CN108944032A - A kind of system printing laser light source - Google Patents
A kind of system printing laser light source Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN108944032A CN108944032A CN201710359070.XA CN201710359070A CN108944032A CN 108944032 A CN108944032 A CN 108944032A CN 201710359070 A CN201710359070 A CN 201710359070A CN 108944032 A CN108944032 A CN 108944032A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- light source
- laser light
- laser
- ink
- bsa
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 238000007639 printing Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 20
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 238000007641 inkjet printing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 75
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 claims description 37
- PYWVYCXTNDRMGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodamine B Chemical class [Cl-].C=12C=CC(=[N+](CC)CC)C=C2OC2=CC(N(CC)CC)=CC=C2C=1C1=CC=CC=C1C(O)=O PYWVYCXTNDRMGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 20
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- GNBHRKFJIUUOQI-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluorescein Chemical compound O1C(=O)C2=CC=CC=C2C21C1=CC=C(O)C=C1OC1=CC(O)=CC=C21 GNBHRKFJIUUOQI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
- 229940020947 fluorescein sodium Drugs 0.000 claims description 17
- 229940043267 rhodamine b Drugs 0.000 claims description 17
- 235000021286 stilbenes Nutrition 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000000990 laser dye Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- PJANXHGTPQOBST-VAWYXSNFSA-N Stilbene Natural products C=1C=CC=CC=1/C=C/C1=CC=CC=C1 PJANXHGTPQOBST-VAWYXSNFSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- PJANXHGTPQOBST-UHFFFAOYSA-N stilbene Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PJANXHGTPQOBST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chloroform Chemical compound ClC(Cl)Cl HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000001723 curing Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000004793 Polystyrene Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene Chemical group C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- ZYGHJZDHTFUPRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzo-alpha-pyrone Natural products C1=CC=C2OC(=O)C=CC2=C1 ZYGHJZDHTFUPRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000001671 coumarin Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000004775 coumarins Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000006384 oligomerization reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000000016 photochemical curing Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003822 epoxy resin Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920000647 polyepoxide Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000001044 red dye Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000001629 stilbenes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 244000139794 beach naupaka Species 0.000 claims 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 238000005755 formation reaction Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 150000004702 methyl esters Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 230000003760 hair shine Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 9
- 230000005284 excitation Effects 0.000 description 9
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000000862 absorption spectrum Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 3
- ATHHXGZTWNVVOU-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-methylformamide Chemical compound CNC=O ATHHXGZTWNVVOU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 244000258825 Scaevola taccada Species 0.000 description 2
- VYXSBFYARXAAKO-WTKGSRSZSA-N chembl402140 Chemical compound Cl.C1=2C=C(C)C(NCC)=CC=2OC2=C\C(=N/CC)C(C)=CC2=C1C1=CC=CC=C1C(=O)OCC VYXSBFYARXAAKO-WTKGSRSZSA-N 0.000 description 2
- AFYCEAFSNDLKSX-UHFFFAOYSA-N coumarin 460 Chemical compound CC1=CC(=O)OC2=CC(N(CC)CC)=CC=C21 AFYCEAFSNDLKSX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VBVAVBCYMYWNOU-UHFFFAOYSA-N coumarin 6 Chemical compound C1=CC=C2SC(C3=CC4=CC=C(C=C4OC3=O)N(CC)CC)=NC2=C1 VBVAVBCYMYWNOU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000013399 edible fruits Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004020 luminiscence type Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920003229 poly(methyl methacrylate) Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004926 polymethyl methacrylate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 2
- 108091003079 Bovine Serum Albumin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910021417 amorphous silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000003466 anti-cipated effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940098773 bovine serum albumin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007717 exclusion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003292 glue Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005286 illumination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000031700 light absorption Effects 0.000 description 1
- ORUIBWPALBXDOA-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium fluoride Chemical compound [F-].[F-].[Mg+2] ORUIBWPALBXDOA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910001635 magnesium fluoride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002269 spontaneous effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
- B41J2/00—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed
- B41J2/005—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by bringing liquid or particles selectively into contact with a printing material
- B41J2/01—Ink jet
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
- B41J11/00—Devices or arrangements of selective printing mechanisms, e.g. ink-jet printers or thermal printers, for supporting or handling copy material in sheet or web form
- B41J11/0015—Devices or arrangements of selective printing mechanisms, e.g. ink-jet printers or thermal printers, for supporting or handling copy material in sheet or web form for treating before, during or after printing or for uniform coating or laminating the copy material before or after printing
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
- C09D11/00—Inks
- C09D11/30—Inkjet printing inks
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
- C09D11/00—Inks
- C09D11/30—Inkjet printing inks
- C09D11/32—Inkjet printing inks characterised by colouring agents
- C09D11/328—Inkjet printing inks characterised by colouring agents characterised by dyes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
- C09D11/00—Inks
- C09D11/30—Inkjet printing inks
- C09D11/36—Inkjet printing inks based on non-aqueous solvents
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
- C09D11/00—Inks
- C09D11/30—Inkjet printing inks
- C09D11/38—Inkjet printing inks characterised by non-macromolecular additives other than solvents, pigments or dyes
Abstract
A kind of system printing laser light source, comprising: printhead module and print cartridge;The printhead module, for each laser light source of inkjet printing on substrate;The print cartridge, for storing ink;Wherein, the ink includes luminescent dye and host material and solvent.Disclosed technical solution realizes first is made laser light source with inkjet printing, this provides new technical solution for cheap and the various laser light sources of industrialization manufacture and other related products;Secondly, since the laser light source is easy to implement the module including the independent laser light source of multiple groups, it allows for mutually capable of solely dissipating when every group of laser light source module shines and stand, be difficult to generate laser coherence between emergent light, to greatly eliminate speckle phenomena caused by common laser coherence.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to laser light source field, in particular to a kind of system for printing laser light source.
