CN108987898B - Design method of rail transit vehicle-ground communication millimeter wave antenna - Google Patents
Design method of rail transit vehicle-ground communication millimeter wave antenna Download PDFInfo
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- CN108987898B CN108987898B CN201810810950.9A CN201810810950A CN108987898B CN 108987898 B CN108987898 B CN 108987898B CN 201810810950 A CN201810810950 A CN 201810810950A CN 108987898 B CN108987898 B CN 108987898B
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
- H01Q1/27—Adaptation for use in or on movable bodies
- H01Q1/32—Adaptation for use in or on road or rail vehicles
- H01Q1/325—Adaptation for use in or on road or rail vehicles characterised by the location of the antenna on the vehicle
- H01Q1/3275—Adaptation for use in or on road or rail vehicles characterised by the location of the antenna on the vehicle mounted on a horizontal surface of the vehicle, e.g. on roof, hood, trunk
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
- H01Q21/0087—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing antenna arrays
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
- H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
- H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of millimeter wave communication, and relates to a design method of a rail transit vehicle-ground communication millimeter wave antenna. The invention combines the system application condition and the antenna design theory, maximally utilizes the system margin to reduce the system construction cost, has clear thought and simple and easy operation, quickly obtains the technical index requirements of the antenna, and can be widely used for the overall design of the vehicle-ground millimeter wave communication antenna.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of millimeter wave communication, and relates to a design method of a rail transit vehicle-ground communication millimeter wave antenna.
Background
Railway wireless communication is generally divided into two broad categories, namely a dedicated wireless communication system for railway scheduling and control and a broadband wireless communication system for passenger information services. The millimeter wave is between microwave (3-30 GHz) and submillimeter wave (more than 300GHz), and some characteristics of microwave and light wave are compatible. The millimeter wave communication has the advantages that the antenna is easy to realize narrow wave beams, has high gain and good anti-interference performance; the absolute bandwidth is large and the information capacity is large under the same relative bandwidth; the transmission loss at atmospheric window frequencies is less than the optical wave; the antenna converts electromagnetic waves transmitted in a conductor into electromagnetic waves radiated in space, which is an important link in a wireless communication system.
With the rapid development of high-speed railways, reliable, real-time and efficient broadband wireless network access service is provided for passengers of high-speed trains, and new requirements are provided for railway informatization. On one hand, information such as operation, safety monitoring, equipment maintenance and the like of the train needs to be transmitted to the control center in real time, and the requirement of real-time dynamic information transmission of a road network is met; on the other hand, social informatization has been advanced, and people need to constantly maintain connection to a network through various communication devices. At present, the technologies commonly used for train-ground wireless communication are roughly GSM-R, WLAN, TETRA (digital trunked), WIMAX and millimeter wave technologies.
The GSM-R is mainly based on a second generation global system for mobile communications (GSM), and the communication speed can only meet the requirements of railway special wireless scheduling and control; the WLAN technology is based on 802.11 standards, adopts a 2.4/5.8GHz frequency band, has the theoretical bandwidth up to 320Mbit/s, has a good effect when the WLAN accesses the mobile terminal at the medium and low speed of about 90km/s, but has various performance indexes greatly influenced along with the improvement of the speed; the TETRA digital trunking communication system is a communication system specially customized for scheduling communication by the European Telecommunications standards institute, has a bandwidth of 28.8kbit/s, and cannot meet the broadband requirement of passenger information service; the theoretical bandwidth of WiMAX can reach 70Mbit/s, the maximum train speed is supported to be 250km/s, but the standard of the core network is still formulated and perfected so far; the available frequency band of millimeter wave communication is wide, the communication speed of Gbit/s can be supported, and the new requirement of high-speed railway informatization is met. .
