CN108982633B - Method for determining the state of a component of a sensor for detecting a property of a measured gas - Google Patents
Method for determining the state of a component of a sensor for detecting a property of a measured gas Download PDFInfo
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
- G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
- G01N27/416—Systems
- G01N27/417—Systems using cells, i.e. more than one cell and probes with solid electrolytes
- G01N27/419—Measuring voltages or currents with a combination of oxygen pumping cells and oxygen concentration cells
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
- G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
- G01N27/403—Cells and electrode assemblies
- G01N27/406—Cells and probes with solid electrolytes
- G01N27/407—Cells and probes with solid electrolytes for investigating or analysing gases
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
- G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
- G01N27/403—Cells and electrode assemblies
- G01N27/406—Cells and probes with solid electrolytes
- G01N27/407—Cells and probes with solid electrolytes for investigating or analysing gases
- G01N27/41—Oxygen pumping cells
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Abstract
The invention relates to a method for determining the state of a sensor component for detecting a property of a measurement gas in a measurement gas chamber, the sensor having a sensor element for detecting the property of the measurement gas, the sensor element having a first electrochemical cell and a second electrochemical cell, the first electrochemical cell comprising a first electrode, a second electrode and a solid electrolyte connecting them, the second electrochemical cell comprising a third electrode, the method comprising setting a diagnostic value for a reference parameter for adjusting the component; detecting a plurality of measured values of the control variable for the control unit and/or a plurality of measured values of the actuating variable for the control unit for the diagnostic value at different points in time; determining a characteristic variable as a function of a reference variable, the characteristic variable being a characteristic variable of the divergence of a plurality of measured values of the regulating variable and/or a characteristic variable of the divergence of a plurality of measured values of the executing variable; component states are determined from a comparison of the characteristic variables with diagnostic boundary values.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a method for determining the state of at least one component of a sensor for detecting at least one property of a measurement gas in a measurement gas chamber.
Background
A variety of sensors and methods for detecting at least one characteristic of a measurement gas in a measurement gas chamber are known from the prior art. In principle, this may involve measuring any physical and/or chemical property of the gas, wherein one or more properties may be detected. The invention is described below with particular reference to the qualitative and/or quantitative detection of the share of the gas component of the measuring gas, in particular with reference to the detection of the share of oxygen in the measuring gas part. The oxygen fraction can be detected, for example, in the form of partial pressure and/or in the form of a percentage. However, other properties of the measurement gas, such as temperature, may alternatively or additionally also be detected.
Ceramic sensors are known in particular from the prior art, which are based on the use of defined electrolytic properties of the solid, i.e. on the ion-conducting properties of the solid. In particular, the solid may be a ceramic solid electrolyte, such as zirconium dioxide (ZrO) 2 ) Particularly yttrium-stabilized zirconium dioxide (YSZ) and scandium-doped zirconium dioxide (ScSZ), which may comprise aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ) And/or silicon oxide (SiO) 2 ) Is added in small amounts.
Such sensor elements can be configured, for example, as so-called lambda sensors or nitrogen oxide sensors, as are known, for example, from "handbook of motor vehicle technology" (Springer Vieweg Press, wis Baden, 2014, pages 1338-1347) and from "sensors in motor vehicles" (second edition 2012, pages 160-165) by Konrad Reif (works). By means of a broad-band lambda sensor, in particular by means of a flat broad-band lambda sensor, for example, the oxygen concentration in the exhaust gas can be determined in a large area and the air-fuel ratio in the combustion chamber can be deduced therefrom. The air-fuel ratio lambda describes the air-fuel ratio. The nitrogen oxide sensor determines both the nitrogen oxide concentration and the oxygen concentration in the exhaust gas.
A sensor for measuring the oxygen content in an ambient gas can be constructed by a combination of a pump unit (Pumpzelle), a measuring unit, an oxygen reference unit and a nernst unit. In a pump unit operating according to the amperometric pump principle, with the application of a voltage or current to the pump electrodes located in the different gas chambers, a flow of oxygen ions migrates through the ceramic body (oxygen-conducting solid electrolyte), which separates the gas chambers ("pump"). If a pump unit is used to keep the partial pressure of oxygen in the cavity constant (ambient gas can diffuse in the cavity), the amount of oxygen delivered can be inferred by measuring the current. The pump flow is directly proportional to the partial pressure of oxygen in the ambient gas, according to the law of diffusion. By means of the nernst cell, the ratio of the partial pressure of oxygen in the cavity to the partial pressure of oxygen in the further reference gas chamber can be determined by the structured nernst voltage.
Such a sensor may comprise a regulating loop. The electrochemical cell of such a sensor can be regarded as a control object. The reference parameter is a predetermined value of the voltage at the nernst cell. The execution parameters of the control loop are here
Is the pump voltage or pump current across the pump electrode pair. Adjusting parameters->
Is the measured Nernst voltage for the presence in the Nernst cellA measure of the partial pressure of oxygen. The purpose of the regulation is to maintain the partial pressure of oxygen in the cavity at a specific or predetermined value despite the change in the oxygen content in the exhaust gas. The partial pressure of oxygen in the cavity can be varied by a voltage applied to the pump electrode pair. Thanks to the pump, the gas concentration can be actively influenced by the applied pump voltage. />
Despite the many advantages of the sensors known from the prior art and of the methods for operating them, these sensors and the methods still contain potential for improvement. The pump electrodes and the electrodes of the nernst cells may be damaged in various ways. Known analysis methods for detecting the electrode state, for example impedance spectroscopy, are costly and difficult to perform during on-board diagnostics. Furthermore, the impedance spectroscopy method mostly involves a single electrode, however not a system.