Background technique
For laser field, on the one hand, existing laser display technology, since the interference effect of the strong coherence of laser causes
Laser speckle seriously reduces display quality, it has to eliminate speckle using means such as vibration screens.On the other hand, the prior art
It is middle to lack a kind of quick, batch micro operations laser light source and the technology for making each light source that issue different colours laser.
Summary of the invention
To solve the above-mentioned problems, the present invention provides a kind of systems for printing laser light source, comprising:
Printhead module and print cartridge, substrate;
The printhead module, for each laser light source of inkjet printing on the substrate;
The print cartridge, for storing ink;Wherein, the ink includes luminescent dye and host material and solvent.
Preferably, the system also includes:
Lattice module is made, for dot pattern of the production corresponding to laser light source position on clean substrate.
Preferably, the system also includes:
Curing module solidifies the laser light source after printing each laser light source.
Preferably, the scale of the laser light source is grade, micron order or smaller.
Preferably, the luminescent dye include: can it is photic hair laser dyestuff or can it is electroluminescent hair laser dyestuff.
Preferably, the luminescent dye includes: oligomerization phenylethylene blue light dyestuff, Coumarins green light dyestuff, rhodamine
Series dyes, half flower cyanines class red dye.Such as coumarin 1 53 or coumarin 6 or rhodamine 6G dyestuff.
Preferred luminescent dye is stilbene, three kinds of laser dyes of fluorescein sodium and rhodamine B and its mixed
Close object, the more preferably mixture of three.
Preferably, wherein the host material includes: polystyrene, polymethyl methacrylate, NOA series photocuring
Or mixtures thereof material.
Preferably, the ink uses: water, methylene chloride, chloroform, or mixtures thereof dimethylformamide is as molten
Agent.
Preferably, the ink uses following any formulas:
Stilbene, three kinds of laser dyes of fluorescein sodium and rhodamine B are separately added into 300-1000mg/mL's
Glycerol, the volume ratio of glycerol and water is then added wherein the mass ratio of three dyestuffs and BSA are respectively 1-3% in BSA aqueous solution
For 1:1-4, preferably 1:2;
It is highly preferred that the ink uses following any formulas:
(1) stilbene, three kinds of laser dyes of fluorescein sodium and rhodamine B are separately added into the BSA of 400mg/mL
Aqueous solution is eventually adding glycerol wherein the mass ratio of three dyestuffs and BSA are all 1%, and the volume ratio of glycerol and water is 1:2;
(2) stilbene, three kinds of laser dyes of fluorescein sodium and rhodamine B are separately added into the BSA of 800mg/mL
Aqueous solution is eventually adding glycerol wherein the mass ratio of three dyestuffs and BSA are all 1%, and the volume ratio of glycerol and water is 1:2;
(3) stilbene, three kinds of laser dyes of fluorescein sodium and rhodamine B are separately added into the BSA of 500mg/mL
The mass ratio of aqueous solution, wherein stilbenes, fluorescein sodium and rhodamine B and BSA are respectively as follows: 2%, 2% and 1%, finally
The volume ratio of addition glycerol, glycerol and water is 1:2.
Preferably, the ink further includes auxiliary material;The auxiliary material includes the polymer performed polymer of liquid.
Preferably, the ink further includes auxiliary material;The auxiliary material includes: heat-curable epoxy resin, NOA series
Optic-solidified adhesive.
Preferably, the laser light source includes RGB three primary colors light source.
Preferably,
The laser light source of the printing can make up the independent laser light source module of multiple groups;
In every group of independent laser light source module, at least two light sources can issue different face under identical shooting condition
The light of color.
Preferably, the printhead module includes one or more print heads, for gradually print or once print it is multiple
Laser light source;The size of the print head is determined by the size of each light source.
Preferably, the interval of the laser light source is about 2.5-4 times of its diameter.
Preferably, the temperature and time in the heating process is determined by ink inherent characteristic.
Preferably, for each group of RGB three primary colors light source, the diameter of the three primary colors light source is essentially identical and is located at
Three vertex of equilateral triangle, the side length of the equilateral triangle then exceed the 10%-30% of diameter.
