CN108956773A - High temperature tightening bolt grain size measuring system and method - Google Patents
High temperature tightening bolt grain size measuring system and method Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN108956773A CN108956773A CN201810916494.6A CN201810916494A CN108956773A CN 108956773 A CN108956773 A CN 108956773A CN 201810916494 A CN201810916494 A CN 201810916494A CN 108956773 A CN108956773 A CN 108956773A
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- sound
- high temperature
- grain size
- tightening bolt
- bolt
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
- G01N29/04—Analysing solids
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
- G01N2291/02—Indexing codes associated with the analysed material
- G01N2291/023—Solids
- G01N2291/0234—Metals, e.g. steel
Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of high temperature tightening bolt grain size measuring systems, including ultrasonic instrument and probe;The probe includes the sound voussoir for being detected to tested high temperature tightening bolt, and the sound that the sound that there is the sound voussoir ultrasonic wave for ultrasonic instrument transmitting to enter penetrates transducing face and returns to the ultrasonic instrument for ultrasonic wave receives transducing face;It is set to the sound that the sound is penetrated on transducing face and penetrates energy converter, the sound penetrates the emission part communication connection of energy converter Yu the ultrasonic instrument;It is set to the sound that the sound receives on transducing face and receives energy converter, the sound receives the receiving portion communication connection of energy converter Yu the ultrasonic instrument.High temperature tightening bolt grain size measuring system provided by the invention, inspection operation is simple, effectively increases detection efficiency, reduces testing cost;Also, it only needs probe to be coupled on tested high temperature tightening bolt when checking, without being polished high temperature tightening bolt and being corroded, effectively prevents the damage to high temperature tightening bolt.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to vehicle arrangement technical field, in particular to a kind of high temperature tightening bolt grain size measuring system and side
Method.
Background technique
High temperature tightening bolt is one of important component in steam turbine equipment.High temperature tightening bolt be connected to steam turbine,
Main inlet throttle-stop valve adjusts the high-temperature components such as valve and steam guiding tube, it is ensured that unit does not leak in the process of running.
Due to subject the external forces such as tensile stress and bending gravitation in high temperature tightening bolt work, it is tight that therefore, it is necessary to high temperature
Fixing bolt has higher relaxation stability and yield strength, also, has sufficiently high rupture ductility and toughness, and good
High temperature oxidation resistance.Meanwhile the microstructure durability requirements of high temperature tightening bolt are higher, hot-short sexual orientation needs are smaller,
This proposes very high requirement to high temperature tightening bolt.
However, the failure of the high temperature tightening bolt of in-service unit in recent years is frequent occurrence.Wherein, it is to occur that metallographic structure is coarse
One of the reason of failure.Once there is the case where coarse grains in high temperature tightening bolt, and mechanical performance index is greatly lowered, brittleness
It improves or even especially big crystal grain there is also burning situation, cause crystal boundary to aoxidize, transgranular cracking.Therefore, unit is A grades each
Maintenance, (such as 20Cr1Mo1VNbTib (trying to make a good showing No. 1) and 20Cr1Mo1VTib's reply high temperature tightening bolt (try to make a good showing No. 2) steel spiral shell
Bolt) carry out 100% hardness test and 20% metallographic structure selective examination;Meanwhile being higher than the high temperature tightening bolt of set upper limit to hardness
Metallographic examination is carried out, once discovery grain size is coarser than 5 grades of high temperature tightening bolt, should be replaced.
Currently, the detection mode of the grain size for high temperature tightening bolt, metallographic examination is generally used, metallographic examination can be compared with
Good observation metallographic structure state and crystallite dimension, however, the complex procedures of metallographic examination, detection efficiency are low, testing cost is high;
Also, need to high temperature tightening bolt be polished and be corroded when checking, have a degree of damage to high temperature tightening bolt.
Therefore, detection efficiency how is improved, testing cost is reduced, avoids high temperature tightening bolt from damaging, be the art
Personnel's urgent problem to be solved.
Summary of the invention
In view of this, the present invention provides a kind of high temperature tightening bolt grain size measuring system, with improve delivery efficiency and
Service life reduces volume and weight.
