CN109057712B - Anchor cable pore-forming two-stage sleeve construction method - Google Patents
Anchor cable pore-forming two-stage sleeve construction method Download PDFInfo
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- CN109057712B CN109057712B CN201810764998.0A CN201810764998A CN109057712B CN 109057712 B CN109057712 B CN 109057712B CN 201810764998 A CN201810764998 A CN 201810764998A CN 109057712 B CN109057712 B CN 109057712B
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- eccentric
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- drill
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B7/00—Special methods or apparatus for drilling
- E21B7/20—Driving or forcing casings or pipes into boreholes, e.g. sinking; Simultaneously drilling and casing boreholes
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D5/00—Bulkheads, piles, or other structural elements specially adapted to foundation engineering
- E02D5/74—Means for anchoring structural elements or bulkheads
- E02D5/76—Anchorings for bulkheads or sections thereof in as much as specially adapted therefor
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B7/00—Special methods or apparatus for drilling
- E21B7/20—Driving or forcing casings or pipes into boreholes, e.g. sinking; Simultaneously drilling and casing boreholes
- E21B7/208—Driving or forcing casings or pipes into boreholes, e.g. sinking; Simultaneously drilling and casing boreholes using down-hole drives
Abstract
The invention provides a construction method of an anchor cable pore-forming two-stage sleeve, which comprises the following steps: firstly, drilling a first sleeve with a larger diameter to the maximum hole depth by using an eccentric drilling tool with the larger diameter along with the first sleeve; taking out the eccentric drilling tool with the larger diameter, replacing the eccentric drilling tool with the smaller diameter, and then drilling with the second casing pipe with the smaller diameter by the eccentric drilling tool with the smaller diameter along the pipe to reach the preset depth or the maximum following hole depth; the anchor cable pore-forming under the complex geological condition is realized through the steps. By adopting the construction method of the two-stage sleeve which can be mutually sleeved, smooth hole forming under complex geological conditions can be realized, the hole forming time is 3-4 days, and the construction period is greatly shortened in comparison with 49.5 days in the prior art. The pore-forming cost per pore is also greatly reduced.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of anchor cable pore-forming construction, in particular to an anchor cable pore-forming two-stage sleeve construction method.
Background
The anchor cable models of anchor cables for slope anchor cable construction of a filling material source stock ground in a certain hydropower station immigration ground flat project are 2000KN L =35/45m, 600KN and 1000KN L =30/35 m.
In order to solve the problem of anchor cable pore-forming and accelerate the construction progress of the anchor cable, the construction is carried out by adopting the conventional method of drilling along with the pipe and cement mortar wall fixing measures on site, but because the geological conditions are complex, on one hand, the wall fixing slurry consumption is large and difficult to control, and the average wall fixing and grouting amount required for each hole is about 91.53 t; on the other hand, the pore-forming period is long, and the average pore-forming time is 49.5 days. By adopting the conventional method of 'drilling with a pipe and wall fixing with cement mortar', the problem of anchor cable pore-forming under the geological condition cannot be solved.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the technical problem of providing a two-stage sleeve construction method for anchor cable pore-forming, which can overcome the technical problems of difficult pore-forming and slow pore-forming of side slope anchor cables under complex geological conditions in the prior art, realize rapid anchor cable pore-forming, improve the construction efficiency and reduce the construction cost.
In order to solve the technical problems, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows: a construction method of an anchor cable pore-forming double-stage sleeve comprises the following steps:
s1, drilling a first casing with a larger diameter to the maximum hole depth with a larger diameter eccentric drilling tool;
s2, taking out the eccentric drilling tool with the larger diameter, replacing the eccentric drilling tool with the smaller diameter, and drilling with the second casing pipe with the smaller diameter along with the eccentric drilling tool with the smaller diameter to reach the preset depth or the maximum following hole depth;
the anchor cable pore-forming under the complex geological condition is realized through the steps.