Disclosure of Invention
In a first aspect, a method for determining a state of at least one component of a sensor for detecting at least one property of a measurement gas in a measurement gas chamber is therefore proposed, which method avoids at least to a large extent the disadvantages of the known methods and which method in particular enables reliable prediction of the identification of damage and/or ageing and which method can be performed during in-vehicle diagnostics.
A sensor for detecting at least one property of a measuring gas in a measuring gas chamber, in particular for detecting a proportion of a gas component in the measuring gas or a temperature of the measuring gas, has a sensor element for detecting a property of the measuring gas. The sensor element has at least one first electrochemical cell. The first electrochemical cell may be configured, for example, as a pump cell. The first electrochemical cell includes at least one first electrode, at least one second electrode, and at least one solid electrolyte connecting the first electrode and the second electrode. The sensor element further has at least one second electrochemical cell. The second electrochemical cell may be configured as a reference cell, in particular as a Nernst cell. The second electrochemical cell includes at least one third electrode. The second electrochemical cell may, for example, have at least one fourth electrode. The third electrode and/or the fourth electrode may be connected to the solid electrolyte. Configurations without the fourth electrode are also contemplated. The electrodes of the first electrochemical unit and the electrodes of the second electrochemical unit may for example be combined such that for example only three electrodes are present. The proposed method comprises the steps of:
a) At least one diagnostic value for adjusting a reference parameter of the component is set,
b) Detecting a plurality of measured values of an actuating variable for actuating the component and/or a plurality of measured values of an actuating variable for actuating the component for the diagnostic value at different points in time,
c) Determining at least one characteristic variable as a function of the reference variable, which is a divergent characteristic variable of a plurality of measured values of the control variable and/or a divergent characteristic variable of a plurality of measured values of the actuating variable,
d) The state of the component is determined from a comparison of the characteristic variable with the diagnostic boundary value.
The method steps may be performed in the order illustrated. In principle, other sequences are also possible. Furthermore, one or more or all method steps may also be repeated. Furthermore, two or more of the method steps may also be performed completely or partially overlapping in time or simultaneously. The method may comprise further method steps in addition to the mentioned method steps.
In principle, a component is understood to be any element of a sensor, in particular a component selected from the group: a sensor element, a second electrochemical cell, at least one electrode pair, e.g. an electrode pair of a second electrochemical cell, or other component of a conditioning circuit of a sensor. The state of a component is understood to be a functional state, in particular damage or aging. Determination of a state is understood to mean the detection of information about the state, in particular a parameter or value which is directly or indirectly related to the state of the component.
In principle, a sensor is understood to be any device which is designed to detect the proportion of a gas component in a gas mixture, in particular in a measuring gas chamber, such as, for example, an exhaust gas line of an internal combustion engine. The sensor may be, for example, a broadband lambda sensor or an oxynitride sensor.
A sensor element for detecting at least one proportion of a gas component in a gas can be understood to be an element which is, for example, designed as a component of a sensor device or can be used to assist in detecting the proportion of the gas component of the gas. In terms of possible configurations of the sensor element, reference is made in principle to the prior art described above. The sensor element may in particular be a ceramic sensor element, in particular a ceramic sensor element having a layer structure. The sensor element may in particular be a flat ceramic sensor element. The detection of at least one portion of the gas component may be understood as a qualitative detection and/or a quantitative detection of the gas component of the gas. In principle, however, the sensor element may be designed to detect any physical and/or chemical property of the gas, for example the temperature and/or pressure of the gas and/or particles in the gas. In principle, other properties can also be detected. In principle, the gas may be any gas, for example exhaust gas, air, an air-fuel mixture or also another gas. The invention can be used in particular in the motor vehicle technical field, so that the gas can in particular be an air-fuel mixture. In general, a measuring gas chamber can be understood as a space in which a gas to be detected is present. The invention can be used in particular in the motor vehicle technical field, so that the measuring gas chamber can be in particular an exhaust gas line of an internal combustion engine. However, other applications are also contemplated.
Within the scope of the present invention, an electrode is generally understood to be an element which can be brought into contact with a solid electrolyte in such a way that a constant current can be maintained through the solid electrolyte and the electrode. Accordingly, the electrode may include an element at which ions may be incorporated into and/or separated from the solid electrolyte. Typically, the electrode comprises a noble metal electrode, which may be applied on the solid electrolyte, for example, as a metal-ceramic electrode, or may be otherwise connected with the solid electrolyte. A typical electrode material is a platinum-ceramic electrode. However, in principle, other noble metals, such as gold or palladium, can also be used. The designations of "first" and "second", and "third" and "fourth" are used purely as designations and do not represent, inter alia, information about the order and/or about whether further electrodes are present.
The first electrode can be loaded with gas from the measurement gas chamber. The first electrode can in particular be connected at least partially to the measuring gas chamber, for example can be directly exposed to the gas of the measuring gas chamber and/or can be acted upon by the gas from the measuring gas chamber by means of a gas-permeable porous protective layer. The first electrode may be configured, for example, as an external pump electrode.
