CN108823429A - A kind of smelting process of low-grade sulfur-bearing zinc oxide ore - Google Patents
A kind of smelting process of low-grade sulfur-bearing zinc oxide ore Download PDFInfo
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- CN108823429A CN108823429A CN201810734478.5A CN201810734478A CN108823429A CN 108823429 A CN108823429 A CN 108823429A CN 201810734478 A CN201810734478 A CN 201810734478A CN 108823429 A CN108823429 A CN 108823429A
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B19/00—Obtaining zinc or zinc oxide
- C22B19/20—Obtaining zinc otherwise than by distilling
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B17/00—Sulfur; Compounds thereof
- C01B17/02—Preparation of sulfur; Purification
- C01B17/04—Preparation of sulfur; Purification from gaseous sulfur compounds including gaseous sulfides
- C01B17/0473—Preparation of sulfur; Purification from gaseous sulfur compounds including gaseous sulfides by reaction of sulfur dioxide or sulfur trioxide containing gases with reducing agents other than hydrogen sulfide
- C01B17/0482—Preparation of sulfur; Purification from gaseous sulfur compounds including gaseous sulfides by reaction of sulfur dioxide or sulfur trioxide containing gases with reducing agents other than hydrogen sulfide with carbon or solid carbonaceous materials
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC PRODUCTION, RECOVERY OR REFINING OF METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C1/00—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of solutions
- C25C1/16—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of solutions of zinc, cadmium or mercury
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
- Y02P10/20—Recycling
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
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Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of smelting processes of low-grade sulfur-bearing zinc oxide ore, it is characterised in that:Sulfur-bearing low-grade zinc oxide ore is crushed to 40 mesh or more, mixes again with element sulphur after filtering desliming with clear water agitator treating and carries out sulfiding volatilization acquisition zinc sulphide volatilization flue dust;After gathering dust, tail gas is purified by the activated-charcoal column with microwave radiation, is obtained elemental sulfur and is returned to use, cleaning of off-gas discharge;Vulcanize Zn dust and zinc sulfate is recycled using oxygen leaching technical matters, be used for electrolytic zinc, recycling elemental sulfur, which returns, to be used;The element sulphur additional amount is sulphur/1-1.2 times of zinc+iron;Element sulphur is elemental sulfur or vulcanized sodium;It is uniformly mixed, and the 1-5mm that pelletizes.The beneficial effects of the invention are as follows make the sulfur-bearing low-grade zinc oxide ore non-fully aoxidized so that zinc sulphide and zinc oxide therein is can be transferred through volatilizing and enriching recycling without beneficiation enrichment.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to nonferrous metallurgy fields, and in particular to and sulfur-bearing low-grade zinc oxide ore mixes element sulphur by washing,
Sulfiding volatilization is carried out in rotary kiln or fuming furnace, is gathered dust, and high temperature oxygen leaching recycles zinc sulfate and elementary sulfur and the tail gas that gathers dust
Active carbon microwave radiation purification, and the method for recycling elementary sulfur.
Background technique
China's middle-low grade zinc deposit basic unit price and present workable reserves are respectively 77.15% He of national zinc deposit
74.32%.But current low-grade zinc oxide ore, especially containing zinc less than 10%, zinc oxide ore resource benefit of the sulfur-bearing 5% or so
It is lower with rate, serious waste of resources.Mainly such zinc oxide ore ore dressing difficulty is big, at high cost, and zinc recovery only has 50% left side
The right side, and there is no mature, economic direct smelting technique technique at present.The main reason for ore dressing difficulty is big and at high cost is not only
The valuable metals grade such as zinc is low, but also because zinc sulphide and zinc oxide ore are mixed and deposited, there are no the reasons of suitable ore-dressing technique.
