transmission efficiency of a microwave energy transmission system is improved; the field matching of the invention is carried out by the antenna aperture field distribution and the mutual coupling action of the transmitting antenna and the receiving antenna, thus solving the problem of difficult full-scale simulation of a complex and huge system.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of microwave energy transmission, in particular to a microwave wireless energy transmission space matching method.
Background
At present, energy transmission is realized mainly by erecting wires or cables, a large amount of manpower and material resources are consumed, and a large amount of energy is wasted due to the loss of the wires or the cables in the transportation process. The microwave energy transmission technology converts electric energy into microwaves for transmission, reduces erection of power transmission lines, avoids complicated electric wires, enables living space to be clean and tidy, and has wide application prospect.
Microwave energy transmission (MPT) can realize long-distance transmission of energy, and is an important wireless energy transmission mode. In the wireless energy transmission mode of microwave energy transmission, energy is transmitted to a space in a microwave mode through a transmitting antenna, and the energy is received by a rectifying antenna at a receiving end and converted into direct current energy. The microwave energy transmission system generally comprises three parts, wherein the part I is a microwave source and comprises a microwave generator and a transmitting Antenna, the part II is a free space for microwave propagation, the part III is a Rectifying Antenna (or receiving Antenna) which comprises a receiving Antenna and a Rectifying circuit, can receive electromagnetic waves and convert the electromagnetic waves into direct current, is an essential important device in the microwave energy transmission system, and the performance of the microwave energy transmission system has important influence on the whole MPT system.
In the microwave energy transmission system, the total energy transmission efficiency is an important index for evaluating the quality of the microwave energy transmission system. The total efficiency of energy transmission, i.e. the ratio of the dc output power to the transmitting power of the transmitting antenna, includes the space transmission efficiency and the dc conversion efficiency of the rectifying antenna. For a radio frequency circuit, in order to obtain the maximum power of the circuit load, the impedance conjugate matching theorem is required to be satisfied, i.e. the load impedance is equal to the conjugate value of the internal impedance of the excitation source. However, in the microwave power transmission system, not only the impedance conjugate matching theorem in the rectenna but also the propagation of the microwave in free space need to be considered. Therefore, in order to improve the performance of the microwave energy transmission system, on one hand, the transmitted microwave energy needs to reach the receiving antenna as much as possible; on the other hand, the performance of the rectenna needs to be improved, so that the load outputs more direct current energy.
In the whole microwave energy transmission system, the propagation condition of microwaves in free space is complex, and the propagation characteristics of an electromagnetic field, including the polarization, amplitude and phase distribution of the electromagnetic field, need to be considered to ensure that a receiving antenna can receive more energy. Moreover, the receiving antenna is a rectifying antenna, and a radio frequency circuit with a rectifying diode is connected behind the receiving antenna, and the rectifying diode is a nonlinear device, so that the working characteristics of the rectifying diode need to be fully considered, and the load can be ensured to output the maximum direct current power.
The "application of the generalized scattering parameters in impedance matching" of the article of leijust and hu xu suggests that impedance matching of the load impedance is required in the rf circuitry to ensure maximum power transfer to the load impedance. The reference impedance in the scattering parameters corresponding to the traditional impedance matching theory is a real impedance, and can only adapt to the equal-resistance matching condition. However, the reference impedance in the actual rf circuit system is generally complex impedance, and the conventional scattering parameter matching theory is not applicable. In order to solve the above problems, in the first prior art scheme, a generalized scattering parameter concept under a conjugate matching condition is introduced, and the application of the generalized scattering parameter is explained by a two-port matching network example by comparing the physical meanings of the conventional scattering parameter and the generalized scattering parameter. There are 1) only rf circuit impedance matching techniques considered; 2) the problem of the working characteristics of the nonlinear device is not considered in the circuit;
in Georg Goubau and Felix Schweering, "Free space beam transmission" in Microwave Power Engineering, two-aperture Microwave energy spatial transmission characteristics are derived from theory. Research shows that when the electromagnetic field of the receiving and transmitting antenna is in conjugate distribution, the receiving antenna obtains the maximum radio frequency power. There are 1) only the ideal aperture field of the transmitting and receiving antenna is considered, and the actual antenna condition and the mutual coupling relation between the two antennas are not considered; 2) the problem of a circuit with a rectifying diode behind a rectifying antenna is not considered;
xu, and D.S. Rickets, "An effective, watt-level microwave receiver using An impedance in external power recovery systems", adopts An impedance compression network technology, and compared with the traditional resistance compression network technology, not only can realize the compression of resistance, but also can realize the compression of impedance, and ensure that the rectifying antenna can realize high-efficiency direct current output under wider range of input power. There are 1) power matching problems that only consider rectennas, but not transmit-receive antennas free-space.
