CN108956184A - A kind of transformer forced oil air-cooled cooler radiating efficiency quantitative determination method and device - Google Patents
A kind of transformer forced oil air-cooled cooler radiating efficiency quantitative determination method and device Download PDFInfo
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- CN108956184A CN108956184A CN201811080359.9A CN201811080359A CN108956184A CN 108956184 A CN108956184 A CN 108956184A CN 201811080359 A CN201811080359 A CN 201811080359A CN 108956184 A CN108956184 A CN 108956184A
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01M—TESTING STATIC OR DYNAMIC BALANCE OF MACHINES OR STRUCTURES; TESTING OF STRUCTURES OR APPARATUS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01M99/00—Subject matter not provided for in other groups of this subclass
- G01M99/002—Thermal testing
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Abstract
The application discloses a kind of transformer forced oil air-cooled cooler radiating efficiency quantitative determination method and device, wherein, the method by the oil inlet pipe of the running single group cooler of in-site measurement, oil return pipe, air inlet current temperature data, and height above sea level, solar radiation modifying factor are introduced, the current radiating efficiency value of single group cooler is calculated;By comparing radiating efficiency value and preset radiating efficiency lower limit value, when radiating efficiency value is lower than preset radiating efficiency lower limit value, after excluding cooler oil pump, fan problem cause, it may be determined that cause radiating efficiency to reduce for cooler is dirty, need to be rinsed to cooler fin.The application method and device realizes the quantitative evaluation to single group forced-oil-air cooling cooler radiating efficiency, it is contemplated that height above sea level, solar radiation factor, accuracy is high, effectively prevents the blindness of previous cooler maintenance.
Description
Technical field
This application involves transformer technology fields more particularly to a kind of transformer forced oil air-cooled cooler radiating efficiency to quantify
Measuring method and device.
Background technique
Transformer is the key equipment in power grid, can generate amount of heat because of idling load-loss in operation.To maintain
The thermal balance of transformer itself takes away heat by transformer oil, recycles cooler will be in heat transfer air.Refering to fig. 1,
Hot oil in oil tank of transformer 1 enters in most strong oil wind cooler 3 through oil inlet pipe 2, and hot oil is cold in most strong oil wind cooler 3
But, the cold oil of formation is again introduced into the heat for absorbing transformer in oil tank of transformer and generating through oil return pipe 4 and oil pump 5, thus structure
At cooling cycle, wherein every group of cooler is equipped with cooler fan 6.
In the actual motion of transformer and its cooler, once because chiller efficiency reduces, oil temperature raising causes transformer
Oil expansion aggravation, oil level increases, internal pressure increase causes pressure relief valve to act, and the feelings of transformer forced outage inspection occur
Condition.For the maintenance measure of transformer cooler, Bureau of Energy is counter to arrange (2014 editions) requirements: " 12.6.10 to guarantee cooling effect,
Tubular structure transformer cooler should carry out 1~2 flushing every year, and be preferably arranged in front of big load arrives and carry out ".However it is practical
On, due to the difference of transformer station high-voltage side bus environment, the dirty stopping state difference of cooler is obvious, if according to set flushing cycle
Cooler is rinsed and compares blindness, is unfavorable for the safety and stability economical operation of transformer.
Summary of the invention
The application provides a kind of transformer forced oil air-cooled cooler radiating efficiency quantitative determination method and device, existing to solve
Have and cooler is rinsed according to set flushing cycle, there are problems that cooler owes maintenance or crosses maintenance.
In a first aspect, this application provides a kind of transformer forced oil air-cooled cooler radiating efficiency quantitative determination method, it should
Method includes:
Measure the current device temperature of running single group transformer cooler;
The heat radiation power of the cooler is determined according to the current device temperature of the cooler, and to the heat radiation power
Carry out specified amendment;
The radiating efficiency of the cooler is determined according to the specified revised heat radiation power, and to the radiating efficiency
It is environmentally corrected;
According to the cooler radiating efficiency and preset radiating efficiency lower limit value after the environmental correction, alarm signal is exported
Number.