Many technical solutions provided by through the invention, it, which is realized, first is made laser light source with inkjet printing, this
New technical solution is provided for the various laser light sources of cheap and industrialization manufacture and its display device;Secondly as described swash
Radiant is easy to implement the module including the independent laser light source of multiple groups, and allowing for being capable of phase when every group of laser light source module shines
It mutually solely dissipates and stands, be difficult to generate laser coherence between emergent light, to greatly eliminate speckle caused by common laser coherence
Phenomenon.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is the schematic diagram of system in one embodiment of the present of invention;
Fig. 2 is another schematic diagram of system in one embodiment of the present of invention;
Fig. 3 is the schematic diagram of the laser light source in one embodiment of the present of invention.
Specific embodiment
In order to make the technical solution those skilled in the art understand that presently disclosed, below in conjunction with embodiment and related
The technical solution of each embodiment is described in attached drawing, and described embodiment is a part of the embodiments of the present invention, without
It is whole embodiments.Term " first " of the present invention, " second " etc. rather than are used for for distinguishing different objects
Particular order is described.In addition, " comprising " and " having " and their any deformation, it is intended that covering and non-exclusive packet
Contain.Such as contain the process of a series of steps or units or method or system or product or equipment are not limited to arrange
Out the step of or unit, but optionally further include the steps that not listing or unit, or further includes optionally for these mistakes
Other intrinsic step or units of journey, method, system, product or equipment.
Referenced herein " embodiment " is it is meant that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described can wrap in conjunction with the embodiments
Containing at least one embodiment of the present invention.Each position in the description occur the phrase might not each mean it is identical
Embodiment, nor the independent or alternative embodiment with other embodiments mutual exclusion.It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that
, embodiment described herein can combine with other embodiments.
Referring to Fig. 1, in one embodiment of the invention, it illustrates a kind of systems for printing laser light source, comprising:
Printhead module and print cartridge, substrate;
The printhead module, for each laser light source of inkjet printing on the substrate;
The print cartridge, for storing ink;Wherein, the ink includes luminescent dye and host material and solvent.
For the embodiment: it, which is realized, first is made laser light source with inkjet printing, this is cheap and industry
Change manufacture laser light source and its various display devices or lighting device etc. provide a kind of new technical solution;Secondly as institute
It states laser light source and is easy to implement the module including the independent laser light source of multiple groups, allow for energy when every group of laser light source module shines
Enough mutually solely dissipate is stood, and is difficult to generate laser coherence between emergent light, to greatly eliminate caused by common laser coherence
Speckle phenomena.
As can be seen that inkjet printing needs to print using ink.Corresponding with laser light source to be, the ink can be adopted
The polymer solution adulterated with laser dye.
In another embodiment, for the substrate, as long as being conducive to inkjet printing light source on it.More preferably
, substrate needs certain translucency.Illustratively, substrate can choose following any: (1) plating the silver mirror base of magnesium fluoride
Bottom;(2) distributed bragg reflector mirror (DBR) substrate etc..
In another embodiment, the system also includes:
Lattice module is made, for dot pattern of the production corresponding to laser light source position on clean substrate.
For the embodiment, the purpose for making dot pattern is convenient for carrying out the printing of light source according to pattern.
In another embodiment, the dot pattern is made by plotter.It illustratively, first will pretreatment
The substrate that (including the cleaning to substrate) is crossed is placed in the working region of plotter;Secondly, using the plotter in substrate
It is upper draw correspond to laser light source position dot matrix (remarks: being readily appreciated that, the dot matrix is a kind of array patterns, and the two exists
It is the different expression mode for identical concept in the present invention).It is possible to further be printed based on the array patterns of production
Laser light source.
Preferably, the system also includes:
Curing module solidifies the laser light source after printing each laser light source.
For the embodiment, natural solidification can be, be also possible to artificial solidification, wherein when spontaneous curing
Between cost it is often bigger, artificial solidification is then to accelerate cured process.For artificial solidification, can using pair
The mode (often constant temperature heating plate being used to be heated) of substrate heating, can also be using other appropriate solidifications similar to heating
Mode, such as light radiation (being irradiated including the light of ultraviolet light or other spectrum).Readily comprehensible, optional curing mode depends on
In ink.
In another embodiment,
The scale of the laser light source is grade, micron order or smaller.
For the embodiment, the scale of each light source is smaller, is more advantageously implemented the image of higher resolution
Display effect.If any one light source is considered as a micro- semiglobe, according to the requirement of resolution ratio, we can be made with
Micro- semiglobe of resolution ratio corresponding size.The size of micro- semiglobe of any one light source can be 15,35,45,
85,100 microns etc., even more small.If the size of micro- semiglobe of any one light source is grade, it is suitable for family
Outer Large Screen Display Technology.
As can be seen that the optical mode in micro- semiglobe is Whispering-gallery-mode, for various sizes of micro- semiglobe,
Its mode spacing is different.According to Whispering-gallery-mode theory, hemispherical diameter is smaller, and mode spacing is bigger, and gain section memory exists
Pattern count it is fewer, when pattern count is reduced to one, as single-mode laser.