To achieve the above object, the invention provides the following technical scheme:
A kind of high temperature tightening bolt grain size measuring system, including ultrasonic instrument and probe;
The probe includes
Sound voussoir for being detected to tested high temperature tightening bolt, the sound voussoir has to be sent out for the ultrasonic instrument
The sound that the sound that the ultrasonic wave penetrated enters penetrates transducing face and returns to the ultrasonic instrument for ultrasonic wave receives transducing face;
It is set to the sound that the sound is penetrated on transducing face and penetrates energy converter, the sound penetrates the transmitting of energy converter Yu the ultrasonic instrument
Portion's communication connection;
It is set to the sound that the sound receives on transducing face and receives energy converter, the sound receives energy converter and the ultrasonic instrument
Receiving portion communication connection.
Preferably, in above-mentioned high temperature tightening bolt grain size measuring system, the bottom surface of the sound voussoir is to be detected with described
The coupling surface of high temperature tightening bolt coupling;
The sound, which penetrates energy converter and is vertically installed in the sound, to be penetrated on transducing face;The sound receives energy converter and is vertically installed in institute
Sound is stated to receive on transducing face;
The angle that the sound is penetrated between transducing face and the coupling surface is the launch angle that the sound penetrates energy converter;
It is the launch angle that the sound receives energy converter that the sound, which receives the angle between transducing face and the coupling surface,.
Preferably, in above-mentioned high temperature tightening bolt grain size measuring system, the sound penetrates taking for the launch angle of energy converter
Value range is 25 ° -30 °;
The value range that the sound receives the accepts angle of energy converter is 25 ° -30 °.
Preferably, in above-mentioned high temperature tightening bolt grain size measuring system, the value range of the distance L of the sound voussoir
For 30mm-35mm;
The receiving terminal that the distance L penetrates the transmitting terminal of energy converter for the sound and the sound receives energy converter is projected in institute
State the spacing on the bottom surface of sound voussoir.
It preferably, further include the spiral shell of multiple and different grade grain sizes in above-mentioned high temperature tightening bolt grain size measuring system
Bolt test block;
Multiple bolt test blocks include at least the bolt test block that grain size number is 4 grades, 5 grades and 6 grades.
Preferably, in above-mentioned high temperature tightening bolt grain size measuring system, the sound penetrates energy converter and the ultrasonic instrument
Emission part pass through probe wire communication connection;
The sound receives energy converter and the receiving portion of the ultrasonic instrument passes through probe wire communication connection.
The present invention also provides a kind of high temperature tightening bolt grain size measurement methods, using described in any item high temperature as above
Fastening bolt grain size measuring system, which is characterized in that comprising steps of
When drafting sound 1)-grain size curve;
2) probe is coupled on the tested high temperature tightening bolt, records the detection sound that the ultrasonic instrument is shown
When;
3) when zero sound is set, the sound time difference of the tested high temperature tightening bolt is calculated;
4) compare the sound when-grain size curve, find out the corresponding grain size number of tested high temperature tightening bolt;
5) determine whether the tested high temperature tightening bolt is qualified:
If the grain size number of the tested high temperature tightening bolt meets grain size demand, the tested high temperature fastening
Bolt is qualified;
If the grain size number of the tested high temperature tightening bolt is unsatisfactory for grain size demand, the tested high temperature is tight
Fixing bolt is unqualified.
Preferably, in above-mentioned high temperature tightening bolt grain size measurement method, in the step 1), step is specifically included:
11) multiple bolt test blocks with the tested high temperature tightening bolt same material, multiple bolt test blocks are made
In to include at least grain size number be 4,5 and 6 grades of bolt test block;
12) acoustic velocity measutement is carried out to the bolt test block of different grain sizes using the ultrasonic instrument, and when drafting sound-
Grain size curve.
Preferably, in above-mentioned high temperature tightening bolt grain size measurement method, in the step 11), the bolt test block
Quantity is five;The grain size number of five bolt test blocks is respectively 4,5,6,6.5 and 7 grades.