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method for designing an antenna under the condition of maximizing the capacity of a train-ground communication channel by applying a millimeter wave technology aiming at the new requirements of large data volume in a passenger information service system and a scheduling and controlling system in railway wireless communication under the background of high-speed rails, and the technical index of the antenna with the feasibility is decomposed by combining the application condition of the system and the requirement of reducing the construction cost of the system so as to guide the design of the subsequent antenna.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
a design method of a rail transit vehicle-ground communication millimeter wave antenna is characterized in that the working mode of one-way communication between rail transit vehicle-ground is defined as follows: the vehicle-mounted antennas are arranged on the roof of the train, and are defined as a No. 1 antenna and a No. 2 antenna in total, and each pair of antennas can receive and transmit simultaneously; the ground antennas are horizontally arranged on a contact net rod along the railway, and are defined as a No. 1 antenna and a No. 2 antenna in two pairs, and the receiving and transmitting of each pair of antennas work simultaneously and have the same height from the ground; when communication is established between the train and the ground, the signal forwarding between the train and the ground is completed by the vehicle-mounted antenna 1 and the antenna 1 of the ground node n, when the train is far away from the ground node n, the antenna 1 of the ground node n and the vehicle-mounted antenna 1 are considered to be positioned on the same straight line, when the train enters a blind zone of the ground node n, the communication between the antenna 1 of the ground node n +1 and the vehicle-mounted antenna 1 is switched, namely, the one-way communication is always kept in the running process of the train; the method for designing the millimeter wave antenna comprises the following steps:
s1, performing link budget according to system working conditions, setting the gains of the ground antenna and the vehicle-mounted antenna to be the same, and obtaining initial values of system allowance, the ground antenna and the vehicle-mounted antenna gain;
s2, according to the set vehicle-ground communication conditions, the design value of the communication distance is larger than the actual communication distance, namely the distance between adjacent ground nodes plus the distance of a blind area; performing link budget according to the design value of the communication distance, and obtaining the initial range of the blind area distance by the gains of the ground antenna and the vehicle-mounted antenna according to the result obtained in the step S1;
s3, setting the mounting direction of the ground antenna and the vehicle-mounted antenna to be parallel to the advancing direction of the track, and obtaining the range within which the gain of the azimuth plane of the antenna corresponding to the initial range of the blind zone distance can be reduced according to the requirement of the system on the coverage range;
s4, according to the gradient of the high-speed rail line, the height difference of the installation positions of the ground antenna and the vehicle-mounted antenna on the flat ground and the result of the step S2 are combined, the size of an included angle between the ground antenna and the vehicle-mounted antenna in the pitching plane axial direction when the train enters the blind area on the ascending and descending slope is correspondingly calculated, and the initial values of the beam widths of the ground antenna and the vehicle-mounted antenna on the pitching plane are obtained;
s5, obtaining initial values of the azimuth plane beam widths of the ground antenna and the vehicle-mounted antenna according to the result of the step S4, comparing the performance of the antenna with the result of the step S3, and entering the step S6 if the indexes are feasible; if the index is not available, adjusting the antenna gain, and repeating the steps S2 to S5;
s6, calculating the aperture in the width and height directions according to the results obtained in the steps S4 and S5, comparing the aperture with the installation conditions of the relatively severe vehicle-mounted antenna, and if the mounting conditions are met, determining the azimuth plane beam width and the elevation plane beam width of the antenna; if the antenna does not meet the installation requirement, determining the beam width of the pitching surface according to the caliber in the height direction, obtaining the beam width of the azimuth surface according to the gain of the antenna, and ensuring the coverage in the blind area range by adjusting the included angle between the ground antenna and the rail direction;
and S7, determining other technical indexes of the antenna according to the antenna gain and the directional pattern characteristic requirements obtained from the step S1 to the step S6 and the working frequency band of the system.