A new microwave wireless energy transmission technology is urgently needed to effectively solve the above problems.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a microwave wireless energy transmission space matching method, aiming at obtaining the maximum energy transmission total efficiency of a microwave energy transmission system, considering the matching condition of each part of the whole microwave energy transmission system based on impedance conjugate matching and providing a space matching technology.
The technical scheme of the invention is realized as follows: a microwave wireless energy transmission space matching method comprises a transmitting antenna, a receiving antenna and a rectifying circuit; the method is characterized in that: sequentially carrying out field matching, power matching and impedance matching; the field matching comprises polarization matching and aperture field size and phase distribution matching.
Further, the field matching is carried out by a caliber field distribution iteration method; the iterative method comprises two steps: a, transmitting microwave energy by a transmitting antenna, extracting field distribution reaching a receiving antenna in a beam propagation direction, extracting conjugation, and calculating to obtain a target conjugate field to be realized by the receiving antenna; b, taking the conjugate field as a target, optimizing the surface structure of a single antenna or the feeding amplitude and phase of an antenna array by adopting an optimization algorithm (such as a genetic algorithm, a particle swarm algorithm, a holographic method, a neural network method and the like), and enabling the field generated by the receiving antenna to approach the target conjugate field to realize field matching;
further, the transmitting antenna and the receiving antenna adopt different polarizations, such as linear polarization, circular polarization and the like, so as to carry out polarization matching.
Further, the power matching matches the reception power of the reception antenna, i.e., P, by the input power of the optimum operating point of the rectifier circuitin＝PsWherein P isinInput power at the optimum operating point of the rectifier circuit; psIs the received power of the receive antenna.
Further, the impedance matching satisfies impedance conjugate matching between the receiving antenna and the rectifying circuit:
namely, it is
Wherein Z isinIs the input impedance of the rectifying circuit; zsIs the source impedance of the antenna; zoutIs the output impedance of the rectifying circuit; zLIs the load impedance.
Further, the aperture field matching includes the size, phase and power density distribution of the aperture field generated by the transmitting antenna and the receiving antenna. The transmitting antenna is composed of various forms of antennas or antenna arrays.
According to the microwave wireless energy transmission space matching method provided by the invention, by realizing field matching, power matching and impedance matching, the space electromagnetic wave transmission efficiency and the rectifying antenna direct-current conversion efficiency are improved, so that the total energy transmission efficiency of the whole microwave energy transmission system, namely the energy transmission-conversion efficiency, is improved; the field matching of the invention considers the mutual coupling effect of the transmitting antenna and the receiving antenna, and solves the problem of difficult full-scale simulation of a complex and huge system by matching the polarization and aperture field distribution of the receiving antenna and the transmitting antenna.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly described below, and it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present invention, and for those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained according to these drawings without creative efforts.