Directly smelting process is immature is mainly manifested in either acidic system or alkaline system, not only leaches dielectric dissipation very
Greatly, it is very big to leach the quantity of slag, and acid or alkali are immersed under conventional atmospheric and cannot all leach zinc sulphide, even if using zinc oxide is first leached
Again to leached mud machinery zinc sulphide flotation, also because there are chats in ore dressing, the recovery rate in ore-dressing of tailing problem, zinc sulphide is low,
So that the overall recovery of such zinc ore is low, economic cost can not receive.Especially Containing Sulfur zinc, zinc oxide, the mixing of zinc silicate
Low-grade ore, directly carries out acid or electrolysis is concentrated again and not can be carried out nearly all for alkali leaching, without utility value.Using general oxygen
Change reduction and volatilization zinc oxide dust cloth bag or electrostatic dust collection, also due to being the composite ore raw material of low zinc grade, reduction consumption of coal is very
Greatly, due to the presence of reduction coal, zinc sulphide therein is not easy directly to volatilize or distillation, be not easy to be oxidized to zinc oxide restore for
It is that zinc oxide fumes carry out cloth bag or electrostatic dust collection that metallic zinc, which becomes zinc fume evaporation oxidation,.Therefore this kind of property raw material, which uses, adds
Enter the redox volatilization of reduction coal, and gather dust and be enriched with zinc resource, the valuable metals redox volatility such as zinc only has 30% left side
The right side, the energy(Coal)Consumption is about 0.8-1 tons/ton raw material, and economic value is very low.
Summary of the invention
The purpose of the present invention is to provide a kind of smelting processes of low-grade sulfur-bearing zinc oxide ore, and this method is using addition member
Plain sulphur or vulcanized sodium carry out zinc sulphide, the sulfiding volatilization of zinc oxide and zinc silicate composite ore, cloth bag in rotary kiln or fuming furnace
And electrostatic dust collection, vulcanization Zn dust high temperature oxygen leaching is obtained, zinc carries out electrolysis production with sulfuric acid zinc recovering, and sulphur is with elementary sulfur
(Elemental sulfur)Recycling, which returns, to be used.Tail gas gather dust by the activated-charcoal column progress sulphur dioxide reduction purification with microwave radiation, returns
It receives elemental sulfur and returns to use.Cleaning of off-gas sprays the technical matters optimum organization such as qualified discharge again, overcomes the low-grade oxygen of sulfur-bearing
The smelting recovery for changing zinc ore is low, at high cost, the problem of economic value difference.
It the purpose of the present invention and solves its technical problem underlying and adopts the following technical solutions to realize:It is a kind of low-grade
The smelting process of sulfur-bearing zinc oxide ore, it is characterised in that:Sulfur-bearing low-grade zinc oxide ore is crushed to 40 mesh or more, is stirred with clear water
It is mixed again with element sulphur after washing filtering desliming and carries out sulfiding volatilization acquisition zinc sulphide volatilization flue dust;After gathering dust, tail gas passes through band
There is the activated-charcoal column of microwave radiation to purify, obtains elemental sulfur and return to use, cleaning of off-gas discharge;Vulcanize Zn dust using oxygen pressure leaching
Technical matters recycles zinc sulfate out, is used for electrolytic zinc, and recycling elemental sulfur, which returns, to be used;The element sulphur additional amount is sulphur/zinc+iron
1-1.2 times;Element sulphur is elemental sulfur or vulcanized sodium;It is uniformly mixed, and the 1-5mm that pelletizes.
Sulfur-bearing low-grade zinc oxide ore is containing zinc 10% hereinafter, sulfur-bearing 5% is hereinafter, iron content less than 10%, contains two in the step
Silica is less than 20%.
Granulation material is added in rotary kiln or fuming furnace in the step and carries out sulfiding volatilization, 800 DEG C of volatilization temperature-
1000 DEG C, volatilize flue dust bag collection and electrostatic dust collection, which are combined, to carry out.
Tail gas after gathering dust in the step is passed through the activated-charcoal column with microwave radiation and carries out sulphur dioxide reduction purification, obtains
The elemental sulfur obtained returns to sulfiding volatilization and uses;Cleaning of off-gas sprays up to standard rear by emptying air flue emission again.
