CN108977637B - Surface induction quenching method for straight bevel gear and application thereof - Google Patents
Surface induction quenching method for straight bevel gear and application thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN108977637B CN108977637B CN201810946248.5A CN201810946248A CN108977637B CN 108977637 B CN108977637 B CN 108977637B CN 201810946248 A CN201810946248 A CN 201810946248A CN 108977637 B CN108977637 B CN 108977637B
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/06—Surface hardening
- C21D1/09—Surface hardening by direct application of electrical or wave energy; by particle radiation
- C21D1/10—Surface hardening by direct application of electrical or wave energy; by particle radiation by electric induction
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/18—Hardening; Quenching with or without subsequent tempering
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/62—Quenching devices
- C21D1/667—Quenching devices for spray quenching
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
- C21D9/0062—Heat-treating apparatus with a cooling or quenching zone
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
- C21D9/32—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for gear wheels, worm wheels, or the like
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
- Y02P10/25—Process efficiency
Abstract
The invention discloses a surface induction quenching method for a straight bevel gear, which comprises the following steps: (1) A rectangular copper pipe is used for manufacturing a profiling sensor suitable for tooth width direction tooth finishing of a straight bevel gear; (2) Placing the tooth part of the straight bevel gear in a profiling sensor; (3) Heating the tooth part to a quenching temperature in an intermittent heating mode; (4) Quenching the whole tooth part heated to the quenching temperature by spraying quenching water; (5) tempering at low temperature to a suitable hardness. The method is suitable for medium frequency induction quenching, high frequency induction quenching and superaudio induction quenching of the straight bevel gear, can effectively reduce the deformation of the straight bevel gear during induction quenching, enhances the mechanical properties of the straight bevel gear, ensures that the tooth surface hardness and the hardening layer depth of the straight bevel gear are uniform and can not generate quenching soft bands.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of metal surface quenching, in particular to a straight bevel gear surface induction quenching method and application thereof.
Background
The heat treatment can improve the performance of the workpiece, prolong the service life of the workpiece, and the surface heating quenching is one of important heat treatment processes. The surface heating quenching is a heat treatment method in which a workpiece is rapidly heated to a quenching temperature and then rapidly cooled, and only a surface layer of the workpiece is brought into a quenched structure. The parts such as gears, cams and the like work under alternating loads such as torsion, bending and the like, bear friction and impact, and the surfaces of the parts are more stressed than the central parts. Therefore, the surface of the part is required to have higher strength, hardness and wear resistance, the core is required to have certain strength, enough plasticity and toughness, and the surface quenching process can enable the part to meet the performance requirement of the surface hardness, the core toughness. Induction quenching (induction heating surface quenching) is a common surface heating quenching method, and plays an important role in the technical development process of a gear from a soft tooth surface to a hard tooth surface. The induction quenching is a heat treatment process which utilizes electromagnetic principles such as electromagnetic induction, skin effect, eddy current, resistance heat and the like to rapidly heat the surface layer of the workpiece and rapidly cool the workpiece. When induction quenching, the workpiece is placed in an inductor made of copper pipe, when alternating current with a certain frequency passes through the inductor, the workpiece in an alternating magnetic field generates induction current, and under the action of skin effect and eddy current, the resistance heat generated by high-density alternating current on the surface of the workpiece rapidly heats the surface of the workpiece to reach the quenching temperature, and then the surface of the workpiece is quenched by quenching water cooling. The induction quenching has the advantages of simple process, small workpiece deformation, high production efficiency, energy conservation, less environmental pollution, easy realization of mechanization and automation in the process, and the like, so the induction quenching is widely used. The induction hardening equipment types are classified into: the applicable frequencies are selected according to the hardening depth requirements. The greater the depth of the quench layer, the lower the frequency required and conversely, the higher. At present, induction quenching is mainly performed at medium frequency, superaudio frequency, high frequency and ultrahigh frequency.