Further, the current device temperature of the cooler include oil inlet tube wall temperature, oil return tube wall temperature and into
Air port air themperature;The current device temperature according to cooler determines the heat radiation power of cooler, including counts according to the following formula
Calculation obtains the heat radiation power of cooler:
P=Q × ρ × C × (T0-Ti)
In formula, P indicates the heat radiation power of single group cooler;
The flow of Q indication transformer oil;
ρ indicates (T0-TiTransformer oil density at a temperature of)/2;
C indicates (T0-TiTransformer oil specific heat capacity at a temperature of)/2;
T0Indicate oil inlet tube wall temperature;
TiIndicate oil return tube wall temperature.
Further, described that specified amendment is carried out to heat radiation power, comprising: with oil inlet tube wall temperature T0Instead of oil inlet pipe oil
The heat radiation power is modified to the survey according to the following formula according to the determination condition of the specified heat radiation power of the cooler by temperature
Heat radiation power under fixed condition:
In formula, PAmendmentIndicate specified revised heat radiation power;
TaIndicate the air inlet air themperature of cooler.
Further, the radiating efficiency that the cooler is determined according to specified revised heat radiation power, and to described
Radiating efficiency is environmentally corrected, including determining the radiating efficiency of cooler according to the following formula and being environmentally corrected:
Wherein, η indicates the radiating efficiency after environmental correction;
PnIndicate specified radiating efficiency of the cooler under the current device temperature;
λ indicates height above sea level modifying factor, and σ indicates solar radiation modifying factor.
Further, the cooler radiating efficiency η according to after environmental correction and preset radiating efficiency lower limit value τ, it is defeated
Alarm signal out, comprising:
Whether the cooler radiating efficiency η after judging the environmental correction is less than preset radiating efficiency lower limit value τ;
If the cooler radiating efficiency η after the environmental correction is less than preset radiating efficiency lower limit value τ, export cold
But device heat dissipation abnormity early warning signal;
If the cooler radiating efficiency η after the environmental correction is greater than or equal to preset radiating efficiency lower limit value τ,
Export cooler heat dissipation normal signal.
Further, the method also includes:
If exporting cooler heat dissipation abnormal signal, the working condition of cooler oil pump and cooling fan is checked;
If the working condition of the cooler oil pump and cooler fan is abnormal, letter need to be safeguarded by exporting oil pump or fan
Number;
If the working condition of the cooler oil pump and cooler fan is normal, output cooler need to rinse maintenance letter
Number.
Second aspect, this application provides a kind of transformer forced oil air-cooled cooler radiating efficiency quantitative determination devices, should
Device includes:
Temperature measurement unit, for measuring the current device temperature of running transformer cooler;
First computing unit, for determining the heat dissipation function of the cooler according to the current device temperature of the cooler
Rate, and specified amendment is carried out to the heat radiation power;
Second computing unit, for determining that the heat dissipation of the cooler is imitated according to the specified revised heat radiation power
Rate, and the radiating efficiency is environmentally corrected;
Alarm unit, for according to the cooler radiating efficiency and preset radiating efficiency lower limit after the environmental correction
Value exports alarm signal.
From the above technical scheme, the application provides a kind of forced-oil-air cooling transformer cooler radiating efficiency quantitative determination
Method and device, wherein the method is cold by the running single group of in-site measurement using single group forced-oil-air cooling cooler as object
But the current temperature data of the oil inlet pipe of device, oil return pipe, air inlet, and height above sea level, solar radiation modifying factor are introduced, it is calculated
The current radiating efficiency value of single group cooler;By comparing radiating efficiency value and preset radiating efficiency lower limit value, when heat dissipation is imitated
When rate value is lower than preset radiating efficiency lower limit value, after excluding cooler oil pump, fan problem cause, it may be determined that be cooler
It is dirty that radiating efficiency is caused to reduce, cooler fin need to be rinsed.The application method and device realizes oily by force to single group
The quantitative evaluation of air-cooled cooler radiating efficiency, it is contemplated that height above sea level, solar radiation factor, accuracy is high, effectively prevents previous
The blindness of cooler maintenance.
Detailed description of the invention
In order to illustrate more clearly of the technical solution of the application, letter will be made to attached drawing needed in the embodiment below
Singly introduce, it should be apparent that, for those of ordinary skills, without any creative labor,
It is also possible to obtain other drawings based on these drawings.