Cloth bag and electrostatic dust collection gained zinc sulphide material use 200-250 DEG C of temperature in the step, the oxygen of 0.5-1MPa
Acidleach is pressed, solution of zinc sulfate is obtained and is used for electrolytic zinc, the elemental sulfur of acquisition returns to sulfiding volatilization.
First feature of the invention is the characteristic that can be volatilized or distil in lower temperature using metal sulfide, makes sulphur
Change zinc, iron sulfide, vulcanized lead, indium sulfide, germanium sulfide sulfides are volatilized or are distilled at 800-1000 DEG C or so.As long as will
The zinc of sulfur-bearing low-grade zinc oxide ore, lead, iron, germanium, the metal components such as indium are all changed into sulfide, can be in less high temperature
Under volatilized or distilled, with silica, calcium oxide, the separation of the Non-metallic components such as magnesia.Flue dust volatilize through gathering dust to obtain
The enriched substances such as zinc sulphide are at least enriched with 3-5 times.Zinc from Flue Dust content is up to 20% or more.Zinc sulphide and other metals in raw ore
Sulfide is also volatized into flue dust simultaneously.Therefore the rate of recovery of zinc is higher, and kiln slag can drop to 1% or less containing zinc.
Second feature of the invention is that metal oxide reacts with sulphur during sulfiding volatilization, is equivalent to combustion of sulfur
Heat release can reduce the energy consumption for maintaining furnace temperature, and a part of sulphur is reacted with the oxygen in metal oxide generates sulfur dioxide gas,
Also vulcanization reaction occurs for some nonmetal oxide.But its volatilization temperature be higher than metal sulfide, cannot or less volatile
Into flue dust.The sulfur dioxide that reaction generates enters in flue gas.The elementary sulfur that the present invention is added is much larger than the zinc oxide in raw material
Amount, it is ensured that its dosage.The sulfur dioxide generated in vulcanization reaction is elemental sulfur presence by active carbon microwave radiation reduction
In activated-charcoal column, cleaning activated-charcoal column can recycle return and use.The vulcanization flue dust of Zn accumulation presses acidleach by oxygen, not only
Solution of zinc sulfate is obtained for electric zinc production, and obtained elementary sulfur is recyclable returns to use.Therefore it is added in the present invention
The net consumption of element sulphur is little, much lower compared with the cost for using coal to carry out redox volatilization.
The beneficial effects of the invention are as follows make the sulfur-bearing low-grade zinc oxide ore non-fully aoxidized wherein without beneficiation enrichment
Zinc sulphide and zinc oxide can be transferred through volatilizing and enriching recycling.The present invention can smelt sulfur-bearing better than current all technical matters
Low-grade zinc oxide ore is provided with this kind of mineral resources and smelts utility value and economic benefit.
Specific embodiment
In conjunction with the preferred embodiment, to a kind of smelting process of low-grade sulfur-bearing zinc oxide ore proposed according to the present invention
Specific features and its effect, detailed description is as follows.
A kind of smelting process of low-grade sulfur-bearing zinc oxide ore, includes the following steps:
It is step 1, sulfur-bearing low-grade zinc oxide ore is levigate to more than 40 mesh, then with clear water room temperature or heating washing 2-3 times.It crosses
Filter obtains the low-grade zinc oxide ore of the sulfur-bearing 8-10%, the 10%-15% containing zinc of 80% or more desliming.
Step 2 is incorporated elementary sulfur or vulcanized sodium by the amount of the sum of raw material zinc and iron, is allowed to sulphur/zinc+iron=1-1.2, and make
Grain is 1-5mm.
