CN108939093A - A kind of gastrointestinal contrast agent and preparation method thereof containing traditional Chinese medicine ingredients - Google Patents

A kind of gastrointestinal contrast agent and preparation method thereof containing traditional Chinese medicine ingredients Download PDF

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CN108939093A
CN108939093A CN201811181648.8A CN201811181648A CN108939093A CN 108939093 A CN108939093 A CN 108939093A CN 201811181648 A CN201811181648 A CN 201811181648A CN 108939093 A CN108939093 A CN 108939093A
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chinese medicine
contrast agent
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traditional chinese
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江万里
庞国伟
魏海峰
王启蒙
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Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
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Abstract

The invention discloses a kind of gastrointestinal contrast agents containing traditional Chinese medicine ingredients, prepare raw material and are composed of the following parts by weight: 15~25 parts of barium sulfate, 45~55 parts of limonite powder, 5~10 parts of Chinese medical extract;Wherein, the Chinese medical extract is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 10~20 parts of bletilla, 10~20 parts of fructus amomi, fries 5~10 parts of the dried immature fruit of citron orange, 5~10 parts of Radix Codonopsis, 5~10 parts of nutmeg, 1~5 part of Radix Glycyrrhizae at 10~20 parts of dried orange peel.In addition, the present invention also provides a kind of preparation methods of gastrointestinal contrast agent containing traditional Chinese medicine ingredients.Gastrointestinal contrast agent provided by the invention containing traditional Chinese medicine ingredients, it is good to lesion contrasting effects fine in stomach and intestine, also have to stomach and intestine and raise health-care effect, can effectively prevent gastrointestinal disease.