Fig. 1 is a kind of structural schematic diagram of transformer single group forced-oil-air cooling cooler shown in the embodiment of the present application;
Fig. 2 is a kind of the application transformer forced oil air-cooled cooler radiating efficiency amount shown according to an exemplary embodiment
Change measuring method flow chart;
Fig. 3 is a kind of the application transformer forced oil air-cooled cooler radiating efficiency amount shown according to an exemplary embodiment
Change measurement device block diagram.
Specific embodiment
Technical solution in order to enable those skilled in the art to better understand the present invention, below in conjunction with of the invention real
The attached drawing in example is applied, technical scheme in the embodiment of the invention is clearly and completely described, it is clear that described implementation
Example is only a part of the embodiment of the present invention, instead of all the embodiments.Based on the embodiments of the present invention, this field is common
Technical staff's every other embodiment obtained without making creative work, all should belong to protection of the present invention
Range.
The embodiment of the present application provides a kind of transformer forced oil air-cooled cooler radiating efficiency quantitative determination method, and this method is extremely
It is suitable for the usage scenario of strong oil wind cooler less, using transformer single group most strong oil wind cooler as object, to its radiating efficiency
Online quantitative determination is carried out, and comprehensively considers the factors such as installation ground height above sea level, solar radiation and is kept away in order to instruct transformer to safeguard
Non-maintaining improper induction unsafe incidents.
Referring to Fig.2, this method includes the following steps:
Step S110 measures the current device temperature of running transformer cooler;
In the present embodiment, the current device temperature of cooler includes oil inlet tube wall temperature T0, oil return tube wall temperature TiWith
Air inlet air themperature Ta.The present embodiment is by being arranged temperature sensor in oil inlet pipe outer wall, oil return pipe outer wall and air inlet
The temperature of corresponding position is acquired in real time, and temperature value is returned into measuring device.
Optionally, it can preset the time interval or frequency of temperature collection, while reducing data back amount, realize pair
The monitoring of cooler arrangement temperature guarantees data accuracy and representativeness.
Step S120 determines the heat radiation power of the cooler according to the current device temperature of the cooler, and to institute
It states heat radiation power and carries out specified amendment;
Preferably, the heat radiation power of cooler is calculated according to the following formula:
P=Q × ρ × C × (T0-Ti)
In formula, P indicates the heat radiation power of single group cooler;
The flow of Q indication transformer oil;
ρ indicates (T0-TiTransformer oil density at a temperature of)/2;
C indicates (T0-TiTransformer oil specific heat capacity at a temperature of)/2;
T0Indicate oil inlet tube wall temperature;
TiIndicate oil return tube wall temperature.
In addition, in some preferred embodiments of the application, according to the measurement strip of the specified heat radiation power of the cooler
The heat radiation power is modified to the heat radiation power under the determination condition by part.
For example, oil inlet pipe oil temperature is replaced with oil inlet tube wall temperature, according to the measurement strip of the specified heat radiation power of cooler
Part, if the determination condition of the specified heat radiation power of the cooler is not the difference of oil inlet pipe oil temperature Yu air inlet air themperature
For 40K, then the heat radiation power being according to the following formula modified to the heat radiation power under the determination condition:
In formula, PAmendmentIndicate specified revised heat radiation power;
TaIndicate the air inlet air themperature of cooler.
Step S130 determines the radiating efficiency of the cooler according to the specified revised heat radiation power, and to institute
Radiating efficiency is stated to be environmentally corrected;
It should be noted that air weakens due to increasing with height above sea level, the radiating efficiency of cooler can be declined;
As the raising ultraviolet light of height above sea level becomes strong, the energy that transformer cooler absorbs solar radiation becomes larger.Therefore, in order to eliminate environment
Influence of the factor to cooler radiating efficiency, to improve the accuracy of quantitative determination, the present embodiment is in the heat dissipation for calculating cooler
When efficiency, height above sea level modifying factor and solar radiation modifying factor are introduced, to realize the environmental correction to actual measurement radiating efficiency.
Specifically, determining the radiating efficiency of cooler according to the following formula and being environmentally corrected:
Wherein, η indicates the radiating efficiency after environmental correction;
PnIndicate specified radiating efficiency of the cooler under the current device temperature;
λ indicates height above sea level modifying factor, and σ indicates solar radiation modifying factor.
It should be noted that above-mentioned height above sea level modifying factor and solar radiation modifying factor are constant, can be cooled down by simulation
In the use of high altitude localities, repetition test obtains device.
