CN109036855B - Graphene composite transparent power generation sheet and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Graphene composite transparent power generation sheet and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 74
- 229910021389 graphene Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 68
- 238000010248 power generation Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 60
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 28
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 13
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 43
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 29
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 claims description 29
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 28
- -1 graphite alkene Chemical class 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical group CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920002037 poly(vinyl butyral) polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000565 sealant Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000004528 spin coating Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000013329 compounding Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000004088 simulation Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000005341 toughened glass Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 abstract description 10
- 238000004134 energy conservation Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 31
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000004566 building material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000017525 heat dissipation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/20—Light-sensitive devices
- H01G9/2022—Light-sensitive devices characterized by he counter electrode
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/20—Light-sensitive devices
- H01G9/2027—Light-sensitive devices comprising an oxide semiconductor electrode
- H01G9/2031—Light-sensitive devices comprising an oxide semiconductor electrode comprising titanium oxide, e.g. TiO2
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/20—Light-sensitive devices
- H01G9/2045—Light-sensitive devices comprising a semiconductor electrode comprising elements of the fourth group of the Periodic System (C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb) with or without impurities, e.g. doping materials
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/20—Light-sensitive devices
- H01G9/209—Light trapping arrangements
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
- Y02B10/00—Integration of renewable energy sources in buildings
- Y02B10/10—Photovoltaic [PV]
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/542—Dye sensitized solar cells
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
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Abstract
The invention provides a graphene composite transparent power generation sheet and a preparation method thereof, wherein a graphene coating is of a multilayer mesh topological structure, has nodes and laser holes at intervals corresponding to the nodes, can effectively ensure the integral transparency of the power generation sheet, has good transparent lighting function, can effectively improve the power generation efficiency by utilizing the high electron mobility of the graphene, can be arranged on a window or a curtain wall, increases the solar power generation function on the basis of not changing the appearance characteristics of a building, promotes the use of new energy, and achieves the effect of building energy conservation.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of solar power generation materials, in particular to a graphene composite transparent power generation sheet and a preparation method thereof.
Background
With the accelerated development of urbanization, the power consumption of cities is rapidly increased, the land resources of the cities are very tight, the price of a large-area power station is high, and meanwhile, the rapid reduction of non-renewable energy sources causes a great number of problems, so that a new energy source capable of being replaced is needed, and in recent years, the traditional photovoltaic cells cannot be greatly changed due to overlarge occupied area and fixed appearance, and the development is hindered due to conflict with the conditions of human gathering places. The window body and the wall surface are building materials with the most contact with sunlight on the urban surface layer, and the graphene composite transparent solar sheet which can be effectively combined with the window body and the wall surface under the premise of not influencing the normal use of the building materials is designed aiming at the existing window body and wall body, so that the land resource is saved, and the solar power generation area can be increased
Disclosure of Invention
The technical problem to be solved by the invention is as follows: in order to solve the defects of the prior art, the invention provides the graphene composite transparent power generation sheet which is effectively combined with a window body and a wall surface on the premise of not influencing the normal use of the building materials, can save land resources and can increase the solar power generation area.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention for solving the technical problems is as follows: the graphene composite transparent power generation sheet comprises a photo-anode substrate, a photo-anode layer, an electrolyte layer and a counter electrode substrate from top to bottom, and further comprises a sealant for sealing the photo-anode substrate and the counter electrode substrate, wherein the electrolyte layer is transparent colorless electrolyte; the light anode layer include the spraying at the graphite alkene coating of light anode base plate lower surface, spin coating at the titanium dioxide layer of graphite alkene coating lower surface and the dye sensitizer layer of coating at titanium dioxide layer lower surface, counter electrode base plate upper surface also the spraying have the graphite alkene coating, the graphite alkene coating is formed by the compound graphite alkene material of multilayer network topological structure that forms of three-dimensional porous graphite alkene, the graphite alkene coating on correspond multilayer network topological structure and have the node, the interval that the graphite alkene coating of light anode layer corresponds the node of multilayer network topological structure has the laser hole, and titanium dioxide layer and dye sensitizer layer distribution are on the node.