Further, the hemispherical diameter of micro- semiglobe corresponding to some light source is small arrives certain size, and described one
There are single-mode lasers when corresponding relationship, issued further to increase for the single-mode laser that scale cun goes out with the light source activation
Add the colour gamut section of laser.Illustrative rather than limitation, the certain size is about 15 microns.
It is readily appreciated that, the light source of inkjet printing is printed by ink, described if printing a plurality of light sources
A plurality of light sources are often microspheroidal, are hemisphericals specifically.During the light source is made, used ink-jet
The ink of printing due to being liquid, prepared by light source be finally solid-state, then generally to make in ink jet printing process each
It is not contacted each other between light source to avoid merging from each other.
That is, often not contacted between each light source, and there are spacing;If each light source is interpreted as hemisphere,
So for a plurality of light sources, the first hemisphere and the second hemisphere (or even with third hemisphere etc.) are nontangential each other.
In another embodiment, the luminescent dye includes following any:
Can it is photic hair laser dyestuff, can it is electroluminescent hair laser dyestuff.
On the one hand, in Material Field, there are the dyestuffs of photic hair laser, and there is also the dyestuffs of electroluminescent hair laser.This is just
Those skilled in the art provide the multiplicity selection of luminescent dye.On the other hand, if using the photic dyestuff for sending out laser,
The laser light source described previously as made from inkjet printing can then be excited by other light, such as femtosecond laser;It is readily appreciated that
, the parameter selection of corresponding femtosecond laser and the characteristic of the light source after ink cured itself, especially absorption spectrum is related;Such as
Fruit then the laser light source can then be excited by applying voltage, such as applies direct current using the dyestuff of electroluminescent hair laser
Voltage or pulse voltage;Illustratively, by embodiment described previously, those skilled in the art are easy to through the choosing to dyestuff
It selects and obtains: a kind of laser light source that the DC voltage by applying 3V can excite.According to material difference, DC voltage may
It is changed to pulse voltage as needed.Refresh rate needed for pulse frequency and amplitude meet display.
It should be pointed out that the present invention allows at least two light sources of a plurality of light sources can be in identical excitation item
The light of same color is issued under part.For example, the strong light in order to realize certain solid color, then in every group of laser light source module
A plurality of light sources are also possible to identical light source, and each light source of a plurality of light sources can be under identical shooting condition
Issue the light of same color.This laser light source module can be used for searchlight field.
In another embodiment, the luminescent dye includes following any:
Oligomerization phenylethylene blue light dyestuff, Coumarins green light dyestuff, rhodamine series dyes, half flower cyanines class feux rouges dye
Material.
To those skilled in the art, according to luminescent color demand, the dyestuff of corresponding emission wavelength is selected.Example
Such as, perhaps the Coumarins such as coumarin 1 53 or coumarin 6 are green for the also optional oligomerization phenylethylene blue light dyestuff of luminescent dye
Perhaps the rhodamines such as rhodamine 6G are serial or half spends cyanines class red dye for photoinitiator dye.Due to the embodiment realize it is red green
Blue three kinds of light, then being easy to that RGB laser light source is made using the ink.
In another embodiment, the host material includes following any:
Polystyrene, polymethyl methacrylate, NOA series photo-curing material.
For the embodiment, backing material of the host material as laser cavity has material with laser dye
Compatibility.Readily comprehensible, material compatibility is better, then is more suitable as host material.As can be seen that host material is such as
Fruit has good processing performance, then and very advantageously.Wherein, NOA series photo-curing material includes NOA1625,
NOA68 etc..
In another embodiment, the ink is using following any as solvent: water, methylene chloride, chloroform, and two
Methylformamide.As can be seen that the embodiment illustratively provides the range of choice of solvent.
In another embodiment, the ink uses following any formulas:
Stilbene, three kinds of laser dyes of fluorescein sodium and rhodamine B are separately added into 300-1000mg/mL's
Glycerol, the volume ratio of glycerol and water is then added wherein the mass ratio of three dyestuffs and BSA are respectively 1-3% in BSA aqueous solution
For 1:1-4, preferably 1:2;
In another embodiment, the ink uses following formulas:
(1) stilbene, three kinds of laser dyes of fluorescein sodium and rhodamine B are separately added into the BSA of 400mg/mL
Aqueous solution is eventually adding glycerol wherein the mass ratio of three dyestuffs and BSA are all 1%, and the volume ratio of glycerol and water is 1:2;
(2) stilbene, three kinds of laser dyes of fluorescein sodium and rhodamine B are separately added into the BSA of 800mg/mL
Aqueous solution is eventually adding glycerol wherein the mass ratio of three dyestuffs and BSA are all 1%, and the volume ratio of glycerol and water is 1:2;
(3) stilbene, three kinds of laser dyes of fluorescein sodium and rhodamine B are separately added into the BSA of 500mg/mL
The mass ratio of aqueous solution, wherein stilbenes, fluorescein sodium and rhodamine B and BSA are respectively as follows: 2%, 2% and 1%, finally
The volume ratio of addition glycerol, glycerol and water is 1:2;
(4) in addition to the dosage of the above specific formula, still there are many selections, and wherein the solubility atmosphere of BSA aqueous solution is 300-
1000mg/mL.The mass ratio of rhodamine B, fluorescein sodium and stilbene and BSA are respectively 1%-2%, 1%-3%,
And 1%-3%.The volume ratio of glycerol and water is 30%-100%.