The second electrode may be arranged in the at least one measurement cavity. The second electrode may be configured, for example, as an internal pump electrode. A measuring cavity is understood to be a cavity inside the sensor element, which can be set up to receive a reserve of gas components of the gas. The measuring air can be configured completely or partially open. The measurement cavity may further be completely or partly filled, for example with a porous medium, for example porous alumina.
The measurement cavity may be loaded with gas from the measurement space by at least one diffusion barrier. A diffusion barrier is understood to be a layer consisting of a material that promotes the diffusion of gases and/or fluids and/or ions, but inhibits the flow of gases and/or fluids. The diffusion barrier may in particular have a porous ceramic structure with a purposefully defined pore radius. The diffusion barrier may have a diffusion resistance, wherein diffusion resistance may be understood as the resistance with which the diffusion barrier resists diffusion transport.
The first electrode is connected to the second electrode via at least one solid electrolyte and forms a first electrochemical cell, in particular a pump cell. By applying a voltage, in particular a pump voltage, to the first and second electrodes, oxygen can be pumped from the gas into the measurement cavity or pumped from the measurement cavity into the gas through the solid electrolyte.
Within the scope of the present invention, a solid electrolyte is understood to be an object or object having electrolytic properties, i.e. having ion-conducting properties. And in particular to ceramic solid electrolytes. The solid electrolyte also comprises the raw material of the solid electrolyte and thus comprises a construction as a so-called green or green compact (Braunling) which becomes the solid electrolyte after sintering. The solid electrolyte may in particular be configured as a solid electrolyte layer or as a plurality of solid electrolyte layers. Within the scope of the present invention, a layer is understood to be an overall mass extending in planar form over, under or between other elements to a certain height. The solid electrolyte may in particular be a ceramic electrolyte, for example zirconium dioxide, in particular yttrium-stabilized zirconium dioxide (YSZ) and/or scandium-doped zirconium dioxide (ScSZ). Preferably, the solid electrolyte may be gas impermeable and/or may ensure ion transport, e.g. ionic oxygen transport. The first and second electrodes may in particular be electrically conductive regions, for example electrically conductive metal coatings, which can be applied to and/or otherwise in contact with the at least one solid electrolyte. By applying a voltage, in particular a pump voltage, to the first and second electrodes, in particular oxygen can be pumped from the gas into the measurement cavity or pumped from the measurement cavity into the gas through the diffusion barrier.
The third electrode may be configured as a reference electrode configured separately from the measurement gas chamber. The third electrode may be connected to the reference gas chamber, completely or at least partially, for example, fluidly and/or by a gas connection. The reference gas chamber is understood to be the space inside the sensor element, which is connected to an ambient space, for example an ambient space surrounding the internal combustion engine. In particular, air may be present in the ambient space. The reference gas chamber can be connected in particular to the measurement cavity by means of a solid electrolyte. The fourth electrode may be configured as a nernst electrode, which may be arranged in the measurement cavity.
The fourth electrode may be configured as a separate electrode, however, for example, a combined electrode may also be configured. The sensor element can thus also have, for example, two electrochemical cells with only three electrodes, one electrode carrying the function of two of the four electrodes. The functions of the pump unit and the reference unit may also be implemented, for example, in the case of using only one solid electrolyte.
The sensor element may have a heating element. Within the scope of the present invention, a heating element is understood to be an element for heating the solid electrolyte and the electrode to at least their functional temperature, preferably their operating temperature. The functional temperature is the temperature from which the solid electrolyte becomes capable of conducting ions and is about 350 ℃. The operating temperature is different from the functional temperature, and is a temperature at which the sensor element is normally operated and is higher than the functional temperature. The operating temperature may be, for example, 700 ℃ to 900 ℃. The heating element may include a heating region and a wire. Within the scope of the invention, a heating region is understood to be a region of the heating element which overlaps in parallel with the two longest main axes of the electrodes in the layer structure. During operation, the heating zones are generally heated more strongly than the conductor tracks, so that they are distinguishable. For example, different heating can be achieved thereby: the heating region has a higher electrical resistance than the conductor rail. The heating region and/or the conductor are, for example, formed as a resistive track and heated by the application of a voltage. The heating element may be manufactured, for example, from a platinum compound or a palladium compound.
The sensor may have a regulating circuit. The regulating circuit may have a regulator, for example a PI regulator or a PID regulator. Within the scope of the present invention, a control loop is understood to be a closed-in-place process for influencing physical variables in a technical process. It is important here that the current value (also referred to as the actual value) is fed back to the regulating device, which continuously resists deviations from the setpoint value. The control loop can have a control object, a control device and an actual value feedback as a control variable. The manipulated variable can be compared with a theoretical value as a reference variable. The control deviation between the actual value and the setpoint value can be provided to a control device, which forms an execution variable, also referred to as a control variable, for the control object as a function of the control deviation corresponding to the desired dynamics of the control circuit. In the context of the present invention, a control object is understood to mean that part of the control circuit which contains the control variable, to which the control device is to act by way of the actuating variable. The electrochemical cell of the sensor may be the subject of regulation. For example, the voltage, in particular the Nernst voltage, between the electrodes of the second electrochemical cell can be measured. The measured voltage may be compared to a theoretical value of the voltage. By setting the pump current between the first electrode and the second electrode, the measured voltage can be adjusted to a theoretical value. Such a method is known, for example, from Konrad Reif (works) sensor in motor vehicle (second edition 2012, pages 160-165). The pump current required for regulation may be proportional to the fraction of the gas component in the gas.