The method has the advantages that the method combines system application conditions and an antenna design theory, maximally utilizes system allowance to reduce system construction cost, has clear thought and simple and easy operation, quickly obtains the technical index requirements of the antenna, and can be widely used for the overall design of the vehicle-ground millimeter wave communication antenna.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the operation of one-way communication between the vehicle and the ground;
reference numerals: 1. tracks 1 and 2, tracks 2 and 3, blind zone distance, 4, a contact net rod numbered by a ground node n-1, 5, a contact net rod numbered by a ground node n, 6, a contact net rod numbered by a ground node n +1, 7, ground antennas 1 and 8, ground antennas 2 and 9, vehicle antennas 1 and 10, vehicle antennas 2 and 11, a channel 1 (forward direction) established between the ground antenna 1 and the vehicle antenna 1, and a channel 2 (backward direction) established between the ground antenna 2 and the vehicle antenna 2;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of the installation of the ground antenna and the vehicle antenna as viewed from above;
reference numerals: 21. the installation position of the ground antenna 1 is shown, and 22, the installation position of the vehicle-mounted antenna 1 is shown;
fig. 3 is a schematic view of the installation of the ground antenna and the vehicle-mounted antenna as viewed from the side.
Detailed Description
The invention is further described below with reference to the accompanying drawings.
The system requires one-way communication without blind areas under the condition of high-influence weather condition grade 0 during the operation of the high-speed railway, as shown in figure 1. Several system metrics are as follows: the distance between adjacent contact net rods is 1 km; the coverage area is 2 adjacent rails; the working mode is FDD full duplex; the signal modulation mode is QPSK, and the signal bandwidth is 1000 MHz; the working frequency band is 36.5-41.5 GHz; a symbol rate of 750 Msps; the demodulation threshold energy-to-noise ratio is 8dB (open zone channel condition), 10dB (suburban channel condition) and 12dB (tunnel channel condition), and the size of the vehicle-mounted antenna installation space is 250mm (length) 80mm (width) 200mm (height). According to the system parameters, a design method of the rail transit vehicle ground millimeter wave communication antenna is provided below.
Firstly, link budget is carried out on a millimeter wave train-ground wireless communication link, a target of meeting the requirement of non-blind area of one-way communication within a working distance of 1km is obtained, the grade 0 level (rainfall is less than or equal to 20mm/h) of high-influence weather conditions in the operation of a high-speed railway is obtained, and initial values of system allowance, ground antennas and vehicle antennas gain are obtained.
The signal power entering the receiver input is:
Pr＝Pt+Gt+Gr-Ls-Lrain-Lothers(1)
when the antenna noise temperature is equal to the room temperature (T)A＝T0) Receiver sensitivity can be expressed as:
the system demodulation threshold signal-to-noise ratio is as follows:
path loss of signal transmission:
Ls(dB)＝92.4(dB)+20lg(f(GHz))+20lg(d(km)) (4)
the link margin of the system is:
Margin(dB)＝Pr(dBm)-Si(dBm) (5)
the maximum rainfall capacity under the level 0 condition of high-impact weather conditions in the operation of the high-speed railway is 20mm/h, the rainfall influence of the system in the working frequency band is about 5dB/km, and system indexes are substituted into the relational expression to obtain a group of relations between the system allowance and the antenna gain, as shown in table 1:
TABLE 1 relationship of system margin to antenna gain
In order to keep one-way communication between the train and the ground, the designed value of the communication distance is larger than the actual communication distance, namely the distance between adjacent ground nodes plus the distance of a blind area. The calculation results of the system margin are shown in table 2 when compared with 1km under the design values of different communication distances based on the lowest 3dB of the system margin in table 1:
table 2 calculation results of system margin as compared with 1km under design values of different communication distances
After the system index is determined, the gain G of the ground (vehicle-mounted) transmitting antenna can be increased onlytIncreasing gain G of vehicle-mounted (ground) receiving antennarIs considered in terms of angle; however, increasing the antenna gain causes narrowing of the beam width, narrowing of the signal coverage, and requiring a larger aperture size in terms of installation conditions, so that the antenna gain index distribution needs to be balanced in terms of satisfying the system margin, satisfying the installation conditions, and the characteristics of the antenna itself.