In another embodiment, when using above-mentioned formula (1) to (3), the laser light source is in 335-375nm femtosecond
Stimulated luminescence under the excitation of laser.As previously mentioned, the wavelength of femtosecond laser is by being formed by the absorption of light source after ink cured
Spectrum determines.
For above-mentioned related embodiment, host material selects bovine serum albumin (i.e. BSA).
In another embodiment,
The ink further includes auxiliary material;
The auxiliary material includes the polymer performed polymer of liquid.
It should be pointed out that auxiliary material may not be required.If on the one hand facilitated including auxiliary material
The volatility for reducing solvent, on the other hand ensures that ink will not solidify in print procedure.Due to can not exhaustive all ink sets,
So those skilled in the art it is anticipated that: under certain formulas, it may not be necessary to auxiliary material, if solvent and shine
Dye selection is proper, can still ensure that solvent volatility is unobvious in ink jet printing process, and ink is not easy to solidify, it may be assumed that no
In the case where including auxiliary material, there is a possibility that, so that ink jet printing process can not be influenced substantially by cured.Its
In, for polymer performed polymer, after illumination or heat treatment, can just solidify.
In another embodiment, the auxiliary material includes following any: heat-curable epoxy resin, NOA series light are solid
Change glue.This with above auxiliary material is illustrated mutually to echo.
In another embodiment,
The laser light source includes RGB three primary colors light source.
It is readily appreciated that, this is easy for using RGB three primary color theory come colour mixture.If excited using a branch of femtosecond laser and
Colour mixture, then this beam femtosecond laser can must be energized into simultaneously tri- light sources of the RGB, so as to using three primary color theory come
Colour mixture obtains various colors.Similar, if excited using DC voltage, finer control be may be implemented: to RGB tri-
A light source can control its voltage respectively, to obtain various colors using three primary color theory come colour mixture.
In another embodiment,
The laser light source of the printing can make up the independent laser light source module of multiple groups;
In every group of independent laser light source module, at least two light sources can issue different face under identical shooting condition
The light of color.
, it is understood that in the colour mixture of at least two light sources, optionally, excited by femtosecond laser it is described at least
Two light sources, and if a branch of femtosecond laser only is used only, then this beam femtosecond laser can must be energized into simultaneously it is described
At least two light sources.So, since at least two light sources of one group of a plurality of light source can be under identical shooting condition
Issuing the light of different colours, it is assumed that a plurality of light sources are one group of laser light source module, such as triplets shown in Fig. 3,
It so can be realized as the colour mixture in every group of laser light source module using technology of the invention.Colour mixture is significantly example
As gone out a variety of different colors according to RGB three primary colors energy colour mixture.
It is indicated above, in another embodiment, every group of laser light source module is excited described by femtosecond laser
A plurality of light sources.The related content of femtosecond laser is described further below.
As can be seen that the parameter of specific femtosecond laser, such as wavelength, it is by being formed by light source after above-mentioned ink cured
It itself is determined.Stimulated light excitation, it is inevitable related with the absorption spectrum for being formed by light source itself after ink cured.That is, this
The wavelength that place is said is determined by the absorption spectrum for being formed by light source after ink cured.
Assuming that every group of laser light source module includes three light sources, each light source is using a kind of specific laser dye come ink-jet
Printing is made, then: when three light sources made from three kinds of dyestuffs can carry out stimulated luminescence by the laser of Same Wavelength,
The laser of this wavelength may be selected as shooting condition in those skilled in the art;Certainly, this, which does not repel, uses two kinds or three
The laser of kind wavelength is as shooting condition;That is, the wavelength of the laser for excitation can flexible choice: selection is a branch of to swash
Light, two beam laser or three beams of laser, to excite every group of laser light source module to be all possible, and the wavelength of every Shu Jiguang
Then determined by the absorption spectrum of the light source.Particularly, with hair is scanned using the light of multi beam different colours in the prior art
Light is simultaneously different for the display of image, and the present invention only needs to excite the light source using beam of laser.
In another embodiment, the light source can be excited by DC voltage.
For the embodiment, there is disclosed another mode of excitation.Certainly, either femtosecond laser excites, still
DC voltage or pulse voltage excite, and are formed by light source itself after both depending on ink cured.In other words, the laser
Dyestuff obviously will have the characteristics of capable of being excited by certain DC voltage, such as DC voltage is about 3V.
In another embodiment, when the light source is for showing an image, every group of laser light source module (includes
A plurality of laser light sources) be stimulated and the light that issues, correspond to a pixel of described image.
For the embodiment, it is meant that every group of laser light source module is Pixel-level.This is advantageously implemented more
Fine image is shown, pushes laser technology in the application of high definition, super clear display field.