The reference parameter may be at least one parameter selected from the group consisting of: a reference voltage, for example a theoretical Nernst voltage, in particular a Nernst voltage predetermined value; theoretical internal resistance of the second electrochemical cell; reference current, in particular reference pump current. The adjustment parameter may be at least one parameter selected from the group consisting of: the actual voltage across the second electrochemical cell, in particular a measure for the partial pressure of oxygen present across the second electrochemical cell; the actual internal resistance of the second electrochemical cell, in particular a measure for the temperature of the second electrochemical cell. The execution parameter may be at least one parameter selected from the group consisting of: pump voltage, pump current, heater power. Within the scope of the present invention, the expression "detection of a measured value" is understood to mean that the control variable and/or the actuating variable is/are output, for example, as a measurement signal by the sensor element and/or that the control variable and/or the actuating variable is processed and/or evaluated and/or stored by the control device.
The reference parameter may be a pump current in the execution parameter. The voltage across the second electrochemical cell of the sensor element can be, for example, a control variable. The reference parameter may be a reference voltage and/or a reference current, for example a predetermined value of the nernst voltage. The corresponding execution parameter may be a pump voltage of the first electrochemical unit.
In the case of a temperature regulation of the sensor, the internal resistance of the second electrochemical cell can be, for example, a regulating variable. The reference parameter may be a theoretical internal resistance of the second electrochemical cell and the corresponding execution parameter may be heater power.
The plurality of measured values of the actuating variable and/or the plurality of measured values of the actuating variable for the actuating element can be understood as repeated measurements for each set diagnostic value. Herein, multiple times may include 5, 10, 20, and more measurements.
In principle, a diagnostic value can be understood as a value of a reference variable, which is predefined, for example, by a control device of the sensor and/or can be predefined. The diagnostic value may be a value that deviates from the theoretical value. The diagnostic value may be, for example, a disturbance or a change in the reference variable. The reference variable may be, for example, a theoretical nernst voltage. In normal operation of the sensor, the reference parameter may be a Nernst voltage of 425 mV. In method step a), the reference variable can be varied over a range around the actual operating point, for example 425mv±50% or 300ohm±25%. In particular, an asymmetrical variation range can also be achieved, for example from 50 to 450mV at an operating point of 425mV (280 Ohm) in the range from 50 to 450mV (180 to 340 Ohm). The setting of the diagnostic value may be understood as one or more of the provision, the presetting, the determination and the change of the diagnostic value. In step a) of the method, a plurality of diagnostic values, for example four diagnostic values, five diagnostic values or more diagnostic values, may be set. The diagnostic values, which are also referred to as grid points (Stutzstelle), can be set successively. The diagnostic value may be set continuously. For example, the diagnostic values can be continuously increased or decreased as a function of a ramp function, in particular a voltage ramp. The number of these diagnostic values can be dependent on the method duration that has been or can be predefined. At each of these diagnostic values, a plurality of measured values of the manipulated variable and/or of the manipulated variable can be detected. For example, 20 measurement points can be detected for five diagnostic values. The measurement time for each of these measurement points may be 250ms. The total duration of the method may be between 20 seconds and 1 minute, the method may in particular last for about 30 seconds, taking account of the calculation time and the start-up time (einchwingzeit).
The diagnostic values can be set such that a certain number of diagnostic values are in a first phase region of the control variable, in which stable control over the reference variable is possible, and such that a certain number of diagnostic values are in a second phase region, in which stable control over the reference variable is not possible. The number of diagnostic values in the respective phase region can be predefined and/or already predefined. Stable regulation is understood to mean that the divergence of the regulating variable lies within a predefined or predefinable limit value. The width of the first phase region (also referred to as the phase margin) may be related to the age and/or damage of the component of the sensor to be adjusted. Due to aging and/or damage, the phase margin may change, in particular be limited, and the tendency for unstable regulation may increase if the reference variable is located at the boundary. The execution parameters of the new sensor allow stable and as fast an adjustment as possible over a wide first area. For the new sensor, the performance variable for normal operation, for example, a nernst voltage between 200mV and 400mV, can be selected centrally. In the event of sensor aging or damage, the first region in which stable regulation can be achieved may be smaller and regulation around the standard setpoint value of the reference variable can no longer be achieved. For severely aged sensors, the signal may have fluctuations and increased divergence even under normal operating conditions.
A characteristic variable is understood to be a measure of the divergence of the manipulated variable and/or of the execution variable. The characteristic parameter may be at least one parameter selected from the group consisting of: standard deviation, in particular standard deviation over a period of time; for easy fluctuation
In particular amplitude (span), quantile (quantilsabstandd); the shift of the characteristic mean value (asymmetric instability), the frequency analysis of the oscillations, in particular the determination of the characteristic frequency. The determination of the characteristic variables can be understood as an evaluation and/or calculation of the analysis on the basis of the detected manipulated variables and/or the execution variables. The determining may include for a diagnostic valueAdding the detected manipulated variable and/or the manipulated variable and/or forming an average value of the detected manipulated variable and/or the manipulated variable for each of the diagnostic values. The determination comprises in particular determining a standard deviation.
The comparison of the divergent characteristic parameter with the diagnostic boundary value may comprise determining a difference and/or deviation of the characteristic parameter from the diagnostic boundary value. The diagnostic limit value may be a predefined or predefinable setpoint value of the characteristic variable, for example a setpoint value of the standard deviation of the detected control variable and/or of the actuating variable.
