CN108993767B - Mud-water separation equipment - Google Patents

Mud-water separation equipment Download PDF

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Publication number
CN108993767B
CN108993767B CN201810881187.9A CN201810881187A CN108993767B CN 108993767 B CN108993767 B CN 108993767B CN 201810881187 A CN201810881187 A CN 201810881187A CN 108993767 B CN108993767 B CN 108993767B
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slurry
screen
storage tank
mud
tank
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CN108993767A (en
Inventor
陈振军
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Comex Beijing Mechanical & Electronic Equipment Co ltd
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Comex Beijing Mechanical & Electronic Equipment Co ltd
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B03SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03BSEPARATING SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS
    • B03B9/00General arrangement of separating plant, e.g. flow sheets
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B03SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03BSEPARATING SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS
    • B03B7/00Combinations of wet processes or apparatus with other processes or apparatus, e.g. for dressing ores or garbage
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02FTREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F11/00Treatment of sludge; Devices therefor
    • C02F11/12Treatment of sludge; Devices therefor by de-watering, drying or thickening
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02FTREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F11/00Treatment of sludge; Devices therefor
    • C02F11/12Treatment of sludge; Devices therefor by de-watering, drying or thickening
    • C02F11/121Treatment of sludge; Devices therefor by de-watering, drying or thickening by mechanical de-watering
    • C02F11/127Treatment of sludge; Devices therefor by de-watering, drying or thickening by mechanical de-watering by centrifugation

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Treatment Of Sludge (AREA)
  • Separation Of Solids By Using Liquids Or Pneumatic Power (AREA)

Abstract

The mud-water separation equipment and the mud-water separation method of the invention are provided with the clay block fishing sand washer 203 at the upper part of the coarse screen 201, so that a large amount of clay blocks can be separated before entering the coarse screen, and the defects of the original mud-water treatment process are well overcome. The advantages of the invention include: the problem that clay blocks block the coarse screen mesh is solved, the unsafe hidden danger of coarse screen slurry leakage is avoided, and the construction efficiency and the safe and stable operation of production are ensured; the clay component in the sand stone material of the coarse screen is greatly reduced, and the coarse screen is possibly recycled as a concrete material, so that national resources are protected from being wasted; even if the oversize material is discharged as waste, the clay blocks are fished out, so that the dehydration performance of the dregs is improved, the water content of the dregs is greatly reduced, the environmental pollution caused by scattering in the transportation process is effectively avoided, and the risk of collapse or even landslide during accumulation and storage of the dregs is also effectively avoided.