The inductor for carrying out surface induction quenching on the straight bevel gear with smaller modulus can also adopt the traditional design method due to the different sizes of the two ends of the tooth part of the straight bevel gear, and when carrying out medium-frequency induction heating on the straight bevel gear with larger modulus, if the working surface of the inductor has a constant gap along the whole length of the bevel gear, the small end of the tooth part of the bevel gear can be strongly overheated, and the large end can be insufficiently heated. To solve this problem, the most common method at present is to empirically increase the small end gap appropriately and make it larger than the large end gap. Yet another solution is to suitably reduce the cone angle of the inductor face to be smaller than the cone angle of the tip circle, which is also practically equivalent to increasing the tip clearance, thereby suppressing tip overheating. Both of the above solutions have the following drawbacks: 1. the manufacturing blindness of the inductors is great, the accuracy is poor, and only a plurality of inductors are required to be manufactured in trial mode to find proper gaps, so that waste of working hours and materials is caused; 2. the quenching quality is unstable, and the hardness of tooth surfaces and the depth of hardening layers of the bevel gears are mainly uneven. In addition, the inductor is formed by pressing and butt welding copper pipes, and the connecting water-passing part of the head part of the inductor adopts copper pipes with the minimum diameter of phi 6 mm. Through experiments, an inductor manufactured by copper pipes with diameter of less than 6mm can be blown from the tip part during quenching, so that the manufacturing of the tip part is limited, the gap between the tip part of the inductor and the tooth root part reaches 4-5 mm, a larger soft belt is reserved on the lower tooth surface after the tooth part is quenched, and the tooth surface is collapsed or broken in the transmission process of the gear due to the existence of the soft belt. The uneven hardness of the tooth surface, uneven depth of hardened layer and larger soft zone of the lower tooth surface are all easy to cause the premature failure of the part. Therefore, how to avoid the quality problem of the straight bevel gear with larger modulus during the medium frequency induction quenching is always a technical problem which needs to be solved in the field of heat treatment.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the defects and shortcomings of the prior art and provide a surface induction quenching method for a straight bevel gear, which is suitable for medium-frequency induction quenching, high-frequency induction quenching and ultrasonic induction quenching of the straight bevel gear, can effectively reduce the deformation of the straight bevel gear during induction quenching, enhance the mechanical properties of the straight bevel gear, ensure that the tooth surface hardness and the hardening layer depth of the straight bevel gear are uniform and no quenching soft belt is generated.
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a straight bevel gear surface induction hardening method comprises the following steps:
(1) A rectangular copper pipe is used for manufacturing a profiling sensor suitable for tooth width direction tooth finishing of a straight bevel gear;
(2) Placing the tooth part of the straight bevel gear in a profiling sensor;
(3) Heating the tooth part to a quenching temperature in an intermittent heating mode;
(4) Quenching the whole tooth part heated to the quenching temperature by spraying quenching water;
(5) Tempering at low temperature to a suitable hardness.
The present inventors have made a series of intensive studies to improve a surface induction hardening method for a straight bevel gear. A rectangular copper pipe is adopted and a profiling sensor matched with the rectangular copper pipe is manufactured according to the whole tooth profiling of the straight bevel gear, so that the temperature and the hardness of the tooth part of the gear in the tooth width direction can be ensured to be uniform during quenching and heating, the phenomena of overheating of the small end and insufficient heating of the large end of the tooth part can be avoided, and the gap between the sensor and the tooth root can be reduced to the minimum. And then, by combining an intermittent heating mode and utilizing a heat conduction principle, the temperature difference between the inside and the outside of the tooth part is reduced, so that the whole tooth part is heated uniformly, and the effects of uniform temperature of the whole tooth part, uniform hardness of the whole tooth surface and uniform depth of a hardening layer are achieved; meanwhile, after quenching, the lower tooth surface of the tooth part does not generate soft belts. The intermittent heating mode can also reduce the thermal stress and the phase change stress to which the gear is subjected, so that the deformation of the gear is reduced.
Preferably, in the step (2), the intermittent heating mode specifically includes:
a: heating the surface of the tooth part to 550+/-10 ℃, and stopping heating for 5-10 seconds to ensure that the surface and the core part of the tooth part are uniform in temperature;
b: continuously heating the surface of the tooth part to 650+/-10 ℃, and stopping heating for 5-10 seconds to ensure that the surface and the core part of the tooth part are uniform in temperature;
c: the tooth surface is continuously heated to a quenching temperature.
Through a great deal of intensive research, the inventor finds that the heating temperature has a great influence on the mechanical property of the straight bevel gear, the heat conduction efficiency is low due to the fact that the temperature is too low, the preheating effect cannot be achieved, and the structure of the gear is greatly influenced due to the fact that the temperature is too high. The temperature of the primary heating is controlled within 550+/-10 ℃, and the temperature of the secondary heating is controlled within 650+/-10 ℃, so that the tooth part of the gear can obtain proper heat conduction efficiency, the preheating effect is good, the temperature difference of intermittent heating is moderate, the structure of the gear is not greatly influenced, and the quenching effect on the gear is good.