The granulation of step 2 is added in rotary kiln or fuming furnace by step 3, by revolution kiln hood(Kiln slag exit)Or cigarette
To change furnace lower combustion coal gas or natural gas provides certain energy and makes zinc oxide, vulcanization reaction can occur for the materials such as iron oxide,
800-1000 DEG C of temperature of control carries out sulfiding volatilization.
After step 4, vulcanization Zn dust are by cloth bag or electrostatic dust collection, tail gas is micro- into having for exit of gathering dust is connected to
The activated-charcoal column of wave radiation carries out sulphur dioxide reduction reaction at frequency 2-300GHz, the microwave radiation of power 15-20kW,
Reach 300mg/Nm to reach cleaning of off-gas3Hereinafter, dust 100mg/ Nm3Below.
Step 5 enters back into spray column progress clear water or alkaline water spray by the tail gas that step 4 purifies, and reaches titanium dioxide
Sulphur 100mg/ Nm3Left and right, flue dust 50mg/ Nm3It is discharged again after below.
Step 6 carries out high temperature oxygen leaching, the solution of zinc sulfate power transmission of acquisition by the resulting vulcanization Zn dust of step 3 and 4
Zinc production, the element sulphur of acquisition(Elemental sulfur)It returns and uses.
Step 7 is periodically or non-periodically cleared up, and replaces the activated-charcoal column of step 4, the elemental sulfur of acquisition, which returns to sulfiding volatilization, to be made
With.
Embodiment
Example 1:Certain Refractory ore contains zinc 10.5%, lead 1.75%, silica 1 3.7%, iron 8.5%, sulphur 4.3%, oxygen
Change calcium 7.8%, 30% or more soil.Its smelting step is as follows:
1, clear water room temperature washs 3 times, and filtering drying is levigate to 60 mesh.
2, sulphur powder is added by sulphur/zinc+iron=1.2, pelletize 1-2mm after mixing.
3, in the small rotary kiln of use for laboratory, rotary kiln is diameter 200*5000mm, electricity consumption heating rotary kiln, volatilization temperature
1000℃。
4, rotary kiln uses bag collection, and the tail gas that gathers dust enters the band microwave radiation being connected between outlet and alkali spray tube
Activated-charcoal column, activated-charcoal column be diameter 150*800mm, microwave radiation frequencies 2.5GHz, power 2.5kW.Tail gas uses 5% carbon again
Acid sodium solution washing.
5, after continuous charging 100kg, more than 10 kilograms of Zn dust of vulcanization is obtained, obtains 1.2 kilograms of elemental sulfur, spray discharge tail
200-300mg/N containing sulfur dioxide cubic metres of gas, 20-30mg/N cubic metres of dust.
6, it takes zinc sulphide to gather dust 1 kilogram and carries out oxygen leaching, gather dust containing zinc 33.5%, lead 4.8%, iron 13.2%, oxygen leaching
Condition:Sulfuric acid 70-80g/L, recycles elemental sulfur by 170-200 DEG C of temperature, oxygen pressure 1MPa, leachate 90.5g/L containing zinc
0.121 kilogram.After being implemented by above step, obtains slag and contain zinc 0.75%, the sulfiding volatilization rate 91.2% of zinc, Oxidation Leaching rate
89.5%, recovery of elemental sulfur rate 83.5%.
Example 2:The produced sulfur-bearing low-grade zinc oxide ore in somewhere contains zinc 11.2%, wherein zinc oxide 6.5%, zinc sulphide
4.7%, lead 0.92%(All vulcanized lead), iron 6.72%, silica 1 8.16%, calcium oxide 27.2%, containing 50% or more soil.