Preferably, in above-mentioned high temperature tightening bolt grain size measurement method, in the step 1), with grain size number for 4
As zero point when the sound of the bolt test block of grade, when drafting sound-grain size curve;
In the step 3), spiral shell is fastened as when zero sound, calculating the tested high temperature when using grain size number being 4 grades of sound
The sound time difference of bolt.
Preferably, in above-mentioned high temperature tightening bolt grain size measurement method, in the step 5), if the tested high temperature
The grain size number of fastening bolt is greater than or equal to 5 grades, then meets grain size demand;If the tested high temperature tightening bolt
Grain size number is then unsatisfactory for grain size demand less than 5 grades.
It can be seen from the above technical scheme that high temperature tightening bolt grain size measuring system provided by the invention, it is only necessary to
Probe is coupled on tested high temperature tightening bolt, can by ultrasonic instrument to tested high temperature tightening bolt carry out sound when inspection
It surveys, is compared when further according to when detecting obtained sound from the sound of the high temperature tightening bolt of different grain sizes, it is tested that you can get it
The grain size of high temperature tightening bolt.High temperature tightening bolt grain size measuring system provided by the invention, inspection operation is simple, effectively
Detection efficiency is improved, testing cost is reduced;Also, probe is only needed to be coupled on tested high temperature tightening bolt when checking, nothing
Need to high temperature tightening bolt be polished and be corroded, effectively prevent the damage to high temperature tightening bolt.
Detailed description of the invention
In order to more clearly explain the embodiment of the invention or the technical proposal in the existing technology, to embodiment or will show below
There is attached drawing needed in technical description to be briefly described, it should be apparent that, the accompanying drawings in the following description is only this
Some embodiments of invention for those of ordinary skill in the art without creative efforts, can be with
It obtains other drawings based on these drawings.
Fig. 1 is the structural schematic diagram of high temperature tightening bolt grain size measuring system provided in an embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 2 is the structural schematic diagram of probe provided in an embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 3 is the structural schematic diagram of bolt test block provided in an embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 4 be sound provided in an embodiment of the present invention when-grain size curve relational graph;
Fig. 5 is the flow diagram of high temperature tightening bolt grain size measurement method provided in an embodiment of the present invention.
Specific embodiment
The invention discloses a kind of high temperature tightening bolt grain size measuring systems, to improve delivery efficiency and service life,
Reduce volume and weight.
Following will be combined with the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and technical solution in the embodiment of the present invention carries out clear, complete
Site preparation description, it is clear that described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, instead of all the embodiments.It is based on
Embodiment in the present invention, it is obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art without making creative efforts every other
Embodiment shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
Fig. 1-Fig. 3 is please referred to, the embodiment of the invention provides a kind of high temperature tightening bolt grain size measuring systems, including super
Sound instrument 00 and probe 20;Wherein, probe 20 have sound voussoir 22, sound penetrates energy converter 21 and sound receives energy converter 23.Sound voussoir
22 for detecting tested high temperature tightening bolt 30, and there is sound voussoir 22 ultrasonic wave emitted for ultrasonic instrument 00 to enter
The sound that sound penetrates transducing face and returns to ultrasonic instrument 00 for ultrasonic wave receives transducing face;Sound, which penetrates energy converter 21 and is set to sound, penetrates transducing face
On, sound penetrates the emission part communication connection of energy converter 21 Yu ultrasonic instrument 00;Sound receives energy converter 23 and is set to sound to receive transducing face
On, sound receives the receiving portion communication connection of energy converter 23 Yu ultrasonic instrument 00.
High temperature tightening bolt grain size measuring system provided in an embodiment of the present invention, it is only necessary to which probe 20 is coupled in tested height
In warm fastening bolt 30, can by ultrasonic instrument 00 to tested 30 carry out sound of high temperature tightening bolt when detection, further according to detection
It is compared when obtained sound from the sound of the high temperature tightening bolt of different grain sizes, you can get it is detected high temperature tightening bolt 30
Grain size.High temperature tightening bolt grain size measuring system provided in an embodiment of the present invention, inspection operation is simple, effectively increases
Detection efficiency reduces testing cost;Also, it only needs probe 20 to be coupled on tested high temperature tightening bolt 30 when checking, is not necessarily to
It is polished high temperature tightening bolt and is corroded, effectively prevent the damage to high temperature tightening bolt.