Description

Mud-water separation equipment
Technical Field
The invention relates to mud-water separation equipment.
Technical Field
In the conventional mud water treatment process, as shown in fig. 1, mud (containing clay blocks, sand, clay and the like) discharged from a shield machine firstly enters a decompression tank 102 for decompression, then enters a coarse screen 101, and oversize materials with granularity of more than 4mm enter a slag yard for stacking; the material with granularity smaller than 4mm enters the A pulp storage tank 1013 and the B pulp storage tank 1012 communicated with the A pulp storage tank through a screen, the 1# slurry pump 1011 pumps the material into the first-stage cyclone 104, and overflowed fine particle slurry enters the C pulp storage tank 1010 for secondary separation or returns to the B pulp storage tank 1012 for recycling or enters the sedimentation tank 109; the underflow coarse particle slurry is injected into a primary dehydration vibrating screen 103, and the materials with 2-4 mm of oversize materials enter a slag yard for stacking; materials with granularity smaller than 2mm enter a B pulp storage tank 1012 for recycling after passing through a screen, or enter a C pulp storage tank 1010 through a communicating pipe 105 of the B pulp storage tank and the C pulp storage tank, are pumped into a secondary cyclone 107 by a No. 2 slag pulp pump 108, overflow fine particle slurry enters a sedimentation tank 109 or returns to the C pulp storage tank 1010 for recycling, underflow slurry enters a secondary dehydration vibrating screen 106, and materials with the oversize of 0.074-2 mm enter a slag yard for stacking; fine particulate material passing through secondary dewatering screen 106 enters C slurry tank 1010 for recirculation or discharge into settling tank 109.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention belongs to the field of muddy water treatment, and is mainly used in a slurry separation construction process for engineering discharge such as shield tunneling, trench excavation and the like of a shield tunneling machine containing clay, sand and stone type stratum.
According to an aspect of the present invention, there is provided a mud-water separation apparatus characterized by comprising:
A sand washer for fishing clay blocks,
The coarse screen is used for carrying out the process,
A the slurry storage tank is provided with a slurry storage groove,
And a B pulp storage tank communicated with the A pulp storage tank,
A first slurry pump is arranged on the first side of the first slurry pump,
A first-stage cyclone device, wherein the first-stage cyclone device comprises a first-stage cyclone,
A slurry storage tank C which is connected with the slurry storage tank B through a communicating pipe,
A first-stage dehydration vibrating screen,
A second slurry pump is arranged on the bottom of the first slurry pump,
A secondary cyclone device, a secondary cyclone device and a secondary cyclone device,
A secondary dehydration vibrating screen which is provided with a plurality of vibrating screens,
Wherein:
The clay block dredging sand washer is used for dredging out and discharging clay blocks mixed in slurry discharged from the shield machine, sand with smaller particle size in the slurry after the clay blocks are dredged out enters a coarse screen through a screen mesh at the bottom of the sand washer and overflow at the upper part of the sand washer for screening and dehydration,
The oversize material of the coarse screen is discharged; the material passing through the screen mesh of the coarse screen enters the slurry storage tank A and the slurry storage tank B communicated with the slurry storage tank A, is pumped into the primary cyclone by the first slurry pump,
The overflow fine particle slurry of the primary cyclone is sent to a C slurry storage tank for secondary separation and/or returned to a B slurry storage tank for recirculation and/or sent to a sedimentation tank,
The underflow coarse particle slurry of the primary cyclone enters a primary dewatering vibrating screen,
The oversize material of the primary dewatering vibrating screen is discharged,
Materials which pass through the screen mesh of the primary dewatering vibrating screen enter a B pulp storage tank for recycling, and/or enter a C pulp storage tank through a communicating pipe of the B pulp storage tank and a C pulp storage tank, and are pumped into a secondary cyclone from the C pulp storage tank by a second slurry pump,
The overflow fine particle slurry of the secondary cyclone enters a sedimentation tank to be discharged, and/or returns to the slurry storage tank C for recycling,
The underflow slurry of the secondary cyclone enters a secondary dewatering vibrating screen,
The oversize of the secondary dewatering vibrating screen is discharged,
Fine particulate material passing through the secondary dewatering screen mesh enters the C slurry storage tank for recirculation and/or discharge into the settling tank.
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a mud-water separation method based on the above mud-water separation apparatus, characterized by comprising:
the clay blocks mixed in the slurry discharged from the shield machine are fished out and discharged by a clay block bailing sand washer,
Sand with smaller particle size in the slurry after the clay blocks are fished out is overflowed into a coarse screen through a screen mesh at the bottom of a sand washer and the upper part to be screened and dehydrated,
Discharging the oversize material of the coarse screen,
The material passing through the screen mesh of the coarse screen enters the slurry storage tank A and the slurry storage tank B communicated with the slurry storage tank A, and is pumped into the primary cyclone by the first slurry pump,
The overflow fine particle slurry of the primary cyclone is sent to a slurry storage tank C for secondary separation and/or returned to a slurry storage tank B for recirculation and/or sent to a sedimentation tank,
The underflow coarse particle slurry of the primary cyclone enters a primary dewatering vibrating screen,
Discharging the oversize material of the first-stage dewatering vibrating screen,
The material which passes through the screen mesh of the primary dewatering vibrating screen enters the B pulp storage tank for recirculation, and/or enters the C pulp storage tank through the communicating pipe of the B pulp storage tank and the C pulp storage tank, and is pumped into the secondary cyclone from the C pulp storage tank by the second slurry pump,
Allowing the overflow fine particle slurry of the secondary cyclone to enter a sedimentation tank to be discharged and/or returned to the slurry storage tank for recycling,
Enabling the underflow slurry of the secondary cyclone to enter a secondary dehydration vibrating screen,