Adopt the compound transparent electricity generation thin slice of graphite alkene that above-mentioned structure graphite alkene coating was made, for traditional solar cell, the node that the graphite alkene coating corresponds multilayer network topology structure corresponds node interval department by the laser and beats out the laser hole to adhere to titanium dioxide layer and dyestuff sensitizer layer on the node, utilize the high electron mobility of graphite alkene, can effectively improve the power generation rate, and the electricity generation thin slice has good transparent daylighting function, coupling solar energy utilization can reach the effect that the broad-spectrum TV light heat was used multipurposely. This electricity generation thin slice is used in the installation of building field, can increase the solar energy power generation function on not changing original window or curtain outward appearance basis, for traditional solar panel, the more low price and simple structure installation dismantlement convenience, the maintenance of being convenient for, the high-usage.
The photo-anode substrate and the counter electrode substrate are both transparent toughened glass sheets which are good in transparency and can bear relatively large external pressure.
The transparent colorless electrolyte is acetonitrile electrolyte, and the acetonitrile electrolyte is colorless and transparent and can keep the transparency of the power generation sheet.
The sealant is polyvinyl butyral, so that the integral transparency of the power generation sheet can be ensured while the sealing performance is ensured.
A preparation method of a graphene composite transparent power generation sheet comprises the following preparation steps:
A. converting common graphite oxide into graphite oxide with a porous structure by a template method, preparing three-dimensional porous reduced graphene by using a reduction-expansion method, and compounding the prepared three-dimensional porous graphene into a multilayer mesh topological structure graphene material by using a synthesis technology;
B. respectively performing electric spraying on the graphene material on a photoanode substrate and a counter electrode substrate;
C. taking a light anode substrate, spin-coating titanium dioxide on a graphene material, and attaching a dye;
D. positioning nodes of a graphene multilayer mesh topology structure in a photoanode substrate by adopting a numerical simulation method, and performing laser drilling at intervals corresponding to the positions of the nodes;
E. and one side of the photoanode substrate, which is opposite to the side of the counter electrode substrate, on which the graphene material is electrically sprayed, is semi-sealed by a polyvinyl butyral adhesive, then electrolyte is injected into the semi-sealed side, and finally the semi-sealed side is completely sealed.
The graphene composite transparent power generation sheet and the preparation method thereof have the advantages that the high electron mobility of graphene is utilized, the power generation efficiency can be effectively improved, the graphene coating is of a multilayer net-shaped topological structure, the graphene coating is provided with nodes and laser holes are arranged at intervals corresponding to the nodes, the integral transparency of the power generation sheet can be effectively guaranteed, the transparent lighting function is good, the graphene composite transparent power generation sheet can be installed on a window or a curtain wall, the solar power generation function is added on the basis of not changing the appearance characteristics of a building, the use of new energy is promoted, and the effect of building energy saving is achieved.
Drawings
The invention is further illustrated with reference to the following figures and examples.
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural view of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of the power generation window of the invention.
FIG. 3 is a schematic structural diagram of the power generation curtain wall.
Fig. 4 is a schematic view of the installation and connection of the power generating sheet of the present invention.
In the figure, the solar cell comprises a photo-anode substrate 1, an electrolyte layer 3, a counter electrode substrate 4, a graphene coating 5, a titanium dioxide layer 6, a dye sensitizer layer 7, a graphene composite transparent power generation sheet 8, a window frame 9, curtain wall glass 10, a curtain wall frame 11, a power generation sheet 12, a positive electrode lead 13, a negative electrode lead 14, a mounting frame 15 and a storage battery.
Detailed Description
The present invention will now be described in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. These drawings are simplified schematic views illustrating only the basic structure of the present invention in a schematic manner, and thus show only the constitution related to the present invention.
The graphene composite transparent power generation sheet shown in fig. 1 includes a photoanode substrate 1, a photoanode layer, an electrolyte layer 2, a counter electrode substrate 3, and a sealant for sealing between the photoanode substrate 1 and the counter electrode substrate 3.
The photo-anode substrate 1 and the counter electrode substrate 3 are transparent toughened glass sheets which are good in transparency and capable of bearing relatively large external pressure, the internal power generation structure can be protected to a certain extent in the use process, and the photo-anode substrate and the counter electrode substrate are not prone to being damaged in the use process.
The photo-anode layer comprises a graphene coating 4 sprayed on the lower surface of the photo-anode substrate 1, a titanium dioxide layer 5 spin-coated on the lower surface of the graphene coating 4 and a dye sensitizer layer 6 coated on the lower surface of the titanium dioxide layer 5, the graphene coating 4 is also sprayed on the upper surface of the counter electrode substrate 3, and the graphene coating 4 attached to the counter electrode substrate 3 is a counter electrode layer.