FIG. 1: a simplified circuit schematic diagram of a rectenna;
FIG. 2: a schematic diagram of a microwave system transmitting and receiving antenna;
FIG. 3: linear/circular polarized receive antenna array distribution;
FIG. 4: the schematic diagram of the conversion efficiency of the rectifying circuit;
FIG. 5: an axial ratio diagram of a circularly polarized antenna;
FIG. 6: a rectifier circuit diagram;
FIG. 7: a side view of a linearly polarized receiving antenna unit structure;
FIG. 8: a patch is arranged on the upper surface of the linearly polarized receiving antenna;
FIG. 9: a linearly polarized receiving antenna floor;
FIG. 10: a linearly polarized receive antenna feed;
FIG. 11: a side view of a circularly polarized receiving antenna unit structure;
FIG. 12: pasting a patch on the upper surface of the circularly polarized antenna;
FIG. 13: a transmitting antenna;
FIG. 14: artificial material diagram of a transmitting antenna.
Wherein: 1. pasting a piece; 2. a dielectric plate; 3. a floor; 4. a feeder line; 5. a horn antenna; 6. artificial materials.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
The invention discloses a microwave wireless energy transmission space matching method, which comprises a transmitting antenna, a receiving antenna and a rectifying circuit, wherein the transmitting antenna is connected with the receiving antenna through a power line; the method is characterized in that: sequentially carrying out field matching, power matching and impedance matching; the field matching includes polarization matching and aperture field matching.
Further, the field matching is carried out by a caliber field distribution iteration method; the iterative method comprises two steps:
a, transmitting microwave energy by a transmitting antenna, extracting field distribution reaching a receiving antenna in a beam propagation direction, extracting conjugation, and calculating to obtain a target conjugate field to be realized by the receiving antenna;
b, taking the conjugate field as a target, optimizing the surface structure of a single antenna or the feeding amplitude and phase of an antenna array by adopting an optimization algorithm, such as a genetic algorithm, a particle swarm algorithm, a holographic method, a neural network method and the like, so that the field generated by the receiving antenna approaches the target conjugate field, and realizing field matching;
further, the transmitting antenna and the receiving antenna adopt different polarizations, such as linear polarization, circular polarization and the like, so as to carry out polarization matching.
Further, the power matching matches the reception power of the reception antenna, i.e., P, by the input power of the optimum operating point of the rectifier circuitin＝PsWherein P isinInput power at the optimum operating point of the rectifier circuit; psIs the received power of the receiving antenna; the input power of the optimal working point of the rectifying circuit mainly depends on the rectifying diode, and the power matching is met by designing the corresponding matching branch knot, so that the load obtains the highest rectifying conversion efficiency under the optimal power.
Further, as shown in the simplified circuit diagram of the rectenna in fig. 1, the impedance matching satisfies the impedance conjugate matching between the receiving antenna and the rectifying circuit:
namely, it is
Wherein Z isinIs the input impedance of the rectifying circuit; zsIs the source impedance of the antenna; zoutIs the output impedance of the rectifying circuit; zLIn order to be the load impedance,wherein the nonlinear operating characteristics of the rectifier diodes are reduced to a Z-impedance matrix.
Further, the aperture field matching includes the size, phase and power density distribution of the aperture field generated by the transmitting antenna and the receiving antenna. The transmitting antenna is composed of various forms of antennas or antenna arrays.
The first embodiment is as follows:
and the microwave energy transmission system has the working frequency of 2.45 GHz. The antenna array is composed of a transmitting antenna and a receiving antenna array, the caliber of the transmitting antenna array is 35 wavelengths, the caliber of the receiving antenna array is 50 wavelengths, the distance is 980.4 wavelengths, the transmitting antenna array is linear polarization, and in order to achieve polarization matching, the receiving antenna array in the corresponding rectifying antenna also adopts a linear polarization mode.
As shown in the schematic diagram of the transmitting and receiving antenna of the microwave system in fig. 2 and the schematic diagram of the transmitting antenna in fig. 13, the transmitting antenna and the receiving antenna both adopt a linear polarization mode in the Y-axis direction, the transmitting antenna array transmits a high-energy incoming wave by the horn antenna 5, two layers of artificial materials 6 are placed in front of the horn antenna 5, as shown in fig. 14, each layer of artificial material 6 is formed by a square frame structure, the distance between the two layers of artificial materials 6 is 46.25mm, the distance between the two layers of artificial materials 6 and the horn mouth surface is 6mm, and a uniform distribution field with the caliber field amplitude of 74.23V/.