In the present embodiment, what is obtained is the quantized data of transformer cooler radiating efficiency, solves current cooler and dissipates
The problem that thermal efficiency quantizating index is smudgy has stronger directive function to cooler O&M.
Step S140, it is defeated according to the cooler radiating efficiency and preset radiating efficiency lower limit value after the environmental correction
Alarm signal out.
Specifically, according under the cooler radiating efficiency and preset radiating efficiency after environmental correction described in step S140
Limit value exports alarm signal, comprising:
Whether the cooler radiating efficiency η after judging the environmental correction is less than preset radiating efficiency lower limit value τ;
The radiating efficiency lower limit value τ for comparing radiating efficiency η and setting, illustrates that cooler radiating efficiency is normal as η≤τ;
It is abnormal to illustrate that cooler radiating efficiency exists as η < τ.
Further, the abnormal signal if output cooler radiates, checks the work of cooler oil pump and cooling fan
State;
If the working condition of the cooler oil pump and cooler fan is abnormal, letter need to be safeguarded by exporting oil pump or fan
Number;
If the working condition of the cooler oil pump and cooler fan is normal, output cooler need to rinse maintenance letter
Number.
The present embodiment instructs the dimension of cooler and related transformer according to the quantized data of transformer cooler radiating efficiency
Nurse makees, and keeps the development of maintenance work more targeted, avoids the deficient maintenance of cooler and crosses maintenance condition.
The present embodiment provides a kind of transformer forced oil air-cooled cooler radiating efficiency quantitative determination methods, measure running
The current device temperature of transformer cooler, including oil inlet pipe, oil return pipe, air inlet current temperature data;According to described cold
But the current device temperature of device determines the heat radiation power of the cooler, and carries out specified amendment to the heat radiation power;According to
The specified revised heat radiation power determines the radiating efficiency of the cooler, and introduces height above sea level, solar radiation modifying factor,
The radiating efficiency is environmentally corrected;By comparing the cooler radiating efficiency and preset radiating efficiency after environmental correction
Lower limit value exports alarm signal;Such as when radiating efficiency value is lower than preset radiating efficiency lower limit value, cooler oil is being excluded
After pump, fan problem cause, it may be determined that cause radiating efficiency to reduce for cooler is dirty, need to be rinsed to cooler.This Shen
Please method realize the quantitative determination to single group forced-oil-air cooling cooler radiating efficiency, it is contemplated that height above sea level, solar radiation factor, it is quasi-
True property is high, effectively prevents the blindness of previous cooler maintenance.
According to above-mentioned transformer forced oil air-cooled cooler radiating efficiency quantitative determination method, the application also provides a kind of transformation
Device forced-oil-air cooling cooler radiating efficiency quantitative determination device, refering to Fig. 3, which includes:
Temperature measurement unit U110, for measuring the current device temperature of running transformer cooler;
First computing unit U120, for determining the heat dissipation of the cooler according to the current device temperature of the cooler
Power, and specified amendment is carried out to the heat radiation power;
Second computing unit U130, for determining the heat dissipation of the cooler according to the specified revised heat radiation power
Efficiency, and the radiating efficiency is environmentally corrected;
Alarm unit U140, for according under the cooler radiating efficiency and preset radiating efficiency after the environmental correction
Limit value exports alarm signal.
Preferably, the current device temperature of the cooler include oil inlet tube wall temperature, oil return tube wall temperature and into
Air port air themperature;The heat radiation power of cooler is calculated in the first computing unit U120 according to the following formula:
P=Q × ρ × C × (T0-Ti)
In formula, P indicates the heat radiation power of single group cooler;
The flow of Q indication transformer oil;
ρ indicates (T0-TiTransformer oil density at a temperature of)/2;
C indicates (T0-TiTransformer oil specific heat capacity at a temperature of)/2;
T0Indicate oil inlet tube wall temperature;
TiIndicate oil return tube wall temperature.
Preferably, the first computing unit U120, with oil inlet tube wall temperature T0Instead of oil inlet pipe oil temperature, according to described
The heat radiation power is modified to dissipating under the determination condition according to the following formula by the determination condition of the specified heat radiation power of cooler
Thermal power:
In formula, PAmendmentIndicate specified revised heat radiation power;
TaIndicate the air inlet air themperature of cooler.