Discharging the oversize material of the secondary dewatering vibrating screen,
Fine particulate material passing through the screen of the secondary dewatering screen is recycled and/or discharged into the settling pond.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a prior art mud-water separation plant.
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a mud-water separation apparatus and method according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram showing the connection of three slurry tanks in the mud-water separation apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The inventor finds through research in engineering practice that when a shield tunneling machine excavates a tunnel in a stratum containing clay and sand, the discharged dregs contain a large amount of clay blocks, and the particle size of the clay blocks is generally from tens of millimeters to one hundred millimeters, which is far larger than the sieve holes of a coarse sieve. When the prior art process flow shown in fig. 1 is used for slag treatment, clay blocks, sand and mud delivered from the shield machine pass through the pressure relief box and then directly fall on the coarse screen, which can lead to three adverse consequences:
Firstly, clay blocks block the meshes of a screen, and can cause slurry leakage (namely slurry overflows from a screen box of a vibrating screen) when serious, so that the production cannot be normally carried out;
secondly, a large amount of soil components are mixed in the slag soil of the oversize products of the coarse screen, sand and stone materials in the slag soil cannot be recycled as qualified concrete raw materials, and precious sand and stone material resources are wasted;
Thirdly, even if the oversize materials of the coarse screen are discharged as waste dregs, the dregs are difficult to dehydrate due to the influence of clay and clay blocks, so that the water content in the dregs exceeds the standard, the dregs are easy to scatter during discharging and transporting, the road surface and the surrounding environment are polluted, and if a large amount of dregs with the exceeding water content are stacked too high during storage, collapse and even landslide can occur, so that the huge risk of property personnel loss is caused.
In order to overcome the defects of the mud water treatment process, the inventor provides novel mud water separation equipment and a method for adding a clay block dredging sand washer at the upper part of a coarse screen through repeated researches.
As shown in fig. 2, in the novel mud-water separation apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention, slurry (containing clay, sand, clay, etc.) discharged from a shield machine is firstly introduced into a depressurization tank 204 for depressurization (another depressurization tank 202 is used as a backup facility for a sand washing machine 203 for clay blocks once it has failed), then introduced into the sand washing machine 203 for clay blocks, the sand washing machine 203 for clay blocks mixed therein is fished out for separate discharge, the remaining sand with smaller particle size is introduced into a coarse screen 201 for screening and dewatering through a bottom screen mesh and an upper overflow of the sand washing machine 203, and oversize materials of the coarse screen 201 are materials with particle size of more than 4mm, and are introduced into a slag yard for stacking; the material with the granularity smaller than 4mm enters the A slurry storage tank 2015 and the B slurry storage tank 2014 communicated with the A slurry storage tank 2015 through the screen mesh of the coarse screen 201, and is pumped into the primary cyclone 206 by the No. 1 slurry pump 2013.
The overflow fine particle slurry from the primary cyclone 206 enters the C slurry tank 2012 for secondary separation or returns to the B slurry tank 2014 for recirculation or enters the settling tank 2011; the underflow coarse slurry from the primary cyclone 206 enters the primary dewatering shaker 205. The materials with the oversize materials of 2-4 mm of the primary dewatering vibrating screen 205 are sent to a slag yard for stacking; the material with the granularity smaller than 2mm passes through the screen mesh of the primary dewatering vibration sieve 205 and then enters the B pulp storage tank 2014 for recycling, or enters the C pulp storage tank 2012 through the communicating pipe 207 of the B pulp storage tank 2014 and the C pulp storage tank 2012, and is pumped into the secondary cyclone 209 by the 2# slurry pump 2010. The overflow fine particle slurry from the secondary cyclone 209 enters the settling pond 2011 to be discharged or returned to the C slurry storage tank 2012 for recycling; the underflow slurry of the secondary cyclone 209 enters a secondary dewatering vibrating screen 208; the materials with the oversize materials of 0.074-2 mm of the secondary dewatering vibrating screen 208 are sent to a slag yard for stacking; fine particulate material passing through the screen of the secondary dewatering screen 208 enters the C slurry tank 2012 for recirculation or discharge into the settling tank 2011.
The connection of the above A, B, C three slurry tanks is shown in fig. 3, the slurry tank a 2015 and the slurry tank B2014 are directly connected by the gasket 301, and the gasket 301 with elasticity is sandwiched between the two tanks to prevent slurry leakage; the B stock chest 2014 and the C stock chest 2012 are in communication via the communication pipe 302, and the three stock chest are mounted together and seated on the base 303.
The mud-water separation equipment and the mud-water separation method according to the invention have the advantages that the clay block dredging sand washer 203 is added at the upper part of the coarse screen 201, so that a large amount of clay blocks can be separated before entering the coarse screen, and the defect of the original mud-water treatment process is well overcome. Three advantages are summarized:
Firstly, the problem that clay blocks block a coarse screen mesh is solved, the unsafe hidden production trouble of 'slurry leakage' of a coarse screen is avoided, and the construction efficiency and the safe and stable operation of production are ensured;
Secondly, the clay component in the sand materials on the coarse screen is greatly reduced, and the sand materials are possibly recycled as concrete materials, so that national resources are protected from being wasted;
Thirdly, even if the oversize materials are discharged as waste, the clay blocks are fished out, so that the dehydration performance of the dregs is improved, the moisture content of the dregs is greatly reduced, the environmental pollution caused by scattering in the transportation process is effectively avoided, and the risk of collapse or even landslide during accumulation and storage of the dregs is also effectively avoided.