In the preferred scheme, a first pipe shoe is arranged at the bottom of the first casing pipe, a boss facing the inner wall is arranged on the first pipe shoe, a first hole enlarging sheet is arranged on the outer wall of the large-diameter eccentric drilling tool, and the first hole enlarging sheet abuts against the boss of the first pipe shoe, so that the eccentric drilling tool drives the first casing pipe to move downwards;
the bottom of the second casing is provided with a second casing shoe, the second casing shoe is provided with a boss facing the inner wall, the outer wall of the eccentric drilling tool with a smaller diameter is provided with a second hole expanding sheet, and the second hole expanding sheet abuts against the boss of the second casing shoe, so that the eccentric drilling tool drives the second casing to move downwards.
In a preferable scheme, a sleeve hanging shoe is arranged at the top of the second sleeve of the last section, a boss facing to the outer wall is arranged on the sleeve hanging shoe, and the boss of the sleeve hanging shoe abuts against the boss of the first pipe shoe.
In a preferred scheme, the outer diameter of the first sleeve is 178mm, the maximum outer diameter of the eccentric drilling tool with the larger diameter is 178mm, and the outer diameter of the first pipe shoe is 178 mm;
the outer diameter of the second casing pipe is 146mm, the maximum outer diameter of the eccentric drilling tool with the smaller diameter is 146mm, and the outer diameter of the second pipe shoe is 150 mm.
In the preferred scheme, in the eccentric drilling tool, a drill rod is connected with an impactor, the impactor is connected with a pilot device, and the pilot device is connected with an eccentric drill bit.
In the preferred scheme, in the eccentric drill bit, an eccentric drill collar is sleeved on a drill bit rod, an outer ring pushing groove and an outer ring retracting groove are arranged on the eccentric drill collar, and an inner ring pushing groove and an inner ring retracting groove are arranged on the drill bit rod;
the first rolling body is arranged between the outer ring pushing groove and the inner ring pushing groove in a rolling mode, and the second rolling body is arranged between the outer ring withdrawing groove and the inner ring withdrawing groove in a rolling mode.
In the preferred scheme, the outer ring pushing groove, the inner ring pushing groove, the outer ring retracting groove and the inner ring retracting groove are all involute grooves from shallow to deep;
the outer ring pushing groove, the inner ring pushing groove, the outer ring retracting groove and the inner ring retracting groove are arranged on the circumference, so that the eccentric drill ring is eccentric with the drill bit rod when the drill bit rod rotates towards one direction, and the eccentric drill ring is concentric with the drill bit rod when the drill bit rod rotates towards the other direction.
In a preferred scheme, the number of the eccentric drill collars is two, and the two eccentric drill collars are arranged along the axial direction.
In the preferred scheme, a CIR150 impactor is adopted as a large-diameter eccentric drilling tool, a CIR130 impactor is adopted as a small-diameter eccentric drilling tool, and a Y70 anchoring engineering drilling machine is adopted as a drilling machine;
discharging powder once every 0.3-0.5 m of strong wind blowing holes are drilled;
and (4) when the drill bit is drilled for 2-3 m, the drill bit is lifted to check the connection condition of the drill bit and the impactor, and the condition of the eccentric drill bit connection mechanism and the locking mechanism.
Preferably, the method further comprises the step of extracting the first casing and the second casing by using a drawbench after the step s 2.
According to the anchor cable pore-forming two-stage sleeve construction method provided by the invention, by adopting the construction method of the two-stage sleeves which can be mutually sleeved, smooth pore forming under a complex geological condition can be realized, the pore forming time is 3-4 days, and the construction period is greatly shortened in comparison with 49.5 days in the prior art. The average hole forming cost of each hole of the hole forming method is about 6.39 ten thousand yuan, while the average hole forming cost of each hole of the hole forming method adopting the pipe following drilling and cement mortar wall fixing measures in the prior art is about 9.02 ten thousand yuan. The method of the invention not only shortens the construction period of the anchor cable, but also has lower cost.
Drawings
The invention is further illustrated by the following examples in conjunction with the accompanying drawings:
fig. 1 is a schematic structural view of a first sleeve in the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a schematic structural view of the second sleeve in the present invention.