Preferably, the second computing unit U130 determines the radiating efficiency of cooler according to the following formula and carries out environment and repairs
Just:
Wherein, η indicates the radiating efficiency after environmental correction;
PnIndicate specified radiating efficiency of the cooler under the current device temperature;
λ indicates height above sea level modifying factor, and σ indicates solar radiation modifying factor.
Preferably, the alarm unit U140 is specifically used for:
Whether the cooler radiating efficiency η after judging the environmental correction is less than preset radiating efficiency lower limit value τ;
If the cooler radiating efficiency η after the environmental correction is less than preset radiating efficiency lower limit value τ, output cooling
Device heat dissipation abnormity early warning signal;
If the cooler radiating efficiency η after the environmental correction is greater than or equal to preset radiating efficiency lower limit value τ, defeated
Cooler heat dissipation normal signal out.
Preferably, the alarm unit U140 is also used to:
If exporting cooler heat dissipation abnormal signal, the working condition of cooler oil pump and cooling fan is checked;
If the working condition of the cooler oil pump and cooler fan is abnormal, letter need to be safeguarded by exporting oil pump or fan
Number;
If the working condition of the cooler oil pump and cooler fan is normal, output cooler need to rinse maintenance letter
Number.
The application provides a kind of transformer forced oil air-cooled cooler radiating efficiency quantitative determination method and device, wherein institute
The method of stating measures the current device temperature of running transformer cooler, the current temperature including oil inlet pipe, oil return pipe, air inlet
Degree evidence;The heat radiation power of the cooler is determined according to the current device temperature of the cooler, and to the heat radiation power
Carry out specified amendment;Determine the radiating efficiency of the cooler according to the specified revised heat radiation power, and introduce height above sea level,
Solar radiation modifying factor is environmentally corrected the radiating efficiency;It radiates and imitates by comparing the cooler after environmental correction
Rate and preset radiating efficiency lower limit value export alarm signal;Such as when radiating efficiency value is lower than preset radiating efficiency lower limit value
When, after excluding cooler oil pump, fan problem cause, it may be determined that cause radiating efficiency to reduce for cooler is dirty, it need to be to cold
But device fin is rinsed.The application method realizes the quantitative determination to single group forced-oil-air cooling cooler radiating efficiency, considers
Height above sea level, solar radiation factor, accuracy is high, effectively prevents the blindness of previous cooler maintenance.
It is required that those skilled in the art can be understood that the technology in the embodiment of the present invention can add by software
The mode of general hardware platform realize.Based on this understanding, the technical solution in the embodiment of the present invention substantially or
Say that the part that contributes to existing technology can be embodied in the form of software products, which can deposit
Storage is in storage medium, such as ROM/RAM, magnetic disk, CD, including some instructions are used so that computer equipment (can be with
It is personal computer, server or the network equipment etc.) execute certain part institutes of each embodiment of the present invention or embodiment
The method stated.
Same and similar part may refer to each other between each embodiment in this specification.Implement especially for device
For example, since it is substantially similar to the method embodiment, so being described relatively simple, related place is referring in embodiment of the method
Explanation.
Invention described above embodiment is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention..
Claims (7)
1. a kind of transformer forced oil air-cooled cooler radiating efficiency quantitative determination method, which is characterized in that the described method includes:
Measure the current device temperature of running single group transformer cooler;
The heat radiation power of the cooler is determined according to the current device temperature of the cooler, and the heat radiation power is carried out
Specified amendment;
The radiating efficiency of the cooler is determined according to the specified revised heat radiation power, and the radiating efficiency is carried out
Environmental correction;
According to the cooler radiating efficiency and preset radiating efficiency lower limit value after the environmental correction, alarm signal is exported.
2. the method according to claim 1, wherein the current device temperature of the cooler includes outside oil inlet pipe
Wall temperature, oil return tube wall temperature and air inlet air themperature;It is described that cooler is determined according to the current device temperature of cooler
Heat radiation power, the heat radiation power including cooler is calculated according to the following formula:
P=Q × ρ × C × (T0-Ti)
In formula, P indicates the heat radiation power of single group cooler;
The flow of Q indication transformer oil;
ρ indicates (T0-TiTransformer oil density at a temperature of)/2;
C indicates (T0-TiTransformer oil specific heat capacity at a temperature of)/2;
T0Indicate oil inlet tube wall temperature;
TiIndicate oil return tube wall temperature.