As shown in Fig. 2, in the present embodiment, 20 bottom surface of popping one's head in is the coupling coupled with tested high temperature tightening bolt 30
Face, sound, which penetrates energy converter 21 and is vertically installed in sound, to be penetrated on transducing face, and sound receives energy converter 23 and be vertically installed in sound to receive on transducing face.
Therefore, the angle that sound is penetrated between transducing face and bottom surface is the launch angle that sound penetrates energy converter 21, and sound receives transducing face and bottom surface
Between angle be accepts angle that sound receives energy converter 23.By above-mentioned setting, in order to penetrate transducing face by adjusting sound
Angle and sound between bottom surface receive the angle between transducing face and bottom surface, and angular adjustment can be completed.
It is penetrated on transducing face it is of course also possible to which sound is made to penetrate energy converter 21 and be set to sound with certain tilt angle, sound receives transducing
Device 23 is set to sound with certain tilt angle and receives on transducing face.Therefore, sound penetrates the direction of the launch that energy converter 21 emits ultrasonic wave
Angle between coupling surface is the launch angle that sound penetrates energy converter 21, and what sound received that energy converter 23 receives ultrasonic wave receives direction
Angle between coupling surface is the accepts angle that sound receives energy converter 23.
In order to ensure detection effect, the value range that sound penetrates the launch angle of energy converter 21 is 25 ° -30 °;Sound receives transducing
The value range of the accepts angle of device 23 is 25 ° -30 °.
Further, in the present embodiment, it is 26.6 ° that sound, which penetrates the launch angle of energy converter 21,;Sound receives energy converter 23
Accepts angle is 27 °.
Similarly, in order to ensure detection effect, the value range of the distance L of sound voussoir 22 is 30mm-35mm.Certainly,
Also other sizes distance L can be set, not repeated them here.Wherein, distance L is the transmitting terminal that sound penetrates energy converter 21
And sound receives the receiving terminal of energy converter 23 and is projected in spacing on the bottom surface of sound voussoir 22.
Further, in the present embodiment, the distance L of sound voussoir 22 is 32mm.
As shown in figure 4, further including multiple and different etc. in high temperature tightening bolt grain size measuring system provided in this embodiment
The bolt test block 40 of grade grain size;Multiple bolt test blocks 40 include at least the bolt test block that grain size number is 4 grades, 5 grades and 6 grades
40.The present embodiment summarizes, and carries out acoustic velocity measutement, duplicate measurements time using the bolt test block 40 of 00 pair of ultrasonic instrument different grain sizes
Number no less than 5 times, the error measured every time is not more than 1%, and is averaged.Also, with the bolt for being 4 grades to grain size number
When test block 40 detecting obtained sound as zero point, drafting bolt grain size number and the relational graph, i.e. sound of the sound time difference-grain size
Curve.
In order to ensure communication robust, sound penetrates energy converter 21 and the emission part of ultrasonic instrument 00 is connected by the communication of probe wire 10
It connects;Sound receives energy converter 23 and the receiving portion of ultrasonic instrument 00 passes through 10 communication connection of probe wire.It is of course also possible to use wireless
Connection, it is only necessary to ensure communication effect.
As shown in figure 5, the embodiment of the invention also provides a kind of high temperature tightening bolt grain size measurement methods, using as above
Any high temperature tightening bolt grain size measuring system is stated, comprising steps of
S1: when drafting sound-grain size curve;
Wherein, when sound-grain size curve needs to include the numerical value for meeting grain size demand.
S2: probe 20 is coupled on tested high temperature tightening bolt 30, when recording the detection sound that ultrasonic instrument 00 is shown;
In order to ensure coupling effect, the detection site of tested high temperature tightening bolt 30 is soaked with water.In the present embodiment,
It is preferred that the screw parts of tested high temperature tightening bolt 30 are as detection site.