Fig. 3 is a schematic structural diagram of the eccentric drilling tool of the invention when not opened.
Fig. 4 is a schematic structural diagram of the eccentric drilling tool of the invention when the eccentric drilling tool is opened.
Fig. 5 is a schematic sectional view a-a of fig. 4.
In the figure: the drill rod comprises a drill rod 1, a first impactor 2, a second impactor 2', a first reaming sheet 3, a second reaming sheet 3', a first pipe shoe 4, a second pipe shoe 4', an eccentric drilling tool 5, a guide 51, an eccentric drill collar 52, a central drill bit 53, a chip discharge groove 54, a first rolling body 55, a second rolling body 551, an outer ring pushing groove 56, an inner ring pushing groove 57, an inner ring retracting groove 58, an outer ring retracting groove 59, a drill rod 50, a first sleeve 6, a second sleeve 6', a rock wall 7 and a sleeve hanging shoe 8.
Detailed Description
Example 1:
as shown in fig. 1 and 2, a construction method of a two-stage casing for anchor cable pore-forming includes the following steps:
s1, firstly, drilling the first sleeve 6 with the larger diameter to the maximum hole depth by using an eccentric drilling tool with the larger diameter along the pipe;
preferably, as shown in fig. 1, a first pipe shoe 4 is arranged at the bottom of a first casing 6, the first pipe shoe 4 is provided with a boss facing the inner wall, a first reaming piece 3 is arranged on the outer wall of the large-diameter eccentric drilling tool, and the first reaming piece 3 abuts against the boss of the first pipe shoe 4, so that the eccentric drilling tool drives the first casing 6 to move downwards;
in a preferable scheme, the outer diameter of the first sleeve 6 is 178mm, the maximum outer diameter of the eccentric drilling tool with a larger diameter is 178mm, and the outer diameter of the first pipe shoe 4 is 178 mm;
s2, taking out the eccentric drilling tool with the larger diameter, replacing the eccentric drilling tool with the smaller diameter, and then drilling the second casing 6' with the smaller diameter by using the eccentric drilling tool with the smaller diameter along with the pipe to reach the preset depth or the maximum following hole depth;
in a preferred scheme, as shown in fig. 2, a second pipe shoe 4' is arranged at the bottom of the second casing 6', the second pipe shoe 4' is provided with a boss facing the inner wall, a second hole expanding sheet 3' is arranged on the outer wall of the eccentric drilling tool with a smaller diameter, and the second hole expanding sheet 3' abuts against the boss of the second pipe shoe 4' so that the eccentric drilling tool drives the second casing 6' to descend.
The outer diameter of the second casing 6 'is 146mm, the maximum outer diameter of the smaller diameter eccentric drilling tool is 146mm, and the outer diameter of the second shoe 4' is 150 mm.
In a preferred embodiment, as shown in fig. 2, a sleeve shoe 8 is provided on the top of the second sleeve 6' of the last section, the sleeve shoe 8 is provided with a boss facing the outer wall, and the boss of the sleeve shoe 8 abuts against the boss of the first pipe shoe 4. By the structure, tube drawing operation of subsequent processes is facilitated, and the sleeve can be recycled, so that cost is reduced. When the first sleeve and the second sleeve are provided with a plurality of sleeves, each sleeve is connected with the other sleeve through threads to form a whole.
The anchor cable pore-forming under the complex geological condition is realized through the steps.
In the preferred scheme, as shown in fig. 3-5, in the eccentric drilling tool, a drill rod 1 is connected with an impactor, the impactor is connected with a pilot 51, and the pilot 51 is connected with an eccentric drill bit.
In a preferred scheme, in the eccentric drill bit, an eccentric drill collar 52 is sleeved on a drill bit rod 50, an outer ring pushing groove 56 and an outer ring retracting groove 59 are arranged on the eccentric drill collar 52, and an inner ring pushing groove 57 and an inner ring retracting groove 58 are arranged on the drill bit rod 50;
the first rolling elements 55 are rollably mounted between the outer-ring push-out groove 56 and the inner-ring push-out groove 57, and the second rolling elements 551 are rollably mounted between the outer-ring retraction groove 59 and the inner-ring retraction groove 58. The first rolling body 55 and the second rolling body 551 are steel balls or steel cylinders.