For example, in the case of a plurality of diagnostic values, a linear interpolation calculation can be performed between the characteristic variables determined for each of the diagnostic values. The curve profile can be compared with a curve profile stored in the control device, for example, which has been or can be predefined. From the course of the curve, a stable-regulated boundary point or boundary region can be determined. For the diagnostic value in the boundary region between the first phase region and the second phase region and for the diagnostic value in the second phase region, an increase in the divergence of the detected manipulated variable and/or the detected execution variable can be observed. The reason for the more severe divergence of the aged sensor may be the oscillations in the conditioning signal. The regulator begins to fluctuate. The phase margin may be limited as the sensor and/or the adjustment unit ages or breaks down so that the point or region where the sensor adjuster begins to oscillate may be a measure for the sensor aging or breaking down.
The method may include an outputting step in which a result of the comparison is output: for example, adhering to diagnostic boundary values or exceeding or falling below diagnostic boundary values. In case the diagnostic limit value is exceeded, a warning, for example a fault report and/or an acoustic signal, may be output. Alternatively or additionally, the result may be stored in the control device, for example in a data memory of the control device.
Based on the comparison of the characteristic variables with the diagnostic values, a predictive value for the failure and/or the point in time of the failure can be determined. Thus, failures outside of the regular maintenance intervals can be avoided. For the prediction, the time course of the result of the comparison, in particular the time course, can be compared with the result of a certain failure for the regulator, so that a possible failure is predicted.
In a further aspect, a computer program is proposed, which is set up for carrying out each step of the inventive method. Furthermore, an electronic storage medium is proposed, on which a computer program for executing the method of the invention is stored. In a further aspect, an electronic control device is proposed, comprising an inventive electronic storage medium with said computer program for performing the inventive method. The electronic control unit is designed to set at least one diagnostic value of a reference variable for adjusting at least one component of a sensor for detecting at least one property of a measurement gas in a measurement gas chamber. The electronic control unit is provided for detecting a plurality of measured values of the actuating variable for the actuating element and/or a plurality of measured values of the actuating variable for the actuating element at different points in time for the diagnostic value. The electronic control unit is configured to determine at least one characteristic variable as a function of the reference variable, the at least one characteristic variable being a divergent characteristic variable of a plurality of measured values of the control variable and/or a divergent characteristic variable of a plurality of measured values of the actuating variable. The electronic control unit is designed to determine the state of the component as a function of the comparison of the characteristic variable with the diagnostic limit value. In terms of definition and embodiments, reference is made to the description of the method according to the invention.
In a further aspect, a sensor for detecting at least one property of a measuring gas in a measuring gas chamber, in particular for detecting a proportion of a gas component in the measuring gas or a temperature of the measuring gas, is proposed. The sensor has a sensor element for detecting a property of the measurement gas. The sensor element has at least one first electrochemical cell. The first electrochemical cell includes at least one first electrode, at least one second electrode, and at least one solid electrolyte connecting the first electrode and the second electrode. The sensor element further has at least one second electrochemical cell. The second electrochemical cell includes at least one third electrode. The sensor furthermore has an electronic control device with a computer program according to the invention for carrying out the method according to the invention. In defining and implementing aspects, reference is made to the description of the method of the invention.
The proposed method and apparatus are advantageous compared to known methods and apparatus. For all regulated sensors having a regulation, for example a PI regulation or a PID regulation, an on-board diagnosis for determining the aging of the electrochemical unit of the exhaust gas sensor involved in the regulation can be carried out. Appropriate countermeasures can thus be taken during operation, failure during operation is avoided and downtime is minimized. Compared to known methods, the method of the invention enables a simple and rapid determination of the function of the sensor.
Drawings
Further optional details and features of the invention will emerge from the following description of a preferred embodiment, which is schematically illustrated in the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 shows a schematic structure of a sensor of the present invention;
fig. 2 shows a schematic view of a first and a second phase region;
FIGS. 3A and 3B show a schematic of the variation of the standard deviation of divergence in relation to the diagnostic value for three states of the sensor (FIG. 3A), and a schematic of a grid point based mathematical implementation (FIG. 3B); and
fig. 4A to C show the effect of a change in the reference variable on the nox signal, the oxygen signal and the actuating variable for three states of the sensor.
Detailed Description
Fig. 1 shows a schematic structure of a sensor 110 of the present invention. The sensor 110 shown in fig. 1 may be used to demonstrate a physical and/or chemical property of a measurement gas in a measurement gas chamber, wherein one or more properties may be detected. The invention is described below with particular reference to the qualitative and/or quantitative detection of the gas composition of a measurement gas, in particular with reference to the detection of the oxygen fraction in a measurement gas. The oxygen fraction can be detected, for example, in the form of partial pressure and/or percentage. In principle, however, other types of gas components, such as nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons and/or hydrogen, can also be detected. However, other properties of the measurement gas can alternatively or additionally also be detected. The invention can be used in particular in the technical field of motor vehicles, so that the measuring gas chamber can be in particular an exhaust gas line of an internal combustion engine, in which gas, in particular exhaust gas, is measured. As schematically shown in fig. 1, exhaust gas may flow into the sensor (indicated by directional arrow 112).