S3: when zero sound of setting, the sound time difference of tested high temperature tightening bolt 30 is calculated;
Wherein, can arbitrarily be arranged when zero sound, that is, greater than the sound for the component (bolt test block 40) that grain size number is 5 grades
When, less than grain size number be 5 grades component (bolt test block 40) sound when and equal to grain size number be 5 grades component (spiral shell
Bolt test block 40) sound when.
S4: when control sound-grain size curve, find out the corresponding grain size number of tested high temperature tightening bolt 30;
S5: determine whether tested high temperature tightening bolt 30 is qualified:
If the grain size number of tested high temperature tightening bolt 30 meets grain size demand, it is detected high temperature tightening bolt 30
It is qualified;
If the grain size number of tested high temperature tightening bolt 30 is unsatisfactory for grain size demand, it is detected high temperature tightening bolt
30 is unqualified.
High temperature tightening bolt grain size measurement method provided in an embodiment of the present invention, inspection operation is simple, effectively increases
Detection efficiency reduces testing cost;Also, it only needs probe 20 to be coupled on tested high temperature tightening bolt 30 when checking, is not necessarily to
It is polished high temperature tightening bolt and is corroded, effectively prevent the damage to high temperature tightening bolt.
Further, in the present embodiment, in step S1, step is specifically included:
S11: the multiple bolt test blocks 40 with tested 30 same material of high temperature tightening bolt of production, in multiple bolt test blocks 40
The bolt test block 40 for being 4,5 and 6 grades including at least grain size number;
Preferably, by heat treatment mode, bolt test block 40 is made.
S12: carrying out acoustic velocity measutement using the bolt test block 40 of 00 pair of ultrasonic instrument different grain sizes, and when drafting sound-crystalline substance
Grading curve.
It is of course also possible to use other modes, such as high temperature tightening bolt of the known grain size of application, directly use Ultrasound Instrument
Device 00 carries out acoustic velocity measutement, and when drafting sound-grain size curve.
In the present embodiment, in order to ensure detection accuracy, in step S11, the quantity of bolt test block 40 is five;Five bolts
The grain size number of test block 40 is respectively 4,5,6,6.5 and 7 grades.
It is of course also possible to set other numerical value for the quantity of bolt test block 40, be no longer described in detail herein and protecting
Within the scope of shield.
Preferably, in step S1, using grain size number be 4 grades bolt test block 40 sound when as zero point, when drafting sound-
Grain size curve;In step S3, as when zero sound, calculating tested high temperature tightening bolt 30 when using grain size number being 4 grades of sound
The sound time difference.
As zero point when also can choose the sound for the bolt test block 40 that grain size number is 5 grades.
In the present embodiment, in step S5, if the grain size number of tested high temperature tightening bolt 30 is greater than or equal to 5 grades,
Then meet grain size demand;If the grain size number of tested high temperature tightening bolt 30, less than 5 grades, being unsatisfactory for grain size needs
It asks.
The foregoing description of the disclosed embodiments enables those skilled in the art to implement or use the present invention.
Various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, as defined herein
General Principle can be realized in other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the present invention.Therefore, of the invention
It is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown herein, and is to fit to and the principles and novel features disclosed herein phase one
The widest scope of cause.
Claims (11)
1. a kind of high temperature tightening bolt grain size measuring system, which is characterized in that including ultrasonic instrument (00) and probe (20);
The probe (20) includes
Sound voussoir (22) for being detected to tested high temperature tightening bolt (30), the sound voussoir (22) have for described super
The sound that the sound that the ultrasonic wave of sound instrument (00) transmitting enters penetrates transducing face and returns to the ultrasonic instrument (00) for ultrasonic wave receives
Transducing face;
It is set to the sound that the sound is penetrated on transducing face to penetrate energy converter (21), the sound penetrates energy converter (21) and the ultrasonic instrument
(00) emission part communication connection;
It is set to the sound that the sound receives on transducing face to receive energy converter (23), the sound receives energy converter (23) and the ultrasound
The receiving portion communication connection of instrument (00).