Description

A kind of gastrointestinal contrast agent and preparation method thereof containing traditional Chinese medicine ingredients
Technical field
The invention belongs to technical field of traditional Chinese medicines, and in particular to a kind of containing the gastrointestinal contrast agent of traditional Chinese medicine ingredients and its preparation side Method.
Background technique
Canel barium meal contrast examination, that is, alimentary canal barium meal refers to and uses barium sulfate as contrast agent, shows alimentary canal under roentgen radiation x Whether there is or not a kind of inspection methods of lesion.Canel barium meal contrast examination is to take in contrast agent with oral approach, can be to entire alimentary canal, especially Upper digestive tract carries out clearer radioexmination.Barium meal for digestive tract examining is that (i.e. barium sulfate is outstanding for medicinal barium sulfate Turbid) because its not soluble in water and lipid, will not be absorbed, therefore substantially non-toxic to people by gastrointestinal tract mucosa.But barium meal Radiography is only capable of seeing gastral profile, and the gastrointestinal image full of barium agent often masks small lesion, therefore often needs In addition it to take orally foaming agent or to enteron aisle gas injection, make existing highdensity barium agent in gastrointestinal tract, and have the gas shadow of low-density, be formed Gas barium compares radiography, is easy to get positive findings.And gastrointestinal contrast agent in the prior art has a single function, to stomach and intestine without raise, Health-care effect.
Summary of the invention
The present invention provides a kind of gastrointestinal contrast agent containing traditional Chinese medicine ingredients, and side effect is low, there is maintenance, health care to make stomach and intestine With, and can show the fine lesion of stomach and intestine.
The first purpose of the invention is to provide a kind of gastrointestinal contrast agents containing traditional Chinese medicine ingredients, prepare raw material by following heavy The group of amount number is grouped as: 15~25 parts of barium sulfate, 45~55 parts of limonite powder, 5~10 parts of Chinese medical extract;
Wherein, the Chinese medical extract is made of the bulk pharmaceutical chemicals of following parts by weight: 10~20 parts of bletilla, dried orange peel 10~ 20 parts, 10~20 parts of fructus amomi, stir-fry 5~10 parts of the dried immature fruit of citron orange, 5~10 parts of Radix Codonopsis, 5~10 parts of nutmeg, 1~5 part of Radix Glycyrrhizae.
Preferably, the raw material for preparing of the gastrointestinal contrast agent containing traditional Chinese medicine ingredients is composed of the following parts by weight: 20 parts of barium sulfate, 50 parts of limonite powder, 8 parts of Chinese medical extract;
Wherein, the Chinese medical extract is made of the bulk pharmaceutical chemicals of following parts by weight: 15 parts of bletilla, 15 parts of dried orange peel, fructus amomi 15 parts, stir-fry 8 parts of the dried immature fruit of citron orange, 8 parts of Radix Codonopsis, 8 parts of nutmeg, 3 parts of Radix Glycyrrhizae.
A second object of the present invention is to provide a kind of preparation methods of gastrointestinal contrast agent containing traditional Chinese medicine ingredients, specifically according to Following steps are implemented:
Step 1, weigh in parts by weight 10~20 parts of bletilla, 10~20 parts of dried orange peel, 10~20 parts of fructus amomi, fry the dried immature fruit of citron orange 5~ 10 parts, 5~10 parts of Radix Codonopsis, 5~10 parts of nutmeg, 1~5 part of Radix Glycyrrhizae, it is spare;
Step 2, bletilla weighed in step 1, dried orange peel, fructus amomi, the stir-fry dried immature fruit of citron orange, Radix Codonopsis, nutmeg, Radix Glycyrrhizae are blended in one It rises, is then charged with the water soaked overnight for being equivalent to 8~12 times of its total weight, 1.5~2.5h, mistake are decocted after immersion Filter, obtains first time filtrate and filter residue;Into filter residue, addition is equivalent to 8~12 times of filter residue weight of water, decocts 1.0~2.0h, mistake Filter obtains second of filtrate, merges first time filtrate and second of filtrate, mixes, and freeze-drying mentions after reduced pressure to get Chinese medicine Take object.
Step 3, weigh 15~25 parts of barium sulfate, 45~55 parts of limonite powder and and step 1 in the traditional Chinese medicine extraction for preparing It 5~10 parts of object, is uniformly mixed to get the gastrointestinal contrast agent containing traditional Chinese medicine ingredients.
In use, tempering, make the concentration 50~80% (w/w) of gastrointestinal contrast agent, oral or clysis with barium, usage amount 150g~300g (is calculated) by contrast agent dosage.If patient is children, can take the circumstances into consideration that some flavoring agents are added, such as Icing Sugar, essence, lemon Acid etc..
The prior art is compared, the invention has the benefit that