The sensor 110 has a sensor element 114. The sensor element 114 may be constructed as a ceramic layer structure, as described in more detail below. In the embodiment shown in fig. 1, the sensor element 114 has a solid electrolyte 116, a first electrode 118, a second electrode 120, a third electrode 122, and a fourth electrode 124. The solid electrolyte 116 may be composed of or include a plurality of ceramic layers in the form of solid electrolyte layers. The solid electrolyte 116 includes, for example, a pump film (pumpfoil) or layer, an intermediate film or layer, a heating film or layer, which are stacked on top of each other. The sensor element 110 may have a gas entry path. The gas entry path may have a gas entry hole extending from the surface of the solid electrolyte 116 into the interior of the layer structure of the sensor element 114.
The first electrode 118 may be disposed on a surface of the solid electrolyte 116. The first electrode 118 may be loaded with gas from the measurement gas chamber 126. The first electrode can be connected at least in part to the measuring gas chamber, for example, the first electrode can be directly exposed to the gas of the measuring gas chamber 126 and/or can be acted upon by the gas from the measuring gas chamber 126 via a gas-permeable porous protective layer. The first electrode 118 may be configured, for example, as an external pump electrode.
The second electrode 120 may be arranged in the at least one measurement cavity 128. The second electrode 120 may be configured, for example, as an internal pump electrode. The measuring cavity 128 can be configured completely or partially open. The measurement cavity 128 may further be completely or partially filled, for example filled with a porous medium, for example porous alumina. The measurement cavity 128 may be loaded with gas from the measurement gas chamber 126 through at least one diffusion barrier.
The first electrode 118 and the second electrode 120 are connected by at least one solid electrolyte 116 and constitute a first electrochemical unit 130, in particular a pump unit. By applying a voltage, in particular a pump voltage, to the first electrode 118 and the second electrode 120, oxygen can be pumped from the gas into the measurement cavity 128 or pumped from the measurement cavity into the gas through the diffusion barrier.
The third electrode 122 may be configured as a reference electrode configured separately from the measurement gas chamber 126. The third electrode 122 may be at least partially connected to the reference gas chamber 132, e.g., fluidly and/or by a gas connection. The reference gas chamber 132 can be connected in particular to the measurement cavity 128 via the solid electrolyte 116. The fourth electrode 124 may be configured as a nernst electrode, which may be arranged in the measurement cavity 128. The third electrode 122 and the fourth electrode 124 may be connected by at least one solid electrolyte 116 and constitute a second electrochemical cell 134, in particular a Nernst cell.
By means of the first electrochemical unit 130, for example, the pump current through the first electrochemical unit 130 can be set such that a condition of λ=1 or another known composition is present in the measurement cavity 128. This composition is in turn detected by the second electrochemical cell 134 by: measuring voltage V between third electrode 122 and fourth electrode 124 N . Since a known gas composition is present in the reference gas chamber 132 or is subject to an oxygen excess, the composition in the measurement cavity 128 can be deduced from the measured voltage.
The sensor element 114 may further have a nitrogen oxide measuring unit 136, which is formed by a fifth electrode 138, which is arranged in the second measuring cavity and is connected by a solid electrolyte, and a sixth electrode 140, which is arranged in the reference gas chamber 132. Thus, the sensor element 114 may include three electrode pairs: the electrode pairs of the first electrochemical cell 130, the electrode pairs of the second electrochemical cell 134, and the electrode pairs of the nitrogen oxide measurement cell 136.
The sensor 110 may have a regulating loop. The regulating circuit may have a regulator, for example a PI or PID regulator. The control loop can have a control object, a control device and a negative feedback as an actual value of the control variable. The adjustment parameter can be used as a reference parameter 
Is compared with the theoretical value of (a). The control deviation between the actual value and the setpoint value can be provided to a control device, which forms an execution variable, also referred to as a control variable, for the control object in accordance with the desired dynamics of the control loop as a function of the control deviation. The electrochemical cell of the sensor 114 may be the subject of regulation. For example, the voltage, in particular the Nernst voltage, between the fourth electrode 124 and the third electrode 122 can be measured. The measured nernst voltage may be compared to a theoretical value of the nernst voltage. By setting the pump current between the first electrode 118 and the second electrode 120, the measured Nernst voltage can be adjusted to the theoretical value of the Nernst voltage. Such a method is known, for example, from Konrad Reif (works) sensor in motor vehicle (second edition 2012, pages 160-165). The pump current required for regulation may be proportional to the proportion of the gas component in the gas.
The sensor 110 comprises an electronic control unit 142 which is set up to set at least one diagnostic value of a reference variable for adjusting at least one component of the sensor 114. The electronic control unit 142 is designed to detect a plurality of measured values of the control variable for adjusting the component and/or a plurality of measured values of the actuating variable for adjusting the component for the diagnostic value at different points in time. The electronic control unit 142 is configured to determine at least one characteristic variable as a function of the reference variable, which is a divergent characteristic variable of the plurality of measured values of the control variable and/or a divergent characteristic variable of the plurality of measured values of the execution variable. The electronic control unit 142 is designed to determine the state of the component as a function of the comparison of the characteristic variables with the diagnostic limit values.