The graphene coating 4 of the light anode layer and the counter electrode layer is made of a graphene material which is formed by compounding three-dimensional porous graphene into a multi-layer mesh topological structure. The graphene coating 4 of the light anode layer has laser holes corresponding to the intervals of the nodes of the multi-layer mesh topology structure, and the titanium dioxide layer 5 and the dye sensitizer layer 6 are distributed on the nodes. In actual production, because the structure of the graphene is generally a net structure formed by combining hexagons, the graphene coating 4 has nodes corresponding to a multilayer net topology structure, the positions of the nodes can be positioned by adopting a numerical simulation method, and then laser drilling is carried out at intervals.
The electrolyte layer 2 is a transparent colorless electrolyte. The transparent colorless electrolyte is acetonitrile electrolyte, and the acetonitrile electrolyte is colorless and transparent and can keep the transparency of the power generation sheet. The sealant is polyvinyl butyral, so that the integral transparency of the power generation sheet can be ensured while the sealing performance is ensured.
The preparation method of the graphene composite transparent power generation sheet comprises the following preparation steps:
A. converting common graphite oxide into graphite oxide with a porous structure by a template method, preparing three-dimensional porous reduced graphene by using a reduction-expansion method, and compounding the prepared three-dimensional porous graphene into a multilayer mesh topological structure graphene material by using a synthesis technology;
B. respectively performing electric spraying on the graphene material on the photoanode substrate 1 and the counter electrode substrate 3;
C. taking a light anode substrate 1, spin-coating titanium dioxide on a graphene material, and attaching a dye;
D. positioning nodes of the graphene multilayer mesh topology structure in the photoanode substrate 1 by adopting a numerical simulation method, and performing laser drilling at intervals corresponding to the positions of the nodes;
E. the photo-anode substrate 1 and the counter electrode substrate 3 are electrically sprayed with graphene materials on the surfaces opposite to each other, are half-sealed by polyvinyl butyral adhesive, are injected with electrolyte, and are completely sealed.
The graphene composite transparent power generation sheet prepared by the preparation method has the following advantages:
1. the graphene composite transparent power generation sheet is coupled with solar energy utilization on the basis of having a transparent lighting function, so that the effect of photoelectric and photo-thermal comprehensive utilization is achieved.
2. This compound transparent electricity generation thin slice of graphite alkene, but wide application in the building field makes traditional window or curtain increase solar energy power generation's function on the basis that does not change original appearance characteristic after installing this thin slice, promotes the use of new forms of energy simultaneously, has reached the energy-conserving effect of building.
3. According to the graphene composite transparent power generation sheet, the high electron mobility of graphene is utilized, and the power generation efficiency is improved.
4. Compared with the traditional solar power generation panel, the graphene composite transparent power generation sheet can be effectively combined with building facilities, a large amount of expensive land resources are saved, the price is low, the level requirement on the professional technology of assembly workers is reduced, and the large-scale development is easier.
5. This compound transparent electricity generation thin slice of graphite alkene simple structure has detachable characteristics, has more convenient, safe and swift effect in installation, maintenance and the change in the later stage, and the rate of utilization that improves that can be very big reduces user's worry.
As shown in fig. 2, in actual use, the graphene composite transparent power generation sheet can be applied to a graphene solar power generation window, the graphene composite transparent power generation sheet is adhered to a window frame 8, a lead is hidden in the window frame, and the window frame is connected with a load to form a loop for power generation. The sheet can be clamped between double-layer glass in actual application, a certain gap is reserved, the effect of maintaining the power generation efficiency through heat dissipation is achieved in the application process, and the sheet has a certain sound insulation effect. The solar photovoltaic power generation device can meet daily lighting requirements, can utilize sunlight to generate power, can be directly replaced when a power generation sheet fails, has low level requirements on professional technologies of assembly workers, is low in manufacturing cost, and is convenient to widely apply.
As shown in fig. 3, in actual use, the graphene composite transparent power generation sheet can also be applied to a graphene solar power generation curtain wall, the graphene composite transparent power generation sheet is respectively adhered to curtain wall glass 9 and a curtain wall frame 10, and the lead wires are hidden in the frame. The solar curtain wall has the advantages that solar energy can be utilized for power generation, the attractiveness of the curtain wall is not affected, and meanwhile a certain protection effect can be achieved.