1, the gastrointestinal contrast agent provided by the invention containing traditional Chinese medicine ingredients contains a large amount of iron oxide in the limonite powder of addition, Iron oxide and gastric acid reaction consume gastric acid, play the role of apparent hyperacidity and pain relief.And it can clearly show stomach and duodenum Appearance profile and mucous membrane wrinkle skirt, can not only show the stomach and intestine organic disease at larger position, can also show fine lesion in stomach and intestine, Functional gastrointestinal movement can also be observed in detail.
2, the gastrointestinal contrast agent provided by the invention containing traditional Chinese medicine ingredients, in selected Chinese medicine, fructus amomi, dried orange peel are fried the dried immature fruit of citron orange and are matched In 5 promoting the circulation of qi tune, eliminating dampness stomach function regulating can promote gastrointestinal motility, accelerates contrast agent and runs in enteron aisle, shortens observing time, and Stomach lining, anti-inflammatory, anti-gastric-ulcer can be protected;Bletilla astringing to arrest bleeding, detumescence and promoting granulation can treat gastrointestinal haemorrhagia;Radix Codonopsis bowl spares benefit Gas has benefiting action for weakness of the spleen and the stomach, qi-blood deficiency;Eliminating dampness promoting the circulation of qi in one's early teens, warming middle energizer to arrest vomiting can be improved stomach cardia enzyme activity Property;Radix Glycyrrhizae coordinating the drug actions of a prescription.All medicines share can also play stomach and intestine to raise well and protect in the case where meeting radiography function Strong effect.
Specific embodiment
In order to enable those skilled in the art to more fully understand, technical solution of the present invention is practiced, below with reference to specific The invention will be further described for embodiment, but illustrated embodiment is not as a limitation of the invention.
Bletilla used in various embodiments of the present invention, dried orange peel, fructus amomi, to fry the dried immature fruit of citron orange, Radix Codonopsis, nutmeg, Radix Glycyrrhizae be commercially available, institute Test method is stated, is conventional method unless otherwise specified.
Embodiment 1
A kind of gastrointestinal contrast agent containing traditional Chinese medicine ingredients, prepares raw material and is composed of the following parts by weight: barium sulfate 15 parts, 55 parts of limonite powder, 5 parts of Chinese medical extract;Wherein, the Chinese medical extract is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 10 parts of bletilla, 10 parts of fructus amomi, fries 5 parts of the dried immature fruit of citron orange, 5 parts of Radix Codonopsis, 5 parts of nutmeg, 1 part of Radix Glycyrrhizae at 10 parts of dried orange peel.
It is specifically implemented according to the following steps:
Step 1,10 parts of bletilla is weighed in parts by weight, 10 parts of dried orange peel, 10 parts of fructus amomi, fries 5 parts of the dried immature fruit of citron orange, 5 parts of Radix Codonopsis, Pork and beans Cool 5 parts, 1 part of Radix Glycyrrhizae, it is spare;
Step 2, bletilla weighed in step 1, dried orange peel, fructus amomi, the stir-fry dried immature fruit of citron orange, Radix Codonopsis, nutmeg, Radix Glycyrrhizae are blended in one It rises, is then charged with and is equivalent to bletilla, dried orange peel, fructus amomi, fries the dried immature fruit of citron orange, Radix Codonopsis, nutmeg, 8 times of Radix Glycyrrhizae total weight of water logging Bubble overnight, decocts 1.5h after immersion, filter, obtain first time filtrate and filter residue;It is added into filter residue and is equivalent to filter residue weight 8 Water again decocts 1.0h, and filtering obtains second of filtrate, merges first time filtrate and second of filtrate, mixes, after reduced pressure Freeze-drying is to get Chinese medical extract.
Step 3,15 parts of barium sulfate, 55 parts of limonite powder and 5 parts of Chinese medical extract are weighed, be uniformly mixed to get.
In use, tempering, make its concentration 50% (w/w), take orally, usage amount 150g~300g (is used by contrast agent Amount is calculated).If patient is children, can take the circumstances into consideration that some flavoring agents, such as Icing Sugar, essence, citric acid is added.
Embodiment 2
A kind of gastrointestinal contrast agent containing traditional Chinese medicine ingredients, prepares raw material and is composed of the following parts by weight: barium sulfate 25 parts, 45 parts of limonite powder, 10 parts of Chinese medical extract;Wherein, the Chinese medical extract is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 20 parts of bletilla, 20 parts of fructus amomi, fries 10 parts of the dried immature fruit of citron orange, 10 parts of Radix Codonopsis, 10 parts of nutmeg, 5 parts of Radix Glycyrrhizae at 20 parts of dried orange peel.
It is specifically implemented according to the following steps:
Step 1,20 parts of bletilla is weighed in parts by weight, 20 parts of dried orange peel, 20 parts of fructus amomi, fries 10 parts of the dried immature fruit of citron orange, 10 parts of Radix Codonopsis, meat 10 parts of cardamom, 5 parts of Radix Glycyrrhizae, it is spare;