The reference parameter may be at least one parameter selected from the group consisting of: a reference voltage, for example a theoretical Nernst voltage, in particular a Nernst voltage predetermined value; theoretical internal resistance of the second electrochemical cell; reference current, in particular reference pump current. The adjustment parameter may be at least one parameter selected from the group consisting of: the actual voltage across the second electrochemical cell, in particular a measure for the partial pressure of oxygen present across the second electrochemical cell; the actual internal resistance of the second electrochemical cell, in particular a measure for the temperature of the second electrochemical cell. The execution parameter may be at least one parameter selected from the group consisting of: pump voltage, pump current, heater power. The nernst voltage across the second electrochemical unit 134 may be, for example, a regulating variable. The reference parameter may be a predetermined value of the nernst voltage. In normal operation of the sensor, the reference variable may be 425mV, for example. The corresponding execution parameter may be the pump voltage of the first electrochemical unit 130. In the case of a temperature regulation of the sensor 114, the internal resistance of the second electrochemical cell 134 can be, for example, a regulating variable. The reference variable may be a theoretical internal resistance of the second electrochemical cell 134, which is, for example, in the range of 230Ω during normal operation. The corresponding execution parameter may be a heater power.
The diagnostic values can be set such that a certain number of diagnostic values are in a first phase range 144 of the control variable, in which stable control over the reference variable is possible, and such that a certain number of diagnostic values are in a second phase range 146, in which stable control over the reference variable is not possible. The number of diagnostic values in the respective phase region can be predefined and/or predefined. In the case of stable regulation, the divergence of the regulating variable can lie within a boundary value that has been or can be predefined. Fig. 2 shows the control variable V as a control variable V Reg A schematic of a first phase region 144 and a second phase region 146 of the function of (a).
The width of the first phase region 144 may be related to the age and/or loss of the component of the sensor 114 to be adjustedThe damage is related. Due to aging and/or damage, the phase margin may change, in particular be limited, and the tendency for unstable regulation may increase if the reference variable is located at the boundary. The execution parameters of the new sensor can allow stable and as fast an adjustment as possible over a wide first area. For the new sensor, the performance variable for normal operation, for example, a nernst voltage between 200mV and 400mV, can be selected centrally. For example, an operating point W in the middle of the first phase region 144 can be selected p . In the event of sensor aging or damage, the first region in which stable regulation can be achieved may be smaller and regulation around the standard setpoint value of the reference variable can no longer be achieved. For severely aged sensors, the signal may have fluctuations and increased divergence even under normal operating conditions.
The electronic control unit 142 may be set up to perform the control variable and/or to perform repeated measurements of the variable for each set diagnostic value, for example 5, 10, 20 and more measurements. The characteristic parameter may be at least one parameter selected from the group consisting of: standard deviation, in particular standard deviation over a period of time; another measure of volatility, especially amplitude, separation distance; shift of characteristic mean (asymmetric instability), frequency analysis of fluctuations, in particular determination of characteristic frequency.
FIG. 3A shows the standard deviation of divergence versus diagnostic value V for three states of sensor 114 s Schematic of the related changes. The diagnostic value may be a value that deviates from the theoretical value. The diagnostic value may be, for example, a disturbance or a change in the reference variable. The reference variable may be, for example, a theoretical nernst voltage. In normal operation of the sensor, the reference parameter may be a nernst voltage of 425 mV. The electronic control unit can be designed to vary the reference variable over a range around the actual operating point, for example 425mv±50% or 300ohm±25%. In particular, an asymmetrical variation range, for example from 50 to 450mV in the range of 50 to 450mV (180 to 340 Ohm) and an operating point of 425mV (280 Ohm), can also be achieved. Curve 148 shows the and diagnostic value V for the new sensor s Related divergencesStandard deviation. Curve 150 shows the correlation diagnostic value V for an aged sensor s Standard deviation of the divergence concerned. Curve 152 shows the and diagnostic value V for a severely aged sensor s Standard deviation of the divergence concerned. The boundary point of stable regulation moves with the increase of the service life.
For example, a plurality of diagnostic values may be set. Fig. 3B shows a schematic diagram of a mathematical implementation according to five grid points for a new sensor (curve 154), an aged sensor (curve 156) and a severely aged sensor (curve 158). However, it is also conceivable to set five or more diagnostic values. These diagnostic values may be set successively. These diagnostic values may be set continuously. For example, the diagnostic values can be continuously increased or decreased as a function of a ramp function, in particular a voltage ramp. The number of these diagnostic values can be dependent on the method duration that has been or can be predefined. At each of these diagnostic values, a plurality of measured values of the manipulated variable and/or of the manipulated variable can be detected. For example, 20 measurement points can be detected for five diagnostic values. The measurement time for each of these measurement points may be 250ms. The total duration of the method may be between 20 seconds and 1 minute, the method may in particular last for about 30 seconds, taking account of the calculation time and the start-up time (einchwingzeit). For example, a linear interpolation may be performed between the characteristic variables determined for each of these diagnostic values. The curve profile can be compared with a curve profile stored in the control device, for example, which has been or can be predefined. From the course of the curve, a stable-regulated boundary point or boundary region can be determined. For the diagnostic value in the boundary region between the first phase region and the second phase region and for the diagnostic value in the second phase region, an increase in the divergence of the detected manipulated variable and/or the detected execution variable can be observed. The reason for the more severe divergence of the aged sensor may be the oscillations in the conditioning signal. The regulator begins to fluctuate. The phase margin may be limited as the sensor and/or the adjustment unit ages or breaks down so that the point or area at which the sensor adjuster begins to oscillate may be a measure of the sensor's aging or damage.