3. according to the method described in claim 2, it is characterized in that, carrying out specified amendment to the heat radiation power, comprising: with into
Oil-pipe external wall temperature T0Instead of oil inlet pipe oil temperature, according to the determination condition of the specified heat radiation power of cooler, according to the following formula by institute
State the heat radiation power that heat radiation power is modified under the determination condition:
In formula, PAmendmentIndicate specified revised heat radiation power;
TaIndicate the air inlet air themperature of cooler.
4. the method according to claim 1, wherein described according to specified revised heat radiation power determination
The radiating efficiency of cooler, and the radiating efficiency is environmentally corrected, the heat dissipation effect including determining cooler according to the following formula
Rate is simultaneously environmentally corrected:
Wherein, η indicates the radiating efficiency after environmental correction;
PnIndicate specified radiating efficiency of the cooler under the current device temperature;
λ indicates height above sea level modifying factor, and σ indicates solar radiation modifying factor.
5. the method according to claim 1, wherein the cooler radiating efficiency η according to after environmental correction
With preset radiating efficiency lower limit value τ, alarm signal is exported, comprising:
Whether the cooler radiating efficiency η after judging the environmental correction is less than preset radiating efficiency lower limit value τ;
If the cooler radiating efficiency η after the environmental correction is less than preset radiating efficiency lower limit value τ, cooler is exported
Radiate abnormity early warning signal;
If the cooler radiating efficiency η after the environmental correction is greater than or equal to preset radiating efficiency lower limit value τ, export cold
But device heat dissipation normal signal.
6. according to the method described in claim 5, it is characterized in that, the method also includes:
If exporting cooler heat dissipation abnormity early warning signal, the working condition of cooler oil pump and cooling fan is checked;
If the working condition of the cooler oil pump and cooler fan is abnormal, exporting oil pump or fan needs maintenance signal;
If the working condition of the cooler oil pump and cooler fan is normal, output cooler need to rinse maintenance signal.
7. a kind of transformer forced oil air-cooled cooler radiating efficiency quantitative determination device, which is characterized in that described device includes:
Temperature measurement unit, for measuring the current device temperature of running transformer cooler;
First computing unit, for determining the heat radiation power of the cooler according to the current device temperature of the cooler, and
Specified amendment is carried out to the heat radiation power;
Second computing unit, for determining the radiating efficiency of the cooler according to the specified revised heat radiation power, and
The radiating efficiency is environmentally corrected;
Alarm unit, for according to after the environmental correction cooler radiating efficiency and preset radiating efficiency lower limit value, it is defeated
Alarm signal out.
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CN201811080359.9A CN108956184B (en) | 2018-09-17 | 2018-09-17 | Method and device for quantitatively measuring heat dissipation efficiency of transformer strong oil air-cooled cooler |
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CN111337287A (en) * | 2020-04-23 | 2020-06-26 | 陕西安得电力设备制造有限公司 | Transformer cooler cooling efficiency monitoring system |
CN111487077A (en) * | 2020-04-28 | 2020-08-04 | 广东电网有限责任公司 | Cooling verification method and verification device for power transformer cooling equipment |
CN111487077B (en) * | 2020-04-28 | 2021-11-02 | 广东电网有限责任公司 | Cooling verification method and verification device for power transformer cooling equipment |
CN111708317A (en) * | 2020-06-18 | 2020-09-25 | 西安西变组件有限公司 | Transformer control method, device and system, storage medium and electronic equipment |
CN111895327A (en) * | 2020-08-04 | 2020-11-06 | 广东众科智能科技股份有限公司 | 5G intelligent lamp comprehensive rod |
CN113946170A (en) * | 2021-10-14 | 2022-01-18 | 云南电网有限责任公司电力科学研究院 | Self-adaptive control method and system of transformer cooling device |
CN114459765A (en) * | 2022-01-24 | 2022-05-10 | 东风汽车股份有限公司 | Method for monitoring cooling efficiency of radiator |
CN114459765B (en) * | 2022-01-24 | 2023-09-29 | 东风汽车股份有限公司 | Radiator cooling efficiency monitoring method |
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