In a preferred scheme, the outer ring pushing groove 56, the inner ring pushing groove 57, the outer ring retracting groove 59 and the inner ring retracting groove 58 are all involute grooves from shallow to deep;
the outer ring push-out groove 56, the inner ring push-out groove 57, the outer ring retraction groove 59, and the inner ring retraction groove 58 are circumferentially positioned such that the eccentric collar 52 is eccentric to the bit 50 when the bit 50 is rotated in one direction, and the eccentric collar 52 is concentric to the bit 50 when the bit is rotated in the other direction. With this structure, the extension or recovery operation of the eccentric collar 52 is smooth, and the stone chips are not easily introduced between the eccentric collar 52 and the drill bit 50, so that the drill is not easily clogged.
In a preferred embodiment, as shown in fig. 3 and 4, there are two eccentric drill collars 52, and the two eccentric drill collars 52 are arranged along the axial direction. By the structure, the reaming efficiency is improved, and the reaming machine is particularly suitable for drilling and reaming operations under complex geological conditions.
In a preferred scheme, the larger-diameter eccentric drilling tool adopts a CIR150 impactor, the smaller-diameter eccentric drilling tool adopts a CIR130 impactor, and the drilling machine adopts a Y70 anchoring engineering drilling machine.
In a preferred embodiment, the step s2 is followed by a step of extracting the first sleeve 6 and the second sleeve 6' by using a tube extractor. Through adopting the structure of sleeve hanging shoe 8, can pull out first sleeve 6 and second sleeve 6' and recycle after the hole-making to further reduce cost.
Example 2:
on the basis of the embodiment 1, the more specific construction steps are as follows:
1. before the eccentric drill 5 and the casing are drilled, the pneumatic down-the-hole hammer, i.e. the impactor, the eccentric drill bit, the casing and the casing shoe, should be inspected one by one.
A. The pneumatic down-the-hole hammer works normally and is lubricated by filling engine oil;
B. the eccentric drill bit can be flexibly opened and closed, the eccentric outer edge of the drill bit is larger than the pipe shoe of the sleeve when the drill bit is opened, and the connecting pin and the locking mechanism of the drill bit are firm;
C. the connection between the drill bit and the impactor is reliable;
D. the tube shoe and the sleeve of the sleeve have no cracks, and the defect influencing the strength is not used.
2. Opening holes
A. A CIR150 impactor matched with a phi 89 conventional drill bit is used for forming a hole for about 1m, so that positioning and guiding effects are provided for pipe following drilling.
B. Before drilling, the connected impacter and drill bit are put into a casing with casing shoes, the eccentric drill bit is extended out of the casing shoes, and the assembled drilling tool is positioned in a pre-drilled guide shallow hole. And (3) starting the drilling machine, and when the forward rotation speed reaches a certain speed, opening the eccentric drill collar 52 of the eccentric drill bit to drill.
3. And in the process of drilling along with the pipe, adding a drill rod and connecting a casing pipe at the same time.
A. And blowing the hole once by strong wind of 0.3-0.5 m every drilling to discharge powder, so as to ensure the cleanness of the hole bottom and follow the basic principle of 'short drilling and strong slag discharge'.
B. And (4) when the drill bit is drilled for 2-3 m, the drill bit is lifted to check the connection condition of the drill bit and the impactor, the condition of the eccentric drill bit connection mechanism and the locking mechanism, and the pin is replaced.
C. When the sleeve pipe with the diameter of 178mm follows to a certain hole depth, the sleeve pipe with the diameter of 146mm is replaced to continue following, and the specific construction requirements are the same as the above two points.
D. Slowly lifting the eccentric drilling tool 5 until the back of the eccentric drill bit contacts with the front end of the casing shoe, clamping the drill rod by using a pipe clamp, rotating counterclockwise, and slowly trying to lift the central drilling tool.