Step 2, bletilla weighed in step 1, dried orange peel, fructus amomi, the stir-fry dried immature fruit of citron orange, Radix Codonopsis, nutmeg, Radix Glycyrrhizae are blended in one It rises, is then charged with and is equivalent to bletilla, dried orange peel, fructus amomi, fries the dried immature fruit of citron orange, Radix Codonopsis, nutmeg, 12 times of Radix Glycyrrhizae total weight of water logging Bubble overnight, decocts 2.5h after immersion, filter, obtain first time filtrate and filter residue;It is added into filter residue and is equivalent to filter residue weight 12 times of water decocts 2.0h, and filtering obtains second of filtrate, merges first time filtrate and second of filtrate, mixes, and is concentrated under reduced pressure After be freeze-dried to get Chinese medical extract.
Step 3,25 parts of barium sulfate, 45 parts of limonite powder and 10 parts of Chinese medical extract are weighed, be uniformly mixed to get.
In use, tempering, make its concentration 80% (w/w), oral or clysis with barium, usage amount 150g~300g (are pressed Contrast agent dosage is calculated).If patient is children, can take the circumstances into consideration that some flavoring agents, such as Icing Sugar, essence, citric acid is added.
Embodiment 3
A kind of gastrointestinal contrast agent containing traditional Chinese medicine ingredients, raw material are composed of the following parts by weight: 20 parts of barium sulfate, 50 parts of limonite powder, 8 parts of Chinese medical extract;Wherein, the Chinese medical extract is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: bletilla 15 Part, fries 8 parts of the dried immature fruit of citron orange, 8 parts of Radix Codonopsis, 8 parts of nutmeg, 3 parts of Radix Glycyrrhizae at 15 parts of dried orange peel, 15 parts of fructus amomi.
It is specifically implemented according to the following steps:
Step 1,15 parts of bletilla is weighed in parts by weight, 15 parts of dried orange peel, 15 parts of fructus amomi, fries 8 parts of the dried immature fruit of citron orange, 8 parts of Radix Codonopsis, Pork and beans Cool 8 parts, 3 parts of Radix Glycyrrhizae, it is spare;
Step 2, bletilla weighed in step 1, dried orange peel, fructus amomi, the stir-fry dried immature fruit of citron orange, Radix Codonopsis, nutmeg, Radix Glycyrrhizae are blended in one It rises, is then charged with and is equivalent to bletilla, dried orange peel, fructus amomi, fries the dried immature fruit of citron orange, Radix Codonopsis, nutmeg, 10 times of Radix Glycyrrhizae total weight of water logging Bubble overnight, decocts 2.0h after immersion, filter, obtain first time filtrate and filter residue;It is added into filter residue and is equivalent to filter residue weight 10 times of water decocts 1.5h, and filtering obtains second of filtrate, merges first time filtrate and second of filtrate, mixes, and is concentrated under reduced pressure After be freeze-dried to get Chinese medical extract.
Step 3,20 parts of barium sulfate, 50 parts of limonite powder and 8 parts of Chinese medical extract are weighed, be uniformly mixed to get.
In use, tempering, make its concentration 65% (w/w), oral or clysis with barium, usage amount 150g~300g (are pressed Contrast agent dosage is calculated).If patient is children, can take the circumstances into consideration that some flavoring agents, such as Icing Sugar, essence, citric acid is added.
Since the gastrointestinal contrast agent containing traditional Chinese medicine ingredients that the embodiment of the present invention 1, embodiment 2 and embodiment 3 are prepared uses Effect is essentially identical, therefore only carries out development effect and stomach and intestine to the gastrointestinal contrast agent obtained in embodiment 2 containing traditional Chinese medicine ingredients Health care efficacy experiment is raised, to illustrate that effect of the invention, specific experiment process are as follows:
1, data
Select in October, 2016~2018 year the author in July place hospital outpatients and inpatient totally 52, acquisition pathology It makes a definite diagnosis, wherein male 29, female 23, the age 21~63 years old, 36 years old average.Ulcer individually occurs, diameter 0.5~1.5cm, and 18 Example, wherein 1 diameter > 2.5cm, body of stomach, antral ulcer 1.Clinical manifestation: chronic, periodicity, rhythmicity epigastric pain, sour regurgitation, The symptoms such as belch, can concurrent spitting blood, hematochezia, pyloric stenosis, gastric-intestinal perforation etc..
2, instrument and method
Using DW-CE540 type color ultrasonic devices, convex array probe, frequency 3.5MHz.
2.1 angiographic methods:
Subject's empty stomach 8h or more first takes dorsal position, and conventional scanning, understanding sky takes gastric area, and whether there is or not abnormal ultrasonograms, then Advise the oral gastrointestinal contrast agent modulated in advance of patient.Subject position: based on seat, dorsal position and right lateral position, and in a left side Esophagus lower section, cardia, stomach bottom, body of stomach, antrum and duodenum are successively observed in midfield, carry out serial multiple sections scanning, and emphasis is seen Examine ulcer lesions position, size, depth, echo, the thickness and level of surrounding stomach wall etc., and with gastroscope, biopsy pathology result into Row compares.
2.2 treatment methods:
Treatment group patient: gastrointestinal contrast agent prepared by the oral embodiment of the present invention 2, each 20g, 3 times a day, 7 days are one The course for the treatment of continuously takes 3 course for the treatment of;Ultrasonic examination previous hour takes orally gastrointestinal contrast agent prepared by the embodiment of the present invention 2.
Control group patient: Omeprazole+Contents of Mosapride Citrate particle is taken by therapeutic dose, 10 days as one therapeutic course connects Continuous to take 2 course for the treatment of, ultrasonic examination previous hour takes orally barium sulfate.
The judgement of 2.3 curative effects
Effective: ulcer and inflammation disappear, and stomach secret anguish, distending pain, burns sample pain, sour regurgitation, belch, spitting blood, hematochezia at dull pain Etc. symptoms disappear, WeiDongLi Capsule restores, and metabolism restores normal;
Effective: ulcer disappears or ulcer area reduces 50% or more, and surrounding tissue inflammatory reaction mitigates or subsides, stomach Pain, sour regurgitation, belch, the symptoms such as spitting blood, hematochezia mitigate, and WeiDongLi Capsule is restored;
Invalid: ulcer area is unchanged or diminution is less than 50% or symptom is unchanged.
3, result
3.1 developing result
52 patient's B-mode ultrasonographies the results show that gastrointestinal contrast agent provided by the invention to superficial gastritis, alimentary canal The recall rate of ulcer and gastrorrhagia is close, and high with gastroscope and biopsy pathology coincidence rate in terms of the detection of minimal disease, as a result It is shown in Table 1.
B ultrasound and gastroscope, biopsy pathology meet number of cases and coincidence rate after 1 gastrointestinal contrast agent containing traditional Chinese medicine ingredients of table
Disease Detect number of cases Meet number with clinic Coincidence rate (%) Meet number with biopsy pathology Coincidence rate (%)
Superficial gastritis 37 34 91.9 29 78.4
Peptic ulcer 11 9 81.8 8 72.7
Gastrorrhagia 6 5 83.3 4 66.7
As it can be seen from table 1 overall inspection result and clinical diagnosis result coincidence rate are 85.7%, the inspection of gastroscopic biopsy pathology Come to an end fruit and the total coincidence rate of pathology is 72.6%, illustrate that the gastrointestinal contrast agent provided by the invention containing traditional Chinese medicine ingredients has well Development effect.
3.2 efficacy result
Concrete outcome is shown in Table 2.
2 therapeutic effect of table
The course of disease It is effective Effectively In vain Total effective rate
Treatment group 42 8 2 96.2%
Control group 36 7 9 82.7%
From table 2 it can be seen that the total effective rate of the gastrointestinal contrast agent of the embodiment of the present application 2 is apparently higher than control group, explanation The traditional Chinese medicine ingredients of gastrointestinal contrast agent of the invention have gastrointestinal disease raises health-care effect well, can improve stomach after taking Gut function, alleviates superficial gastritis, digestive tract ulcer and gastrorrhagia symptom, and long-term use has the function of adjusting stomach weakness.
Below with reference to typical case, the present invention is further illustrated.
Case 1
Zhang, male, 34 years old, sample pain was burnt in stomachache, and (200g adds the gastrointestinal contrast agent that oral embodiment 2 provides when inspection Water is diluted to 80%, w/w), it is in mamillary or semicircle that as a result: Tangented position, niche, which protrude from place of stomach inner surface contour,;Normotopia, Niche is round or oval, and the smooth of the edge is neat, is diagnosed as gastric ulcer.After taking orally contrast agent of the invention, oral account stomachache Mitigated.
Case 2
Xue, male, 42 years old, abdominal distension, abdominal pain, nausea, (200g added the gastrointestinal contrast agent that oral embodiment 2 provides when inspection Water is diluted to 80%, w/w), as a result: the position of lesser curvature camber line minimum point is located at 5.0~10cm under crista iliaca on line, is diagnosed as stomach It is sagging, it is consistent with drinking-water ultrasonic examination results.
It should be noted that involved in claims of the present invention when numberical range, it is thus understood that each numberical range Any one numerical value can be selected between two endpoints and two endpoints, due to step method and the Examples 1 to 3 phase of use Together, it repeats in order to prevent, the present invention describes preferred embodiment, and once a person skilled in the art knows basic wounds The property made concept, then additional changes and modifications may be made to these embodiments.So the following claims are intended to be interpreted as includes Preferred embodiment and all change and modification for falling into the scope of the invention.
Obviously, various changes and modifications can be made to the invention without departing from essence of the invention by those skilled in the art Mind and range.In this way, if these modifications and changes of the present invention belongs to the range of the claims in the present invention and its equivalent technologies Within, then the present invention is also intended to include these modifications and variations.