Preferably, in the step (3), the quenching adopts a tooth-separating quenching mode. The tooth-separating quenching mode is the same as the existing tooth-separating quenching process, and the invention is not repeated. The conventional quenching of the straight bevel gear is generally performed according to the sequence of the gear parts, but the quenching is performed in a gear-separating quenching mode, so that the left stress state and the right stress state of the gear parts are identical, the influence of stress on the gear is reduced, and the deformation of the gear is further reduced.
Preferably, in the step (4), the low-temperature tempering temperature is 180 ℃ or higher. Preferably, in the step (4), the low-temperature tempering is performed twice, and each time is kept for 3 hours. Because induction quenching is only the structure transformation of the surface of the workpiece, tempering and heat preservation for 3 hours at the temperature of more than 180 ℃ can eliminate the stress generated during quenching to the maximum extent while ensuring high hardness. Too low temperature or too short time is unfavorable for stress elimination, and if the residual stress is too large, grinding cracks are easy to generate in subsequent grinding; the energy consumption is wasted when the heat preservation time is too long. After the first tempering, a part of residual austenite is converted into martensite, new stress is generated, and the second tempering can well eliminate the part of stress.
Preferably, in the step (1), a water spraying hole for spraying quenching water is formed in the inner side surface of the profiling sensor, a cooling water pipe is arranged on the outer surface of the profiling sensor, and two bus bars are symmetrically welded at the opening end of the profiling sensor. Further specifically, the bus bar (also called "contact plate") is welded to the open end of the profile inductor, the bus bar functioning to circulate the current, which is made of copper plate.
During quenching, quenching water flows in from one end of the rectangular copper pipe and is sprayed out through the water spraying holes so as to quench the tooth parts of the gear. The cooling water pipe is used for circulating cooling water so as to cool the profiling sensor. Therefore, in the profiling inductor, the cooling water pipe is independently arranged, and the cooling water and the quenching water are independently separated, so that the structure and the specification of the profiling inductor are not limited by the cooling water pipe, the gap between the inductor and the tooth root is effectively reduced, and the condition that the inductor is burnt during quenching is avoided.
In addition, the invention also aims to provide application of the surface induction quenching method of the straight bevel gear, which is suitable for medium-frequency induction quenching, high-frequency induction quenching and superaudio induction quenching. Preferably, the surface induction hardening method of the straight bevel gear is applied to medium frequency induction hardening of the straight bevel gear. The material of the straight bevel gear is not limited, and the surface induction quenching method is applicable to any straight bevel gear suitable for surface induction quenching.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. the invention adopts the rectangular copper pipe to manufacture the profiling sensor which is matched with the straight bevel gear according to the whole tooth profiling of the straight bevel gear, and the temperature and the hardness of the tooth part of the gear in the tooth width direction are uniform during quenching and heating, so that the phenomena of overheating of the small end and insufficient heating of the large end of the tooth part can not occur. In addition, the profiling sensor is provided with the independent cooling water pipe, the cooling water and the quenching water are independently designed, the gap between the profiling sensor and the tooth root of the gear is small, the structural stability of the profiling sensor is good, the service life is long, and the profiling sensor is not easy to damage.
2. The intermittent heating mode is adopted, so that the temperature difference between the inside and the outside of the tooth part can be reduced, the whole tooth part is heated uniformly, the effects of uniform temperature of the whole tooth part, uniform hardness of the whole tooth surface and uniform depth of a hardening layer are achieved, the thermal stress and the phase change stress of the gear can be reduced, and the deformation of the gear is reduced; meanwhile, because the clearance between the profiling sensor and the gear tooth root is small, after quenching, the lower tooth surface of the tooth part can not generate soft belt.
3. The gear teeth are quenched in a gear-separating quenching mode, so that the left stress state and the right stress state of the gear teeth are the same, the influence of stress on the gear is reduced, and the deformation of the gear is further reduced.
4. The surface induction quenching method overcomes the defects of the conventional intermediate frequency induction quenching method for the straight bevel gear, the straight bevel gear quenched by the method has small deformation, uniform hardness of the tooth surface and depth of a hardening layer, no quenching soft belt and good quenching effect.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a process flow diagram of a method for induction quenching the surface of a straight bevel gear according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a profile modeling sensor according to the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view taken along the A-A plane of FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of distribution of water spray holes of the profiling sensor of the present invention.
In the figure, a profiling sensor 1, a water spraying hole 2, a cooling water pipe 3 and a busbar 4 are shown.