In another embodiment, when using the mode of excitation of DC voltage, every group of laser light source module can pass through
Thin film transistor (TFT) is driven, or is driven by other thin film transistor (TFT)s: such as oxide semiconductor thin-film transistor,
Polycrystalline SiTFT, amorphous silicon film transistor.Compared with through a branch of or this mode of excitation of multi beam femtosecond laser, directly
The mode of excitation of galvanic electricity pressure can independent, the even simultaneously each pixel of control, this laser light-source device for Pixel-level
It is very useful.Subsidiary, this mode of excitation can also be substantially reduced the volume of equipment in laser display field.
In another embodiment,
The printhead module includes one or more print heads, for gradually printing or once printing multiple laser lights
Source.
For the embodiment, referring to Fig. 1, when using a print head, print head gradually prints every group of laser light source
In each light source, such as according to R, G, B sequence gradually print three light sources of red, green, blue;It is more when using multiple print heads
A print head can once print each light source in every group of laser light source --- it is readily appreciated that, the number of print in work must
The quantity of light source being so more than or equal in every group of laser light source module, is greater than the quantity equal to tri- light sources of RGB.Fig. 2 only shows
Go out in multiple print heads and be directed to some light source, such as multiple print heads of red light source, for other of a plurality of light sources
Light source does not show that.
In another embodiment, the printhead size is determined by the size of each light source.
As can be seen that the size of print head is related to the hemispherical diameter of micro- semiglobe described previously, determined by hemispherical diameter
It is fixed.The optional range of the size of the print head has 5,10,20,30,40,50,60 microns etc..Compare micron if necessary to be made
The smaller micro- semiglobe of scale can be using the ink-jet that can adjust ink drop size when the size of print head can not be smaller
Printer, which carrys out adaptability, slightly to be improved in order to which light source of the present invention is made by inkjet printing.As previously mentioned, if
Obtain millimetre-sized micro- semiglobe, then the size of print head can with it is appropriate it is big a bit.
The ink-jet printer that ink drop size can be adjusted may refer to following patent document in the prior art:
CN1876375A,US8042899B2,US8714692B1,US8955937B2,US8985723B2,US9573382B1.These are specially
Sharp document specification incorporated in the present invention in this together, however it is noted that these are that ink-jet in the prior art is beaten
The a part of print machine in relation to technology.Due to all prior arts impossible to exhaust, remaining can with reference to and it is slightly improved existing
There is technology no longer to list.
In another embodiment,
The interval of the laser light source is about 2.5-4 times of its diameter.
It is readily appreciated that, interval herein, is that can be changed according to the demand of light source.
In another embodiment,
Temperature and time in the solidification process is determined by ink inherent characteristic.For example, BSA water solution system and poly-
Styrene/dichloromethane system heats 1 hour at 60 c, and NOA series material then can be using ultraviolet light number point
Clock.
In another embodiment,
For each group of RGB three primary colors light source, the diameter of the three primary colors light source is essentially identical and is located at equilateral three
Three angular vertex, the side length of the equilateral triangle then exceed the 10%-30% of diameter.It will be apparent that side herein
The long size relationship with diameter, can equally change according to the demand of light source.
In the above-described embodiments, it all emphasizes particularly on different fields to the description of each embodiment, there is no the portion being described in detail in some embodiment
Point, reference can be made to the related descriptions of other embodiments.
The above, the above embodiments are merely illustrative of the technical solutions of the present invention, rather than its limitations;Although referring to before
Stating embodiment, invention is explained in detail, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that: it still can be to aforementioned each reality
Technical solution documented by example is applied to modify or equivalent replacement of some of the technical features;And these modification or
Person's replacement, the range for various embodiments of the present invention technical solution that it does not separate the essence of the corresponding technical solution.
Claims (11)
1. a kind of system for printing laser light source, comprising:
Printhead module and print cartridge, substrate;
The printhead module, for each laser light source of inkjet printing on the substrate;
The print cartridge, for storing ink;Wherein, the ink includes luminescent dye and host material and solvent.
2. system according to claim 1, wherein
The system also includes: production lattice module, for point of the production corresponding to laser light source position on clean substrate
System of battle formations case.
Preferably, the system also includes: curing module solidifies the laser light source after printing each laser light source.
It is highly preferred that the scale of the laser light source is grade, micron order or smaller.
3. -2 described in any item systems according to claim 1, wherein the luminescent dye includes:
Can it is photic hair laser dyestuff, can it is electroluminescent hair laser dyestuff.
Preferably, the luminescent dye includes: oligomerization phenylethylene blue light dyestuff, Coumarins green light dyestuff, rhodamine series
Dyestuff, or mixtures thereof half flower cyanines class red dye.
4. system according to claim 1-3, wherein the host material includes: polystyrene, poly- methyl-prop
E pioic acid methyl ester, NOA series photo-curing material.
5. system according to claim 1-4, wherein the ink uses: water, methylene chloride, chloroform,
Dimethylformamide or their mixture are as solvent.