When the eccentric drilling tool 5 can be lifted up smoothly, which indicates that the eccentric drill collars 52 of the eccentric drill bit have been folded up smoothly, the eccentric drilling tool 5 can be lifted up conventionally until the eccentric drilling tool 5 is lifted up completely.
Sometimes, the rotary part of the eccentric drill bit is stuck by rock slag to affect the folding of the eccentric drill collar 52 because of excessive rock slag remained at the bottom of the hole. When the trial lifting still fails to work for a few times, the air compressor is started to clean the drill hole again, the impactor works for a short time, and then the trial lifting is carried out until the eccentric drilling tool 5 is lifted.
4. In the pipe following process, if the large boulder is difficult to penetrate through, a small-caliber down-the-hole hammer is adopted to drill in advance to penetrate through the large boulder, a step blank face is provided for the subsequent drilling of a pipe following drilling tool, and then the eccentric drilling tool 5 is put into to continue the pipe following drilling.
5. After the pipe is drilled to a preset depth, the eccentric drilling tool 5, the impactor and the drill rod can be lifted out of the hole, and the conventional drill bit is used for drilling continuously until the designed depth is reached.
6. After the anchor cable is arranged in the hole, an extension cable is arranged at the tail end of the anchor cable, the length of the extension cable at least exceeds the length of the single-section sleeve, and the free end of the extension cable is fixed. And (3) extracting the sleeve by using a tube drawing machine, removing the sleeve when one section of the sleeve is drawn out, loosening the fixation of the free end of the extension cable, taking down the section of the sleeve, fixing the free end of the extension cable again, and repeating the operations until all the sleeves are drawn out. According to the scheme, the anchor cable is convenient to install, and the anchor cable end is prevented from falling into the hole in the pipe drawing process.
The above-described embodiments are merely preferred embodiments of the present invention, and should not be construed as limiting the present invention, and the technical features described in the present invention can be used in combination with each other without conflict, and the scope of the present invention should be defined by the technical means described in the claims, and equivalents thereof including the technical features described in the claims. I.e., equivalent alterations and modifications within the scope hereof, are also intended to be within the scope of the invention.
Claims (5)
1. A construction method of an anchor cable pore-forming double-stage sleeve is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1, firstly, drilling the first casing (6) with a larger diameter to the maximum hole depth with an eccentric drilling tool with a larger diameter along the casing;
in the eccentric drilling tool, a drill rod (1) is connected with an impactor, the impactor is connected with a pilot (51), and the pilot (51) is connected with an eccentric drill bit;
in the eccentric drill bit, an eccentric drill ring (52) is sleeved on a drill bit rod (50), an outer ring pushing groove (56) and an outer ring retracting groove (59) are arranged on the eccentric drill ring (52), and an inner ring pushing groove (57) and an inner ring retracting groove (58) are arranged on the drill bit rod (50);
the first rolling body (55) is arranged between the outer ring pushing groove (56) and the inner ring pushing groove (57) in a rolling way, and the second rolling body (551) is arranged between the outer ring retracting groove (59) and the inner ring retracting groove (58) in a rolling way;
the outer ring pushing groove (56), the inner ring pushing groove (57), the outer ring retracting groove (59) and the inner ring retracting groove (58) are all involute grooves from shallow to deep;
the positions of the outer ring pushing groove (56), the inner ring pushing groove (57), the outer ring retracting groove (59) and the inner ring retracting groove (58) on the circumference are such that when the drill rod (50) rotates in one direction, the eccentric drill ring (52) and the drill rod (50) are eccentric, and when the drill rod rotates in the other direction, the eccentric drill ring (52) and the drill rod (50) are concentric;
s2, taking out the eccentric drilling tool with the larger diameter, replacing the eccentric drilling tool with the smaller diameter, and then drilling with the second casing pipe (6') with the smaller diameter by using the eccentric drilling tool with the smaller diameter along with the pipe to reach the preset depth or the maximum following hole depth;
a first pipe shoe (4) is arranged at the bottom of the first casing pipe (6), a boss facing the inner wall is arranged on the first pipe shoe (4), a first hole expanding piece (3) is arranged on the outer wall of the large-diameter eccentric drilling tool, and the first hole expanding piece (3) is abutted against the boss of the first pipe shoe (4) so that the eccentric drilling tool drives the first casing pipe (6) to move downwards;
a second pipe shoe (4 ') is arranged at the bottom of the second casing pipe (6 '), the second pipe shoe (4 ') is provided with a boss facing the inner wall, a second hole expanding sheet (3 ') is arranged on the outer wall of the eccentric drilling tool with smaller diameter, and the second hole expanding sheet (3 ') abuts against the boss of the second pipe shoe (4 ') so that the eccentric drilling tool drives the second casing pipe (6 ') to descend;
a sleeve hanging shoe (8) is arranged at the top of the second sleeve (6') of the last section, a boss facing the outer wall is arranged on the sleeve hanging shoe (8), and the boss of the sleeve hanging shoe (8) is propped against the boss of the first pipe shoe (4); the anchor cable pore-forming under the complex geological condition is realized through the steps.