Claims (8)

1. A mud-water separation apparatus characterized by comprising:
A sand washer (203) for fishing out clay blocks,
A coarse screen (201),
A slurry storage tank (2015),
And a B stock chest (2014) in communication with the A stock chest (2015),
A first slurry pump (2013),
A primary cyclone (206),
A C slurry storage tank (2012) connected with the B slurry storage tank (2014) through a communicating pipe (207),
A primary dewatering vibrating screen (205),
A second slurry pump (2010),
A secondary cyclone (209),
A secondary dewatering vibrating screen (208),
Wherein:
The clay block dredging sand washer (203) is used for dredging out and discharging clay blocks mixed in slurry to be treated, sand with smaller particle size in the slurry after the clay blocks are fished out enters the coarse screen (201) through the screen holes at the bottom of the sand washer (203) and overflow at the upper part for screening and dehydration,
The oversize of the coarse screen (201) is discharged; the material which passes through the screen mesh of the coarse screen (201) enters an A slurry storage tank (2015) and a B slurry storage tank (2014) which are communicated with the A slurry storage tank, is pumped into a primary cyclone (206) by a first slurry pump (2013),
The overflow fine particle slurry from the primary cyclone (206) is sent to a C slurry tank (2012) for secondary separation and/or back to a B slurry tank (2014) for recirculation and/or into a settling tank (2011),
The underflow coarse particle slurry of the primary cyclone (206) enters a primary dewatering vibrating screen (205),
The oversize of the primary dewatering vibrating screen (205) is discharged,
The material passing through the screen mesh of the primary dewatering vibrating screen (205) enters a B pulp storage tank (2014) for recycling, and/or enters a C pulp storage tank (2012) through a communicating pipe (207) of the B pulp storage tank (2014) and a C pulp storage tank (2012), and is pumped into a secondary cyclone (209) from the C pulp storage tank (2012) by a second slurry pump (2010),
The overflow fine particle slurry from the secondary cyclone (209) enters a sedimentation tank (2011) to be discharged and/or returns to a C slurry storage tank (2012) to be recycled,
The underflow slurry of the secondary cyclone (209) enters a secondary dewatering vibrating screen (208),
The oversize of the secondary dewatering vibrating screen (208) is discharged,
Fine particulate material passing through the screen of the secondary dewatering screen (208) enters the C slurry tank (2012) for recirculation and/or discharge into the settling pond (2011).
2. The mud-water separation apparatus according to claim 1, wherein:
The mud discharged from the shield machine contains clay blocks, sand and stone, and the mud of clay firstly enters a decompression box (204) for decompression and then enters a clay block dredging sand washer (203).
3. The mud-water separation apparatus according to claim 1, wherein:
The A slurry storage groove (2015) and the B slurry storage groove (2014) are directly connected through the sealing gasket (301),
A gasket (301) having elasticity is sandwiched between the a-tank (2015) and the B-tank (2014) to prevent leakage of slurry;
The B pulp storage tank (2014) and the C pulp storage tank (2012) are communicated by a communication pipeline (302),
The three slurry tanks are mounted and located on the base (303) together.
4. The mud-water separation apparatus according to claim 1, wherein:
The oversize material of the coarse screen (201) is a material with the granularity of more than 4mm,
The material passing through the screen of the coarse screen (201) is the material with the granularity less than 4mm,
The oversize material of the primary dehydration vibrating screen (205) is 2-4 mm material,
The material passing through the screen mesh of the primary dehydration vibrating screen (205) is the material with the granularity smaller than 2mm,
The oversize material of the secondary dehydration vibrating screen (208) is 0.074-2 mm.
5. A mud-water separation method based on a mud-water separation apparatus, the mud-water separation apparatus comprising:
A sand washer (203) for fishing out clay blocks,
A coarse screen (201),
A slurry storage tank (2015),
And a B stock chest (2014) in communication with the A stock chest (2015),
A first slurry pump (2013),
A primary cyclone (206),
A C slurry storage tank (2012) connected with the B slurry storage tank (2014) through a communicating pipe (207),
A primary dewatering vibrating screen (205),
A second slurry pump (2010),
A secondary cyclone (209),
A secondary dewatering vibrating screen (208),
The method is characterized by comprising the following steps:
The clay blocks mixed in the slurry to be treated are fished out and discharged by a clay block bailing sand washer (203),
Sand with smaller particle size in the slurry from which clay blocks are fished out is overflowed into a coarse screen (201) through the screen holes at the bottom and the upper part of a sand washer (203) to be screened and dehydrated,
The oversize material of the coarse screen (201) is discharged,
The material which passes through the screen mesh of the coarse screen (201) enters an A pulp storage tank (2015) and a B pulp storage tank (2014) which are communicated with the A pulp storage tank, and is pumped into a primary cyclone (206) by a first slurry pump (2013),
The overflow fine particle slurry from the primary cyclone (206) is sent to a C slurry tank (2012) for secondary separation and/or back to a B slurry tank (2014) for recirculation and/or to a settling tank (2011),
Enabling the underflow coarse particle slurry of the primary cyclone (206) to enter a primary dewatering vibrating screen (205),
The oversize material of the first-stage dewatering vibrating screen (205) is discharged,
The material which passes through the screen mesh of the primary dewatering vibrating screen (205) enters a B pulp storage tank (2014) for recycling, and/or enters a C pulp storage tank (2012) through a communicating pipe (207) of the B pulp storage tank (2014) and a C pulp storage tank (2012), and is pumped into a secondary cyclone (209) from the C pulp storage tank (2012) by a second slurry pump (2010),
The overflow fine particle slurry from the secondary cyclone (209) is discharged into a sedimentation tank (2011) and/or returned to a C slurry storage tank (2012) for recycling,
The underflow coarse particle slurry of the secondary cyclone (209) enters a secondary dewatering vibrating screen (208),
The oversize material of the secondary dewatering vibrating screen (208) is discharged,
Fine particulate material passing through the screen of the secondary dewatering screen (208) is recycled to the C slurry tank (2012) and/or discharged to the settling pond (2011).
6. The mud-water separation method as set forth in claim 5, further comprising:
the mud discharged from the shield machine and containing clay blocks, sand and stone and clay firstly enters a decompression box (204) for decompression, and then enters a clay block dredging sand washer (203).
7. The mud-water separation method according to claim 5, wherein:
The A slurry storage groove (2015) and the B slurry storage groove (2014) are directly connected through the sealing gasket (301),
A gasket (301) having elasticity is sandwiched between the a-tank (2015) and the B-tank (2014) to prevent leakage of slurry;
The B pulp storage tank (2014) and the C pulp storage tank (2012) are communicated by a communication pipeline (302),
The three slurry tanks are mounted and located on the base (303) together.
8. The mud-water separation method according to claim 5, wherein:
The oversize material of the coarse screen (201) is a material with the granularity of more than 4mm,
The material passing through the screen of the coarse screen (201) is the material with the granularity less than 4mm,
The oversize material of the primary dehydration vibrating screen (205) is 2-4 mm material,
The material passing through the screen mesh of the primary dehydration vibrating screen (205) is the material with the granularity less than 2mm,
The oversize material of the secondary dehydration vibrating screen (208) is 0.074-2 mm.
CN201810881187.9A 2018-08-04 2018-08-04 Mud-water separation equipment Active CN108993767B (en)