Claims (3)

1. a kind of gastrointestinal contrast agent containing traditional Chinese medicine ingredients, which is characterized in that it prepares raw material and is grouped by the group of following parts by weight At: 15~25 parts of barium sulfate, 45~55 parts of limonite powder, 5~10 parts of Chinese medical extract;
Wherein, the Chinese medical extract is made of the bulk pharmaceutical chemicals of following parts by weight: 10~20 parts of bletilla, 10~20 parts of dried orange peel, 10~20 parts of fructus amomi fries 5~10 parts of the dried immature fruit of citron orange, 5~10 parts of Radix Codonopsis, 5~10 parts of nutmeg, 1~5 part of Radix Glycyrrhizae.
2. the gastrointestinal contrast agent according to claim 1 containing traditional Chinese medicine ingredients, which is characterized in that it prepares raw material by following heavy The group of amount number is grouped as: 20 parts of barium sulfate, 50 parts of limonite powder, 8 parts of Chinese medical extract;
Wherein, the Chinese medical extract is made of the bulk pharmaceutical chemicals of following parts by weight: 15 parts of bletilla, 15 parts of dried orange peel, 15 parts of fructus amomi, Fry 8 parts of the dried immature fruit of citron orange, 8 parts of Radix Codonopsis, 8 parts of nutmeg, 3 parts of Radix Glycyrrhizae.
3. the gastrointestinal contrast agent preparation method according to claim 1 or 2 containing traditional Chinese medicine ingredients, which is characterized in that including with Lower step:
Step 1, weigh in parts by weight 10~20 parts of bletilla, 10~20 parts of dried orange peel, 10~20 parts of fructus amomi, fry 5~10 parts of the dried immature fruit of citron orange, 5~10 parts of Radix Codonopsis, 5~10 parts of nutmeg, 1~5 part of Radix Glycyrrhizae, it is spare;
Step 2, bletilla weighed in step 1, dried orange peel, fructus amomi, the stir-fry dried immature fruit of citron orange, Radix Codonopsis, nutmeg, Radix Glycyrrhizae are mixed, then toward it It is middle that the water soaked overnight for being equivalent to 8~12 times of its total weight is added, 1.5~2.5h is decocted after immersion, filtering obtains for the first time Filtrate and filter residue;Into filter residue, addition is equivalent to 8~12 times of filter residue weight of water, decocts 1.0~2.0h, and filtering obtains second Filtrate merges first time filtrate and second of filtrate, mixes, and freeze-drying is after reduced pressure to get Chinese medical extract;
Step 3, the Chinese medicine prepared in 15~25 parts of barium sulfate, 45~55 parts of limonite powder and step 1 is weighed in parts by weight to mention 5~10 parts of object are taken, is uniformly mixed to get the gastrointestinal contrast agent containing traditional Chinese medicine ingredients described in.
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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN110755646A (en) * 2019-12-14 2020-02-07 宁波市第九医院 Traditional Chinese medicine contrast development aid for stomach ultrasonic contrast examination and preparation method thereof
CN112138173A (en) * 2020-10-26 2020-12-29 山东源科生物科技股份有限公司 Gastrointestinal ultrasonic contrast agent and preparation method thereof

Citations (1)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN102688506A (en) * 2012-06-16 2012-09-26 山东省千佛山医院 Gastrointestinal contrast agent containing Chinese herbal extracts

Patent Citations (1)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN102688506A (en) * 2012-06-16 2012-09-26 山东省千佛山医院 Gastrointestinal contrast agent containing Chinese herbal extracts

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN110755646A (en) * 2019-12-14 2020-02-07 宁波市第九医院 Traditional Chinese medicine contrast development aid for stomach ultrasonic contrast examination and preparation method thereof
CN112138173A (en) * 2020-10-26 2020-12-29 山东源科生物科技股份有限公司 Gastrointestinal ultrasonic contrast agent and preparation method thereof

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Application publication date: 20181207