6. system according to claim 1-5, wherein the ink uses following any formulas:
Stilbene, three kinds of laser dyes of fluorescein sodium and rhodamine B are separately added into the BSA water of 300-1000mg/mL
Glycerol is then added wherein the mass ratio of three dyestuffs and BSA are respectively 1-3% in solution, and the volume ratio of glycerol and water is 1:1-
4, preferably 1:2;
It is highly preferred that the ink uses following any formulas:
(1) stilbene, the BSA that three kinds of laser dyes of fluorescein sodium and rhodamine B are separately added into 400mg/mL are water-soluble
Liquid is eventually adding glycerol wherein the mass ratio of three dyestuffs and BSA are all 1%, and the volume ratio of glycerol and water is 1:2;
(2) stilbene, the BSA that three kinds of laser dyes of fluorescein sodium and rhodamine B are separately added into 800mg/mL are water-soluble
Liquid is eventually adding glycerol wherein the mass ratio of three dyestuffs and BSA are all 1%, and the volume ratio of glycerol and water is 1:2;
(3) stilbene, the BSA that three kinds of laser dyes of fluorescein sodium and rhodamine B are separately added into 500mg/mL are water-soluble
The mass ratio of liquid, wherein stilbenes, fluorescein sodium and rhodamine B and BSA are respectively as follows: 2%, 2% and 1%, are eventually adding
The volume ratio of glycerol, glycerol and water is 1:2.
7. system according to claim 1-6, wherein
The ink further includes auxiliary material;The auxiliary material includes the polymer performed polymer of liquid.
Alternatively, the auxiliary material includes: heat-curable epoxy resin, NOA series optic-solidified adhesive or their mixture.
8. system according to claim 1-7, wherein
The laser light source includes RGB three primary colors light source.
Preferably for each group of RGB three primary colors light source, the diameter of the three primary colors light source is essentially identical and is located at equilateral
Three vertex of triangle, the side length of the equilateral triangle then exceed the 10%-30% of diameter.
It is highly preferred that the interval of the laser light source is about 2.5-4 times of its diameter.
9. system according to claim 1-8, wherein
The laser light source of the printing can make up the independent laser light source module of multiple groups;
In every group of independent laser light source module, at least two light sources can issue different colours under identical shooting condition
Light.
10. -9 described in any item systems according to claim 1, wherein
The printhead module includes one or more print heads, for gradually printing or once printing multiple laser light sources;
The size of the print head is determined by the size of each light source.
11. -10 described in any item systems according to claim 1, wherein
Temperature and time in the solidification process is determined by ink inherent characteristic.
Priority Applications (15)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CN201710359070.XA CN108944032A (en) | 2017-05-19 | 2017-05-19 | A kind of system printing laser light source |
EP18802018.4A EP3611021B1 (en) | 2017-05-19 | 2018-05-04 | Printing head module, system and method for printing laser light sources |
US16/614,753 US11192388B2 (en) | 2017-05-19 | 2018-05-04 | Printing head module, system and method for printing laser sources |
US16/614,763 US11298957B2 (en) | 2017-05-19 | 2018-05-04 | Laser panel, laser array device, and laser display |
PCT/CN2018/085670 WO2018210142A1 (en) | 2017-05-19 | 2018-05-04 | Printing head module, system and method for printing laser light sources |
EP18803067.0A EP3611234B1 (en) | 2017-05-19 | 2018-05-04 | Ink for producing laser light sources |
JP2019564049A JP7383485B2 (en) | 2017-05-19 | 2018-05-04 | Ink for laser light source manufacturing |
US16/614,769 US11535041B2 (en) | 2017-05-19 | 2018-05-04 | Ink for producing laser light sourcesy |
JP2019564019A JP2020521327A (en) | 2017-05-19 | 2018-05-04 | Laser panel, laser array device and laser display |
PCT/CN2018/085671 WO2018210143A1 (en) | 2017-05-19 | 2018-05-04 | Laser panel, laser array device, and laser display |
PCT/CN2018/085672 WO2018210144A1 (en) | 2017-05-19 | 2018-05-04 | Ink for producing laser light sources |
EP18801676.0A EP3611557B1 (en) | 2017-05-19 | 2018-05-04 | Laser panel, laser array device, and laser display |
JP2019564093A JP7181229B2 (en) | 2017-05-19 | 2018-05-04 | Laser light source printing method |
KR1020180057333A KR102215532B1 (en) | 2017-05-19 | 2018-05-18 | An ink for producing a laser source, and a printing laser source and laser display prepared therof |
KR1020210016811A KR102339275B1 (en) | 2017-05-19 | 2021-02-05 | An ink for producing a laser source, and a printing laser source and laser display prepared therof |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CN201710359070.XA CN108944032A (en) | 2017-05-19 | 2017-05-19 | A kind of system printing laser light source |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
CN108944032A true CN108944032A (en) | 2018-12-07 |
Family
ID=64462200
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
CN201710359070.XA Pending CN108944032A (en) | 2017-05-19 | 2017-05-19 | A kind of system printing laser light source |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