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CN109516665B (en) * 2019-01-15 2023-10-20 北京中矿环保科技股份有限公司 Shield residue soil dehydration equipment and shield residue soil dehydration method
CN110124849A (en) * 2019-05-21 2019-08-16 山西青林机械制造有限公司 Sieve sand washing sand all-in-one machine
CN111203315B (en) * 2019-12-27 2024-04-16 程泉 Engineering dregs and sand separating system
CN111875391A (en) * 2020-09-28 2020-11-03 佛山市东鹏陶瓷发展有限公司 Green sand slurry processing method

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JP2004162265A (en) * 2002-11-08 2004-06-10 Muramoto Construction Co Ltd System and method for recycling removed mud
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CN104858048A (en) * 2015-05-07 2015-08-26 康明克斯(北京)机电设备有限公司 Residue soil environmental regenerating retreatment method and equipment by adoption of earth pressure balance shield
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CN205653326U (en) * 2016-05-31 2016-10-19 上海天颢实业有限公司 Muddy water processing system
CN207002551U (en) * 2017-08-02 2018-02-13 三川德青工程机械有限公司 A kind of mud disposal system of shield engineering construction

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPH06304597A (en) * 1993-04-23 1994-11-01 Toyo Screen Kogyo Kk Treatment of sludge in shield tunneling method
JP2004162265A (en) * 2002-11-08 2004-06-10 Muramoto Construction Co Ltd System and method for recycling removed mud
JP2013059755A (en) * 2011-09-15 2013-04-04 Mitsubishi Kakoki Kaisha Ltd Grit cleaning apparatus
CN102600964A (en) * 2012-03-15 2012-07-25 江西稀有金属钨业控股集团有限公司 Method and system for recovering tailing resources
JP2015217386A (en) * 2014-05-20 2015-12-07 シーディーイー アジア リミテッド System and method for scrubbing and classifying coarse material and fine powder material
CN104858048A (en) * 2015-05-07 2015-08-26 康明克斯(北京)机电设备有限公司 Residue soil environmental regenerating retreatment method and equipment by adoption of earth pressure balance shield
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CN207002551U (en) * 2017-08-02 2018-02-13 三川德青工程机械有限公司 A kind of mud disposal system of shield engineering construction

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