2. The anchor cable pore-forming two-stage casing construction method as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the outer diameter of the first casing (6) is 178mm, the maximum outer diameter of the eccentric drilling tool with larger diameter is 178mm, and the outer diameter of the first pipe shoe (4) is 178 mm;
the outer diameter of the second casing (6 ') is 146mm, the maximum outer diameter of the eccentric drilling tool with smaller diameter is 146mm, and the outer diameter of the second pipe shoe (4') is 150 mm.
3. The anchor cable pore-forming two-stage casing construction method as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the number of the eccentric drill collars (52) is two, and the two eccentric drill collars (52) are arranged along the axial direction.
4. The anchor cable pore-forming two-stage casing construction method as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the larger diameter eccentric drilling tool adopts a CIR150 impactor, the smaller diameter eccentric drilling tool adopts a CIR130 impactor, and the drilling machine adopts a Y70 anchoring engineering drilling machine;
discharging powder once every 0.3-0.5 m of strong wind blowing holes are drilled;
and (4) when the drill bit is drilled for 2-3 m, the drill bit is lifted to check the connection condition of the drill bit and the impactor, and the condition of the eccentric drill bit connection mechanism and the locking mechanism.
5. The anchor cable pore-forming two-stage casing construction method as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the step s2 is followed by the step of extracting the first sleeve (6) and the second sleeve (6') by means of a tube extractor.
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201810764998.0A CN109057712B (en) | 2018-07-12 | 2018-07-12 | Anchor cable pore-forming two-stage sleeve construction method |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201810764998.0A CN109057712B (en) | 2018-07-12 | 2018-07-12 | Anchor cable pore-forming two-stage sleeve construction method |
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| CN109057712A CN109057712A (en) | 2018-12-21 |
| CN109057712B true CN109057712B (en) | 2020-07-14 |
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| CN109812225B (en) * | 2019-03-01 | 2021-08-24 | 长沙矿山研究院有限责任公司 | Impacter with guider |
| CN116122734B (en) * | 2023-04-17 | 2023-06-20 | 四川省公路规划勘察设计研究院有限公司 | Drilling tool for reaming section of TSP water plugging sealing element and use method thereof |
Family Cites Families (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3709182A (en) * | 1970-02-24 | 1973-01-09 | Deep Oil Technology Inc | Anchor means and method of installing the same |
| CN103628814A (en) * | 2012-08-23 | 2014-03-12 | 宜昌市五环钻机具有限责任公司 | Dual-purpose concentric pipe-along drilling tool |
| CN203213962U (en) * | 2013-03-07 | 2013-09-25 | 上海宝冶集团有限公司 | Anchor cable hole expanding device located in soft stratum |
| CN206220872U (en) * | 2016-07-21 | 2017-06-06 | 江源 | Weigh anchor rope construction casing pipe-following drilling device |
| CN107503681A (en) * | 2017-09-21 | 2017-12-22 | 中建五局土木工程有限公司 | Karst area is grown up anchor cable forming hole method |
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