Detailed Description
Example 1
As shown in fig. 2 to 4, the profiling inductor 1 is made of a rectangular copper pipe and is formed by profiling the whole teeth of the straight bevel gear in the tooth width direction, and is matched and sleeved with the whole teeth of the straight bevel gear. In addition, the inner side surface of the profiling inductor 1 is uniformly provided with water spray holes 2 for spraying quenching water, the outer surface of the profiling inductor 1 is welded with a cooling water pipe 3, two bus bars 4 are symmetrically welded on two sides of the opening end of the profiling inductor, and the bus bars 4 are made of copper plates.
When in use, the profiling sensor 1 is sleeved on the tooth part of the straight bevel gear. During quenching, quenching water flows in from one port of the rectangular copper pipe and is sprayed out through the water spraying holes 2 so as to quench the tooth parts of the gear. The cooling water pipe 3 circulates cooling water to cool the profile sensor 1. The cooling water pipe is independently arranged, and the cooling water and the quenching water are independently separated, so that the structure and the specification of the profiling sensor 1 are not limited by the cooling water pipe, the gap between the sensor and the tooth root is effectively reduced, and the condition that the sensor is burnt during quenching is avoided.
Example 2
The company receives the medium-frequency induction quenching task of a batch of straight bevel gears which are produced by a certain customer in a matched way, and the medium-frequency induction quenching task is specifically as follows:
the straight bevel gear material is 42CrMo, the hardening and tempering hardness is 229-277 HBW, and the large end modulus m:14mm, tooth number Z:55, tooth width: 105mm.
The intermediate frequency induction quenching technique requires: the hardness of the tooth surface is 55-60 HRC, the depth of a hardening layer is more than or equal to 3.0mm, and the martensitic structure is formed: 4-6 grades.
The medium frequency induction quenching technology of the batch of straight bevel gears is as follows:
1. according to the profiling inductor structure of the embodiment 1, a 14 multiplied by 4mm rectangular copper pipe is used for manufacturing a profiling inductor suitable for the whole tooth in the tooth width direction of a straight bevel gear, and a cooling water pipe welded on the outer surface of the profiling inductor is a copper pipe with the diameter of 6 mm;
2. sleeving a profiling sensor on the tooth part of the straight bevel gear;
3. heating the tooth surface to 550 ℃ +/-10 ℃;
4. stopping heating for 5-10 seconds to make the surface and core temperature of tooth part uniform;
5. continuously heating the tooth surface to 650+/-10 ℃ for preheating;
6. stopping heating for 5-8 seconds to make the surface and core temperature of tooth part uniform;
7. continuously heating the surface of the tooth part to 850+/-10 ℃, and enabling the temperature of the whole tooth part to be uniform, then opening quenching water for tooth finishing quenching, wherein a tooth-separating quenching mode is adopted during quenching;
8. tempering is carried out twice at 220 ℃ and each time is kept for 3 hours.
In the embodiment, 42CrMo material with the same hardening and tempering hardness as 229-277 HBW is selected as a medium frequency induction hardening test tooth, the size of the test tooth is completely the same as that of the tooth part of the straight tooth bevel gear, and the gear is simultaneously quenched and tempered, and then destructive inspection is carried out. Intercepting samples at three parts of the big end, the middle part and the small end of the tooth part respectively for inspection, and obtaining the following technical parameters:
1. hardness:
2. depth of hardened layer:
3. metallographic structure: tempered martensite structures of three parts of a large end, a middle end and a small end are completely the same, and can be rated as 5 grades according to JB/T9204-1999 of the mechanical industry standard of the people's republic of China.
Through the detection, all indexes reach the requirements of customers.
The method for quenching the surface of the straight bevel gear by using the induction is accurate in medium-frequency quenching of the bevel gear in actual production, the hardness and the depth of a hardening layer of the whole quenched tooth part are uniform, the martensitic structure is completely the same, and the use effect reflected by a user is very good.
Example 3
The PXZ1500 hydraulic gyratory crusher matched with a large bevel gear for long-term use by a certain customer depends on import for a long time. The bevel gear material is 40Cr, the hardening and tempering hardness is 250-280 HBW, and the large end modulus m:30mm, number of pinion teeth Z:26, large gear tooth number Z:77, tooth width: 310mm.
The intermediate frequency quenching technique requires: the hardness of the tooth surface is 53-55 HRC, and the depth of the hardening layer is more than or equal to 2.5mm.