It is washed 2-3 times with 30-40 DEG C of hot water first.Then it filters, dries, be crushed to 140 mesh or so, by sulphur/zinc+iron=1 supplying sulphur powder
Mixing granulation is 3-5mm, carries out sulfiding volatilization with rotary kiln.The natural gas for blasting burning from revolution kiln hood provides heat, control
Sulfiding volatilization temperature is 900 ± 50 DEG C, and metal sulfiding volatilization flue dust is gathered dust using pulse bag.Tail gas gather dust by being connected to tail
The activated-charcoal column with microwave radiation of diameter 800*3000mm between gas outlet and tail gas spray tower import, carries out tail gas dioxy
Change sulphur purification.Cleaning of off-gas qualified discharge after carrying out sig water or milk of lime spray washing.Gained vulcanization Zn dust is reached containing zinc
36.5%, then 150-170 DEG C is carried out, 0.5-0.8MPa oxygen leaching obtains solution of zinc sulfate containing 92.5g/L, it is small to be carried out continuously 72
Shi Hou recycles more than 50 kilograms of elemental sulfur from activated-charcoal column, more than 30 kilograms of elemental sulfur is recovered by filtration from oxidizing acid immersion liquid.Kiln slag
In 0.5-0.6% containing zinc.
Example 3:Vulcanized sodium is used with the laboratory equipment and condition of example 1 with the sulfur-bearing low-grade zinc oxide ore of example 2
For vulcanizing agent, remaining condition is identical as example 1 to be tested.The sulfiding volatilization rate 87.5% of acquisition zinc, oxygen leaching rate 88.2%,
Elementary sulfur overall recovery 78.8%.It is lower than simple substance sulphur powder with the calculating economic indicator that vulcanized sodium makees vulcanizing agent, mainly vulcanized sodium must
It must first dissolve, then mixing, when drying has sulfur dioxide generation to have lost Partial Elements sulphur, and elementary sulfur usage ratio is made to decrease
It is caused.
Example 4:Redox volatilization is carried out with the washing desliming raw material and equipment and experimental condition of example 1.Experimental condition
For:Reduction coal/raw material=0.25,1000-1200 DEG C of redox volatilization temperature, briquetting granularity 1-3mm, slag type pH value=0.9,
It continuous work 10 hours, obtains zinc oxide fumes and contains zinc 45.3%, kiln slag 1.5-2.3% containing zinc, the redox volatility of zinc
53.8%, although zinc oxide gathers dust, accumulation rate is high, the volatilization rate of recovery of zinc low compared with sulfiding volatilization nearly 40%.
The present invention carries out zinc sulphide, zinc oxide and silicic acid using addition element sulphur or vulcanized sodium in rotary kiln or fuming furnace
The sulfiding volatilization of zinc composite ore, cloth bag and electrostatic dust collection obtain vulcanization Zn dust high temperature oxygen leaching, and zinc is with sulfuric acid zinc recovering
Electrolysis production is carried out, sulphur is with elementary sulfur(Elemental sulfur)Recycling, which returns, to be used.The tail gas that gathers dust passes through the activated-charcoal column with microwave radiation
Sulphur dioxide reduction purification is carried out, recycling elemental sulfur, which returns, to be used.Cleaning of off-gas sprays the optimization of the technical matters such as qualified discharge again
Combination, the smelting recovery for overcoming sulfur-bearing low-grade zinc oxide ore is low, at high cost, the problem of economic value difference.
Above example is only described further with regard to the present invention, and the present invention is not limited.
Claims (5)
1. a kind of smelting process of low-grade sulfur-bearing zinc oxide ore, it is characterised in that:Sulfur-bearing low-grade zinc oxide ore is crushed to 40
It more than mesh, is mixed again with element sulphur after filtering desliming with clear water agitator treating and carries out sulfiding volatilization acquisition zinc sulphide volatilization flue dust;
After gathering dust, tail gas is purified by the activated-charcoal column with microwave radiation, is obtained elemental sulfur and is returned to use, cleaning of off-gas discharge;Sulphur
Change Zn dust and zinc sulfate is recycled using oxygen leaching technical matters, be used for electrolytic zinc, recycling elemental sulfur, which returns, to be used;The sulphur member
Plain additional amount is sulphur/1-1.2 times of zinc+iron;Element sulphur is elemental sulfur or vulcanized sodium;It is uniformly mixed, and the 1-5mm that pelletizes.