The distance between two adjacent rails is 5 m, the distance between the contact net rod and the center line of the rail is 2.88 m, the width of the contact net rod covering two adjacent rails is at least 8 m, and the width is 9 m in consideration of a certain margin. The installation direction of the ground antenna and the vehicle-mounted antenna is parallel to the direction of the rail, as shown in fig. 2, the included angle α between the two antennas on the azimuth plane should satisfy:
arctan(α)＝9/dbliand (6)
when the distance between the train and the ground contact net rod is closer and closer, the transmission loss is reduced rapidly, and the loss that the included angle alpha is increased and the antenna gain is reduced rapidly can be made up. The values of the dead zone distance, the included angle α, and the antenna gain that can be reduced relative to the maximum are shown in table 3:
TABLE 3 reducible values of the relative maximum values of the blind zone distance, the included angle alpha and the antenna gain
When the train goes up a slope and goes down a slope, the maximum height difference between the vehicle-mounted antenna and the ground antenna is the height difference between the two antennas when the vehicle-mounted antenna and the ground antenna are on the flat ground, and the height difference introduced by the slope is superposed. The 350km/h grade line of the domestic high-speed railway is not more than 12 per thousand actually, and the maximum height difference between the vehicle-mounted antenna and the ground antenna is as follows:
ΔHmax＝dbliand*0.012+1.2 (7)
beta is the included angle between the vehicle-mounted antenna and the pitching plane axis of the ground antenna, as shown in figure 3,
β＝arctan(ΔHmax/dblind) (8)
the requirement of the coverage range of the pitching plane beam width of the antenna is 2 beta; the blind zone distance, the maximum height difference between the vehicle-mounted antenna and the ground antenna, and the beam width coverage of the pitching surface of the antenna are shown in table 4:
TABLE 4 Blind zone distance, maximum height difference between vehicle-mounted antenna and ground antenna, and coverage of pitching surface beam width of antenna
| Distance between blind zones (m) | ΔHmax(m) | 2β(°) |
| 100 | 2.4 | 2.75 |
| 90 | 2.28 | 2.9 |
| 80 | 2.16 | 3.1 |
| 70 | 2.04 | 3.34 |
| 60 | 1.92 | 3.67 |
| 50 | 1.8 | 4.12 |
| 40 | 1.68 | 4.81 |
| 30 | 1.56 | 5.96 |
From the results in table 2, when the blind zone distance dbland does not exceed 70 meters, the system margin is reduced by less than 1dB when compared with the communication distance of 1 km; with reference to a set of data obtained from tables 2 to 4, the blind spot distance is taken to be 50 meters, the 3dB beam width of the antenna pitching surface is required to be 5 °, and the 3dB beam width of the antenna azimuth surface can be calculated from equation (9):
D＝40000/HPE*HPH(9)
middle HP of the above formulaEAt 5 deg., the result of antenna gain 24dB in Table 1 was substituted to calculate the 3dB beam width HP of the antenna azimuth planeHIs 16 degrees and is half emptyThe 3dB beamwidth of the inter-azimuth plane was 8 °, approaching the result α of 10.21 ° in table 3; the index has realizability, and the solution adopting the fan-shaped beam antenna, such as a flat horn antenna or a horn array antenna, can meet the requirements of a directional diagram.
The pitch surface of the antenna has 3dB wave beam width of 5 degrees, and the caliber requirement in the height direction is as follows:
HPE＝65×λ/DE(10)
the lowest frequency of the working frequency band is 36.5GHz, the corresponding wavelength is 8.22mm, and the caliber in the height direction is DEAt least 113mm is required, and the mounting condition in the height direction of the vehicle-mounted antenna is met. The 3dB wave beam width of the antenna azimuth plane is 16 degrees, and the caliber requirement in the width direction is as follows:
HPH＝70×λ/DH(11)
diameter D in width directionHAt least 36mm is needed, and the installation condition of the vehicle-mounted antenna in the width direction is met.