2. high temperature tightening bolt grain size measuring system as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that the sound voussoir (22)
Bottom surface is the coupling surface coupled with the tested high temperature tightening bolt (30);
The sound, which penetrates energy converter (21) and is vertically installed in the sound, to be penetrated on transducing face;The sound receives energy converter (23) and is vertically arranged
Receive on transducing face in the sound;
The angle that the sound is penetrated between transducing face and the coupling surface is the launch angle that the sound penetrates energy converter (21);
It is the launch angle that the sound receives energy converter (23) that the sound, which receives the angle between transducing face and the coupling surface,.
3. high temperature tightening bolt grain size measuring system as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that the sound penetrates energy converter
(21) value range of launch angle is 25 ° -30 °;
The value range that the sound receives the accepts angle of energy converter (23) is 25 ° -30 °.
4. high temperature tightening bolt grain size measuring system as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that the sound voussoir (22)
The value range of distance L is 30mm-35mm;
The distance L is that the sound penetrates the transmitting terminal of energy converter (21) and what the sound received energy converter (23) receive end projection
Spacing on the bottom surface of the sound voussoir (22).
5. high temperature tightening bolt grain size measuring system as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that further include multiple and different etc.
The bolt test block (40) of grade grain size;
Multiple bolt test blocks (40) include at least the bolt test block (40) that grain size number is 4 grades, 5 grades and 6 grades.
6. high temperature tightening bolt grain size measuring system as described in any one in claim 1-5, which is characterized in that the sound is penetrated
Energy converter (21) and the emission part of the ultrasonic instrument (00) pass through probe wire (10) communication connection;
The receiving portion that the sound receives energy converter (23) and the ultrasonic instrument (00) passes through probe wire (10) communication connection.
7. a kind of high temperature tightening bolt grain size measurement method fastens spiral shell using high temperature as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 6
Bolt grain size measuring system, which is characterized in that comprising steps of
When drafting sound 1)-grain size curve;
2) probe (20) is coupled on the tested high temperature tightening bolt (30), records the ultrasonic instrument (00) display
Detection sound when;
3) when zero sound is set, the sound time difference of the tested high temperature tightening bolt (30) is calculated;
4) compare the sound when-grain size curve, find out the corresponding grain size number of the tested high temperature tightening bolt (30);
5) determine whether the tested high temperature tightening bolt (30) is qualified:
If the grain size number of the tested high temperature tightening bolt (30) meets grain size demand, the tested high temperature fastening
Bolt (30) is qualified;
If the grain size number of the tested high temperature tightening bolt (30) is unsatisfactory for grain size demand, the tested high temperature is tight
Fixing bolt (30) is unqualified.
8. high temperature tightening bolt grain size measurement method as claimed in claim 7, which is characterized in that in the step 1), tool
Body comprising steps of
11) multiple bolt test blocks (40) with tested high temperature tightening bolt (30) same material, multiple bolts are made
The bolt test block (40) that grain size number is 4,5 and 6 grades is included at least in test block (40);
12) acoustic velocity measutement is carried out using the described bolt test block (40) of the ultrasonic instrument (00) to different grain sizes, and drawn
When sound-grain size curve.
9. high temperature tightening bolt grain size measurement method as claimed in claim 8, which is characterized in that in the step 11), institute
The quantity for stating bolt test block (40) is five;The grain size number of five bolt test blocks (40) is respectively 4,5,6,6.5 and 7
Grade.
10. high temperature tightening bolt grain size measurement method as claimed in claim 9, which is characterized in that in the step 1), with
As zero point when the sound for the bolt test block (40) that grain size number is 4 grades, when drafting sound-grain size curve;
In the step 3), as when zero sound when using grain size number being 4 grades of sound, the tested high temperature tightening bolt is calculated
(30) the sound time difference.
11. high temperature tightening bolt grain size measurement method as claimed in claim 7, which is characterized in that in the step 5), such as
The grain size number that high temperature tightening bolt (30) are detected described in fruit is greater than or equal to 5 grades, then meets grain size demand;If described
The grain size number of tested high temperature tightening bolt (30) is then unsatisfactory for grain size demand less than 5 grades.
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Cited By (1)
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CN113720737A (en) * | 2021-08-30 | 2021-11-30 | 内蒙古电力(集团)有限责任公司内蒙古电力科学研究院分公司 | Grain size nondestructive testing device and method for nickel-based high-temperature fastening bolt |
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