2. a kind of smelting process of low-grade sulfur-bearing zinc oxide ore as described in claim 1, it is characterised in that:Sulfur-bearing is low-grade
Zinc oxide ore is containing zinc 10% hereinafter, sulfur-bearing 5% is hereinafter, iron content less than 10%, contains silica less than 20%.
3. a kind of smelting process of low-grade sulfur-bearing zinc oxide ore as described in claim 1, it is characterised in that:To pelletize material
It is added in rotary kiln or fuming furnace and carries out sulfiding volatilization, 800 DEG C -1000 DEG C of volatilization temperature, volatilize flue dust bag collection and quiet
Electricity gathers dust to combine and carry out.
4. a kind of smelting process of low-grade sulfur-bearing zinc oxide ore as claimed in claim 1 or 3, it is characterised in that:After gathering dust
Tail gas be passed through the activated-charcoal column with microwave radiation and carry out sulphur dioxide reduction purification, the elemental sulfur of acquisition, which returns to sulfiding volatilization, to be made
With;Cleaning of off-gas sprays up to standard rear by emptying air flue emission again.
5. a kind of smelting process of low-grade sulfur-bearing zinc oxide ore as claimed in claim 1 or 3, it is characterised in that:Cloth bag and
Zinc sulphide material obtained by electrostatic dust collection uses 200-250 DEG C of temperature, and the oxygen of 0.5-1MPa presses acidleach, obtains solution of zinc sulfate and is used for
The elemental sulfur of electrolytic zinc, acquisition returns to sulfiding volatilization.
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Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN109439909A (en) * | 2018-12-15 | 2019-03-08 | 六盘水中联工贸实业有限公司 | A method of the Ti recovery from high siliceous optical fiber production waste material |
CN110801803A (en) * | 2019-11-28 | 2020-02-18 | 江西理工大学 | Method for preparing mercury removal adsorbent by utilizing wet zinc smelting oxygen pressure acid leaching residue |
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CN103146927A (en) * | 2013-04-02 | 2013-06-12 | 长沙有色冶金设计研究院有限公司 | Smelting method for treating zinc leached residues in mixed manner by using oxygen leached residues |
CN104975166A (en) * | 2015-06-30 | 2015-10-14 | 中南大学 | Method for treating antimony sulfide concentrate through sulfide phase reductive transformation-ore dressing |
CN106222397A (en) * | 2016-08-04 | 2016-12-14 | 中南大学 | A kind of utilize pyrite sulfidation roasting smithsonite and the method for Zn accumulation galvanized iron |
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EP0065815A1 (en) * | 1981-05-22 | 1982-12-01 | Sherritt Gordon Mines Limited | Recovering zinc from zinc-containing sulphidic material |
CN102187001A (en) * | 2008-08-27 | 2011-09-14 | Sgl碳欧洲股份公司 | Method for processing solid or molten materials |
CN101693162A (en) * | 2009-10-10 | 2010-04-14 | 华北电力大学(保定) | Method for desulfurizing and denitrating boiler gas simultaneously by using active carbon under microwave radiation |
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Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN109439909B (en) * | 2018-12-15 | 2023-09-05 | 六盘水中联工贸实业有限公司 | Method for recycling germanium from high-silicon-content optical fiber production waste |
CN110801803A (en) * | 2019-11-28 | 2020-02-18 | 江西理工大学 | Method for preparing mercury removal adsorbent by utilizing wet zinc smelting oxygen pressure acid leaching residue |
CN110801803B (en) * | 2019-11-28 | 2022-04-26 | 江西理工大学 | Method for preparing mercury removal adsorbent by utilizing wet zinc smelting oxygen pressure acid leaching residue |
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