As shown in fig. 3, a distribution of a linear polarization/circular polarization receiving antenna array, a structural side view of a linear polarization receiving antenna unit, fig. 7, a structural side view of a linear polarization receiving antenna unit, fig. 8, an upper surface patch of a linear polarization receiving antenna, fig. 9, a floor of a linear polarization receiving antenna, and fig. 10, a feeder of a linear polarization receiving antenna, the receiving antenna unit is composed of two layers of dielectric plates 2, the relative dielectric constants of the upper and lower dielectric plates 2 are 2.65, and the thicknesses of the upper and lower dielectric. The middle of the two layers of dielectric plates 2 is provided with a slotted floor 3 shaped like a straight line, the upper surface is provided with a square patch 1, the back is provided with a feed branch, energy is fed in through a side feeder 4, the energy is coupled to the upper layer patch 1 through a straight line gap, and radiation is carried out. The array of the rectenna is arranged according to the power density distribution of the radiation of the transmitting antenna at the aperture of the receiving antenna, the aperture surface of the rectenna is non-uniformly distributed, five units (cells) with different sizes are selected to form an array according to the power density distribution of the radiation of the transmitting antenna at the aperture of the receiving antenna, and the array arrangement is matched with the power density field distribution; the five different size units are realized by patch 1 antennas with different numbers and half wavelength of antenna unit spacing.
As shown in the rectification circuit diagram of fig. 6, the rectification circuit is designed by using matching branches according to the intercepted power distribution of the receiving antenna units in the rectification antenna array, so that power matching and impedance matching are realized. According to ADS software simulation, the rectification efficiency of the rectification circuit under different powers is shown in figure 4, and the conversion efficiency of the rectification circuit can reach 80% when the input power is 60 mW.
Comparing the transmit-receive antenna arrays with the uniform arrays, the transmission-conversion efficiencies of the present embodiment and the uniform arrays are shown in table 1, and it can be found that the energy transmission-conversion efficiency achieved by the microwave energy transmission space matching technique proposed by the present invention is 67.5%, which is much higher than the energy transmission-conversion efficiency obtained by the uniform arrays, and the value thereof is 41.2%.
Table 1 example one and uniform array energy transfer-conversion efficiency
Example two:
and the microwave energy transmission system has the working frequency of 2.45 GHz. The antenna is composed of a transmitting antenna array and a receiving antenna array, wherein the caliber of the transmitting antenna array is 35 wavelengths, the caliber of the receiving antenna array is 50 wavelengths, and the distance is 980.4 wavelengths.
As shown in fig. 13, the transmitting antenna adopts a linear polarization mode in the Y-axis direction, the transmitting antenna transmits an incoming wave with high energy from the horn antenna 5, and the artificial material 6 is placed in front of the horn antenna 5, as shown in fig. 14, and is formed by a square frame structure, so as to realize a uniformly distributed field with a caliber field amplitude of 74.23V/m.
As shown in the distribution of the linear polarization/circular polarization receiving antenna array of fig. 3, the structural side view of the circular polarization receiving antenna unit of fig. 11, and the patch on the upper surface of the circular polarization antenna unit of fig. 12, the circular polarization receiving antenna unit is composed of a dielectric plate 2 with a floor at the bottom, the relative dielectric constant of the dielectric plate 2 is 2.65, the thickness is 1mm, the upper surface is a circular patch 1 with a cross-shaped groove inclined by 45 degrees, and energy is coaxially fed in. As shown in the axial ratio diagram of the circularly polarized antenna in fig. 5, the receiving antenna adopts a circularly polarized mode, and the axial ratio is 1.57 dB. Since the transmitting antenna is linearly polarized and the receiving antenna is circularly polarized, there is a polarization mismatch, so the spatial transmission efficiency of the transmitting and receiving antenna is only 0.675.