CN (1) | CN108944032A (en) |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN111273488A (en) * | 2020-04-10 | 2020-06-12 | Tcl华星光电技术有限公司 | Backlight module and display device |
CN114002858A (en) * | 2021-12-30 | 2022-02-01 | 中国空气动力研究与发展中心高速空气动力研究所 | Homogenizing system and method of pulse laser light source |
Citations (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN102272264A (en) * | 2009-01-20 | 2011-12-07 | 默克专利有限公司 | Materials for organic electroluminescence devices |
CN102555521A (en) * | 2011-12-31 | 2012-07-11 | 浙江搏路尚新能源有限公司 | Printing head for solar battery front silver paste |
CN104064957A (en) * | 2014-05-09 | 2014-09-24 | 杭州电子科技大学 | Adjustable and controllable optical flow control dye laser based on electrorheological effect |
CN104253372A (en) * | 2013-06-27 | 2014-12-31 | 中国科学院化学研究所 | Whispering gallery mode photonic device and preparation method thereof |
CN104993022A (en) * | 2015-08-12 | 2015-10-21 | 福州大学 | Method for preparing quantum dot photodetection array device based on ink-jet printing technology |
CN105225644A (en) * | 2015-11-05 | 2016-01-06 | 苏州苏大维格光电科技股份有限公司 | A kind of laser display apparatus and preparation method thereof |
WO2016039259A1 (en) * | 2014-09-08 | 2016-03-17 | 国立大学法人九州大学 | Method for producing organic microdisk structure |
-
2017
- 2017-05-19 CN CN201710359070.XA patent/CN108944032A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN102272264A (en) * | 2009-01-20 | 2011-12-07 | 默克专利有限公司 | Materials for organic electroluminescence devices |
CN102555521A (en) * | 2011-12-31 | 2012-07-11 | 浙江搏路尚新能源有限公司 | Printing head for solar battery front silver paste |
CN104253372A (en) * | 2013-06-27 | 2014-12-31 | 中国科学院化学研究所 | Whispering gallery mode photonic device and preparation method thereof |
CN104064957A (en) * | 2014-05-09 | 2014-09-24 | 杭州电子科技大学 | Adjustable and controllable optical flow control dye laser based on electrorheological effect |
WO2016039259A1 (en) * | 2014-09-08 | 2016-03-17 | 国立大学法人九州大学 | Method for producing organic microdisk structure |
CN104993022A (en) * | 2015-08-12 | 2015-10-21 | 福州大学 | Method for preparing quantum dot photodetection array device based on ink-jet printing technology |
CN105225644A (en) * | 2015-11-05 | 2016-01-06 | 苏州苏大维格光电科技股份有限公司 | A kind of laser display apparatus and preparation method thereof |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
VAN DUONG TA: "Multicolor lasing prints", 《APPLIED PHYSICS LETTER》 * |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN111273488A (en) * | 2020-04-10 | 2020-06-12 | Tcl华星光电技术有限公司 | Backlight module and display device |
CN114002858A (en) * | 2021-12-30 | 2022-02-01 | 中国空气动力研究与发展中心高速空气动力研究所 | Homogenizing system and method of pulse laser light source |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
CN106356386B (en) | A kind of inkjet printing quantum dot display device based on Micro-LED array back source | |
US20110170290A1 (en) | Lighting device and method of lighting | |
CN103283046A (en) | Solid-state light emitting devices and signage with photoluminescence wavelength conversion and photoluminescent compositions therefor | |
CN108944032A (en) | A kind of system printing laser light source | |
CN102116959B (en) | Optical element of liquid crystal display and manufacturing method thereof | |
CN109313366A (en) | Light orientation quantum rod enhances film | |
JPWO2013141257A1 (en) | Color reflection type display device and manufacturing method thereof | |
CN108948857A (en) | A method of printing laser light source | |
CN108944066A (en) | A kind of printhead module printing laser light source | |
JP6304031B2 (en) | Ink-jet ink and color filter and method for producing the same, and color reflective display and method for producing the same | |
CN108963758A (en) | A kind of laser array device | |
KR102339275B1 (en) | An ink for producing a laser source, and a printing laser source and laser display prepared therof | |
JPWO2013047360A1 (en) | Electronic paper and manufacturing method thereof | |
RU2699965C2 (en) | Light producing unit for vehicle (embodiments) | |
CN108948862A (en) | It is a kind of for the ink of laser light source to be made | |
CN108957779A (en) | A kind of laser panel | |
CN108957778A (en) | A kind of laser writer | |
US8585207B1 (en) | Up converters and GaAs based semiconductor light source system for large color gamut display and projection displays | |
CN108957777A (en) | A kind of laser writer of voltage driving | |
CN105782844A (en) | Vehicle lighting system with improved substrate | |
CN116107099A (en) | Flexible 3D display panel and preparation method thereof | |
Liu et al. | Two‐Chromatic Printing Creates Skin‐Inspired Geminate Patterns Featuring Crosstalk‐Free Chemical and Physical Colors | |
JP2017095601A (en) | Color ink, color filter and reflective display device |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
PB01 | Publication | ||
PB01 | Publication | ||
SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
RJ01 | Rejection of invention patent application after publication |
Application publication date: 20181207 |
|
RJ01 | Rejection of invention patent application after publication |