Fig. 4A to 4C show the change of the reference variable as a function of time t for the nitrogen oxide signal (NOx), the oxygen signal (O) for three states of the sensor (i.e. new 160, aged 162 and severely aged 162) 2 ) Adjusting parameter V s Schematic representation of the effect of (a) on the impact of (b) on the test specimen. The theoretical Nernst voltage is 425mV in FIG. 4A, 225mV in FIG. 4B, and much less than 225mV in FIG. 4C. In the case of new sensors, the nernst voltage can be regulated to be constant over a wide phase region, whereas aged sensors exhibit increasingly unstable characteristics as the age increases. Fig. 4A to 4C show that instability of the regulator may also have an effect on the nox signal and the oxygen signal.
Claims (19)
1. Method for determining a state of at least one component of a sensor (110) for detecting at least one property of a measurement gas in a measurement gas chamber (126), wherein the sensor (110) has at least one sensor element (114) for detecting the property of the measurement gas, wherein the sensor element (114) has at least one first electrochemical cell (130), wherein the first electrochemical cell (130) comprises at least one first electrode (118), at least one second electrode (120) and at least one solid electrolyte (116) connecting the first electrode (118) and the second electrode (120), wherein the sensor element (114) further has at least one second electrochemical cell (134), wherein the second electrochemical cell (134) comprises at least one third electrode (122), wherein the method comprises the steps of:
a) Setting at least one diagnostic value for adjusting a reference parameter of the component;
b) Detecting a plurality of measured values of an actuating variable for adjusting the component and/or a plurality of measured values of an actuating variable for adjusting the component for the diagnostic value at different points in time;
c) Determining at least one characteristic variable as a function of the reference variable, the at least one characteristic variable being a divergent characteristic variable of a plurality of measured values of the control variable and/or a divergent characteristic variable of a plurality of measured values of the execution variable;
d) The state of the component is determined from a comparison of the characteristic variable with a diagnostic boundary value.
2. A method according to claim 1, wherein a predicted value for a failure and/or a point in time of failure is determined from a comparison of the characteristic parameter with the diagnostic value.
3. The method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the characteristic parameter is at least one parameter selected from the group of: standard deviation; another measure for volatility; and (5) frequency analysis of deviation and fluctuation of the characteristic average value.
4. A method according to claim 3, wherein the further measure for volatility is amplitude.
5. A method according to claim 3, wherein the further measure for volatility is fractional bit distance.
6. A method according to claim 3, wherein the frequency analysis of the fluctuations is a determination of a characteristic frequency.
7. The method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein a plurality of diagnostic values are set in step a).
8. The method according to claim 7, wherein the diagnostic values are set such that a number of diagnostic values lie in a first phase region of the manipulated variable, in which stable control over the reference variable is possible, and such that a number of diagnostic values lie in a second phase region, in which stable control over the reference variable is not possible.
9. The method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the reference parameter is at least one parameter selected from the group of: a reference voltage; -a theoretical internal resistance of the second electrochemical cell (134); and (5) a reference current.
10. The method of claim 9, wherein the reference voltage is a theoretical nernst voltage.
11. The method of claim 9, wherein the reference voltage is a nernst voltage predetermined value.
12. The method of claim 9, wherein the reference current is a reference pump current.
13. The method according to claim 9, wherein the reference variable is a theoretical nernst voltage, wherein in method step a) the reference variable is varied in a region around a real operating point.
14. The method of claim 13, wherein the reference parameter is a pump current of the execution parameter.
15. The method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the adjustment parameter is at least one parameter selected from the group of: -an actual voltage across the second electrochemical unit (134), -an actual internal resistance of the second electrochemical unit (134), -a pump current of the second electrochemical unit.
16. The method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the execution parameter is at least one parameter selected from the group of: pump voltage, pump current, heater power.
17. Electronic storage medium having stored thereon a computer program set up for performing each step of the method according to any of claims 1 to 16.
18. Electronic control device (142) comprising an electronic storage medium according to claim 17, wherein the electronic control device (142) is set up for setting at least one diagnostic value of a reference parameter for adjusting at least one component of a sensor (110) for detecting at least one characteristic of a measured gas in a measured gas chamber, wherein the electronic control device (142) is set up for detecting a plurality of measured values of an adjustment parameter for adjusting the component and/or a plurality of measured values of an execution parameter for adjusting the component for the diagnostic value at different points in time, wherein the electronic control device (142) is set up for determining at least one characteristic parameter as a function of the reference parameter, the at least one characteristic parameter being a divergent characteristic parameter of a plurality of measured values of the adjustment parameter and/or a divergent characteristic parameter of a plurality of measured values of the execution parameter, wherein the electronic control device (142) is set up for determining a state of the component as a function of a comparison of the characteristic parameter with a diagnostic boundary value.
19. A sensor (110) for detecting at least one property of a measurement gas in a measurement gas chamber (126), the sensor comprising a sensor element (114) for detecting the property of the measurement gas, wherein the sensor element (114) has at least one first electrochemical cell (130), wherein the first electrochemical cell (130) comprises at least one first electrode (118), at least one second electrode (120) and at least one solid electrolyte (116) connecting the first electrode (118) and the second electrode (120), wherein the sensor element (114) further has at least one second electrochemical cell (134), wherein the second electrochemical cell (134) comprises at least one third electrode (122), wherein the sensor further comprises an electronic control device (142) according to claim 18.
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| DE102006061954A1 (en) * | 2006-12-29 | 2008-07-03 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Gas component measuring method for motor vehicle, involves charging anode and cathode with regulating pump current, which is directed against regulating Nernst current, and measuring pumping current signal between anode and cathode |
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