Similarly, the rectenna array is arranged according to the power density distribution of the radiation of the transmitting antenna at the aperture of the receiving antenna, the aperture surface of the rectenna array is non-uniformly distributed, five units (cells) with different sizes are selected to form the array according to the power density distribution of the radiation of the transmitting antenna at the aperture of the receiving antenna, and the array arrangement is matched with the power density field distribution; the five different size units are realized by patch 1 antennas with different numbers and half wavelength of antenna unit spacing.
The structural form of the rectifying circuit is the same as that of the first embodiment, ADS software is adopted for simulation, the rectifying efficiency of the rectifying circuit under different powers is shown in figure 4, and the conversion efficiency of the rectifying circuit can reach 80% when the input power is 60 mW.
Comparing the transmit-receive antenna arrays with the uniform arrays, the energy transmission-conversion efficiencies of the present embodiment and the uniform arrays are shown in table 2, and it can be found that the energy transmission-conversion efficiency achieved by using the non-uniform arrays is 43.3%, which is much higher than the energy transmission-conversion efficiency achieved by using the uniform arrays, and the value thereof is 20.4%. Also, comparing this example with the energy transfer-conversion efficiency of the non-uniform array with polarization matching in the first implementation, it can be seen that the energy transfer-conversion efficiency satisfying the polarization matching is 67.5%, which is much higher than the energy transfer-conversion efficiency obtained by the polarization mismatch, and its value is 43.3%.
Table 2 example two and uniform array energy transfer-conversion efficiency
According to the microwave wireless energy transmission space matching method provided by the invention, by realizing field matching, impedance matching and power matching, the space electromagnetic wave transmission efficiency and the rectifying antenna direct-current conversion efficiency are improved, so that the energy transmission-conversion efficiency of the whole microwave energy transmission system is improved; the invention considers the mutual coupling effect of the transmitting antenna and the receiving antenna, and solves the problem of difficult full-scale simulation of a complex and huge system by matching the polarization and aperture field distribution of the receiving antenna and the transmitting antenna.
It is understood that various changes and modifications may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, and it is intended to cover in the appended claims all such changes and modifications.
Claims (3)
1. A microwave wireless energy transmission space matching method comprises a transmitting antenna, a receiving antenna and a rectifying circuit; the method is characterized in that: sequentially carrying out field matching, power matching and impedance matching; the field matching comprises polarization matching and aperture field matching; the field matching is carried out by a caliber field distribution iteration method;
the iterative method comprises two steps: a, transmitting microwave energy by a transmitting antenna, extracting field distribution reaching a receiving antenna in a beam propagation direction, extracting conjugation, and calculating to obtain a target conjugate field to be realized by the receiving antenna; b, taking the conjugate field as a target, optimizing the surface structure of a single antenna or the feeding amplitude and the phase of an antenna array by adopting an optimization algorithm, and enabling the field generated by the receiving antenna to approach the target conjugate field to realize field matching;
the transmitting antenna and the receiving antenna are composed of various types of antennas or antenna arrays; the optimization algorithm comprises a genetic algorithm, a particle swarm algorithm, a holographic method and a neural network method; the transmitting antenna and the receiving antenna adopt linear polarization or circular polarization for polarization matching; the power matching matches the received power of the receiving antenna through the input power of the optimum operating point of the rectifying circuit,
i.e. Pin＝PsIn which P isinInput power at the optimum operating point of the rectifier circuit; psIs the received power of the receive antenna.
2. The microwave wireless energy transmission space matching method according to claim 1, wherein: the impedance matching satisfies the impedance conjugate matching between the receiving antenna and the rectifying circuit:
namely, it is
And
wherein Z isinIs the input impedance of the rectifying circuit; zsIs the source impedance of the antenna; zoutIs the output impedance of the rectifying circuit; zLIs the load impedance.
3. The microwave wireless energy transmission space matching method according to claim 1, wherein: the aperture field matching comprises the size, the phase and the power density distribution of aperture fields generated by the transmitting antenna and the receiving antenna.
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