No matter the graphene transparent composite power generation sheet is applied to a power generation window or a power generation curtain wall, the positive and negative electrodes of the graphene transparent composite power generation sheet are led out and then connected with a storage battery, so that the electric energy of the power generation sheet 11 is stored and used for daily partial power utilization. As shown in fig. 4, a positive electrode lead 12 and a negative electrode lead 13 are provided on the mounting frame 14, and the positive electrode lead 12 and the negative electrode lead 13 are connected to a battery 15 through wires. When the power generating sheet 11 is installed, the positive electrode and the negative electrode of the power generating sheet are respectively installed corresponding to the positive electrode lead 12 and the negative electrode lead 13, and then the installation is completed.
The window body and the wall surface are building materials with the largest contact between the urban surface layer and sunlight, the traditional photovoltaic cell has overlarge occupied area, the appearance can not be greatly changed due to the fact that the traditional photovoltaic cell is fixed, the development is hindered due to the fact that the traditional photovoltaic cell conflicts with the conditions of human gathering places, the graphene composite transparent solar slice can be effectively combined with the window body and the wall surface on the premise that the normal use of the building materials is not influenced, land resources can be saved, the solar power generation area can be increased, on the basis that the appearance characteristics of a building are not changed, the solar power generation function is increased, the use of new energy is promoted, and the energy-saving effect of the building is achieved.
In light of the foregoing description of the preferred embodiment of the present invention, many modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. The technical scope of the present invention is not limited to the content of the specification, and must be determined according to the scope of the claims.
Claims (5)
1. The utility model provides a compound transparent electricity generation thin slice of graphite alkene which characterized in that: the device comprises a photo-anode substrate (1), a photo-anode layer, an electrolyte layer (2) and a counter electrode substrate (3) which are arranged from top to bottom, and further comprises a sealant for sealing between the photo-anode substrate (1) and the counter electrode substrate (3), wherein the electrolyte layer (2) is transparent colorless electrolyte; the light anode layer include graphite alkene coating (4), the spin coating of spraying at the graphite alkene coating (4) of light anode base plate (1) lower surface titanium dioxide layer (5) and coating at dye sensitizer layer (6) of titanium dioxide layer (5) lower surface, counter electrode base plate (3) upper surface also spray and have graphite alkene coating (4), graphite alkene coating (4) form multilayer network topology's graphite alkene material by three-dimensional porous graphite alkene complex, it has the node to correspond multilayer network topology on graphite alkene coating (4), the interval that graphite alkene coating (4) of light anode layer correspond multilayer network topology's node has the laser hole, and titanium dioxide layer (5) and dye sensitizer layer (6) distribute on the node.
2. The graphene composite transparent power generation sheet of claim 1, wherein: the photo-anode substrate (1) and the counter electrode substrate (3) are both transparent toughened glass sheets.
3. The graphene composite transparent power generation sheet of claim 1, wherein: the transparent colorless electrolyte is acetonitrile electrolyte.
4. The graphene composite transparent power generation sheet of claim 1, wherein: the sealant is polyvinyl butyral.
5. A preparation method of a graphene composite transparent power generation sheet is characterized by comprising the following steps: the preparation method comprises the following preparation steps:
A. converting common graphite oxide into graphite oxide with a porous structure by a template method, preparing three-dimensional porous reduced graphene by using a reduction-expansion method, and compounding the prepared three-dimensional porous graphene into a multilayer mesh topological structure graphene material by using a synthesis technology;
B. respectively performing electric spraying on the graphene material on the photoanode substrate (1) and the counter electrode substrate (3);
C. taking a light anode substrate (1), spin-coating titanium dioxide on a graphene material, and attaching a dye;
D. positioning nodes of a graphene multilayer mesh topology structure in a photoanode substrate by adopting a numerical simulation method, and performing laser drilling at intervals corresponding to the positions of the nodes;
E. the photo-anode substrate (1) and the counter electrode substrate (3) are opposite to each other on one side of which a graphene material is electro-sprayed, are semi-sealed through a polyvinyl butyral adhesive, are injected with an electrolyte, and are completely sealed.
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