So far, the main technical indexes of the millimeter wave antenna are resolved according to the working conditions of the millimeter wave vehicle-ground communication system, and the indexes have feasibility of implementation.
Claims (1)
1. A design method of a rail transit vehicle-ground communication millimeter wave antenna is characterized in that the working mode of one-way communication between rail transit vehicle-ground is defined as follows: the vehicle-mounted antennas are arranged on the roof of the train, and are defined as a No. 1 antenna and a No. 2 antenna in total, and each pair of antennas can receive and transmit simultaneously; the ground antennas are horizontally arranged on a contact net rod along the railway, and are defined as a No. 1 antenna and a No. 2 antenna in two pairs, and the receiving and transmitting of each pair of antennas work simultaneously and have the same height from the ground; when communication is established between the train and the ground, the signal forwarding between the train and the ground is completed by the vehicle-mounted antenna 1 and the antenna 1 of the ground node n, when the train is far away from the ground node n, the antenna 1 of the ground node n and the vehicle-mounted antenna 1 are considered to be positioned on the same straight line, when the train enters a one-way communication blind zone of the ground node n, the communication between the antenna 1 of the ground node n +1 and the vehicle-mounted antenna 1 is switched, namely, the one-way communication is always kept in the running process of the train; the method for designing the millimeter wave antenna comprises the following steps:
s1, link budget is calculated according to system working conditions, the gains of the ground antenna and the vehicle-mounted antenna are set to be the same, and initial values of system allowance, the ground antenna and the vehicle-mounted antenna gain are obtained, wherein the system allowance is a difference value between the signal power of the input end of the receiver and the sensitivity of the receiver;
s2, according to the set vehicle-ground communication conditions, the design value of the communication distance is larger than the actual communication distance, namely the distance between adjacent ground nodes is added with the distance of the one-way communication blind area; performing link budget according to the design value of the communication distance, and obtaining the initial range of the distance of the one-way communication blind area by the gains of the ground antenna and the vehicle-mounted antenna according to the result obtained in the step S1;
s3, setting the mounting direction of the ground antenna and the vehicle-mounted antenna to be parallel to the advancing direction of the track, and obtaining the range within which the gain of the azimuth plane of the antenna corresponding to the initial range of the one-way communication blind area distance can be reduced according to the requirement of the system on the coverage range;
s4, according to the gradient of a high-speed rail line, the height difference of the installation positions of the ground antenna and the vehicle-mounted antenna on the flat ground and the result of the step S2 are combined, the size of an included angle between the ground antenna and the vehicle-mounted antenna in the pitching plane axial direction when the train enters a unidirectional communication blind area on an upward slope and a downward slope is correspondingly calculated, and initial values of beam widths of the ground antenna and the vehicle-mounted antenna on the pitching plane are obtained;
s5, obtaining initial values of azimuth plane beam widths of the ground antenna and the vehicle-mounted antenna according to the result of the step S4, comparing the performance of the antenna with the result of the step S3, namely whether the range of the antenna within the obtained azimuth plane beam width, in which the gain can be reduced, meets the result obtained in the step S3 or not, and if so, entering the step S6; if not, adjusting the antenna gain, and repeating the steps S2 to S5;
s6, calculating the aperture in the width and height directions according to the results obtained in the steps S4 and S5, comparing the aperture with the installation requirement of the vehicle-mounted antenna, wherein the installation requirement is the size of the installation space of the vehicle-mounted antenna, and if the installation requirement is met, the azimuth plane beam width and the elevation plane beam width of the antenna can be determined; if the antenna does not meet the installation requirement, determining the beam width of the pitching surface according to the caliber in the height direction, obtaining the beam width of the azimuth surface according to the gain of the antenna, and ensuring the coverage in the range of the one-way communication blind area by adjusting the included angle between the ground antenna and the rail direction;
and S7, determining other technical indexes of the antenna according to the antenna gain and the directional pattern characteristic requirements obtained from the step S1 to the step S6 and the working frequency band of the system.
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