The intermediate frequency induction hardening technology for the bevel gear is as follows:
1. according to the profiling inductor structure of the embodiment 1, a 14 multiplied by 4mm rectangular copper pipe is used for manufacturing a profiling inductor suitable for the whole tooth in the tooth width direction of a straight bevel gear, and a cooling water pipe welded on the outer surface of the profiling inductor is a copper pipe with the diameter of 6 mm;
2. sleeving a profiling sensor on the tooth part of the straight bevel gear;
3. heating the tooth surface of the straight bevel gear to 550+/-10 ℃;
4. stopping heating for 5-10 seconds to make the surface and core temperature of tooth part uniform;
5. continuously heating the tooth surface to 650+/-10 ℃ for preheating;
6. stopping heating for 5-8 seconds to make the surface and core temperature of tooth part uniform;
7. continuously heating the surface of the tooth part to 850+/-10 ℃, and enabling the temperature of the whole tooth part to be uniform, then opening quenching water for tooth finishing quenching, wherein a tooth-separating quenching mode is adopted during quenching;
8. tempering at 350deg.C for 3 hr
In this embodiment, the technical parameters obtained after the intermediate frequency induction hardening of the bevel gear are as follows:
1. surface hardness: 53-55 HRC;
2. the depth of the hardened layer was 2.8mm.
The technical parameters completely meet the technical requirements of bevel gear heat treatment.
The customer originally aims to replace imported products by domestic products for saving cost, and the phenomenon of tooth surface collapse and tooth breakage can occur in the early stage of the using process of gears subjected to medium-frequency quenching in other factories, wherein the analysis reasons are caused by uneven quenching hardness, large depth difference of a hardening layer and large soft belts. The gear quenched by the surface induction quenching method for the straight bevel gear does not find the early failure phenomenon, has very good use effect, completely replaces an imported gear, and generates great economic benefit.
Finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are only for illustrating the technical solution of the present invention and not for limiting the scope of the present invention, and although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the preferred embodiments, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that the technical solution of the present invention may be modified or substituted equally without departing from the spirit and scope of the technical solution of the present invention.
Claims (5)
1. The surface induction quenching method for the straight bevel gear is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
(1) A rectangular copper pipe is used for manufacturing a profiling sensor suitable for tooth width direction tooth finishing of a straight bevel gear;
(2) Placing the tooth part of the straight bevel gear in a profiling sensor;
(3) Heating the tooth part to a quenching temperature in an intermittent heating mode;
(4) Quenching the whole tooth part heated to the quenching temperature by spraying quenching water;
(5) Tempering at low temperature to a suitable hardness;
the intermittent heating mode specifically comprises the following steps:
a: heating the tooth surface to 550+/-10 ℃, and stopping heating for 5-10 seconds;
b: continuously heating the tooth surface to 650+/-10 ℃, and stopping heating for 5-10 seconds;
c: continuously heating the tooth surface to a quenching temperature;
the low-temperature tempering temperature is more than 180 ℃; the low-temperature tempering times are two times, and each time is kept for 3 hours;
in the step (3), the quenching adopts a tooth-separating quenching mode.
2. The method for induction hardening a surface of a straight bevel gear according to claim 1, wherein a water spray hole for spraying the hardening water is formed on an inner side surface of the profile modeling inductor.
3. The method of quenching a surface of a straight bevel gear according to claim 1, wherein in the step (1), a cooling water pipe is provided on an outer surface of the profile modeling inductor.
4. The method for induction hardening a surface of a straight bevel gear according to claim 3, wherein in the step (1), two bus bars are symmetrically welded to the open end of the profile modeling inductor.
5. The application of the straight bevel gear surface induction hardening method according to any one of claims 1 to 4 in medium frequency induction hardening, high frequency induction hardening and superaudio induction hardening.
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| US20200199704A1 (en) * | 2018-12-19 | 2020-06-25 | GM Global Technology Operations LLC | Method for heat treating with a gradual temperature profile |
| CN110030362A (en) * | 2018-12-24 | 2019-07-19 | 南京儒一航空机械装备有限公司 | A kind of straight bevel gear and manufacturing process |
| CN111926168A (en) * | 2020-09-03 | 2020-11-13 | 山东大众机械制造股份有限公司 | Heat treatment process for driving wheel |
| CN112813231B (en) * | 2021-01-04 | 2022-03-08 | 中车齐齐哈尔车辆有限公司 | Coupler pin hole quenching inductor and coupler pin hole quenching process |
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