CN108813100B - Method for preparing straw micro-storage feed by combined treatment of blasting, calcium oxide and probiotics - Google Patents
Method for preparing straw micro-storage feed by combined treatment of blasting, calcium oxide and probiotics Download PDFInfo
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- CN108813100B CN108813100B CN201810624018.7A CN201810624018A CN108813100B CN 108813100 B CN108813100 B CN 108813100B CN 201810624018 A CN201810624018 A CN 201810624018A CN 108813100 B CN108813100 B CN 108813100B
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/10—Animal feeding-stuffs obtained by microbiological or biochemical processes
- A23K10/12—Animal feeding-stuffs obtained by microbiological or biochemical processes by fermentation of natural products, e.g. of vegetable material, animal waste material or biomass
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/10—Animal feeding-stuffs obtained by microbiological or biochemical processes
- A23K10/16—Addition of microorganisms or extracts thereof, e.g. single-cell proteins, to feeding-stuff compositions
- A23K10/18—Addition of microorganisms or extracts thereof, e.g. single-cell proteins, to feeding-stuff compositions of live microorganisms
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/30—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms
- A23K10/37—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms from waste material
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/20—Inorganic substances, e.g. oligoelements
- A23K20/24—Compounds of alkaline earth metals, e.g. magnesium
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
- A23K50/10—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for ruminants
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
- Y02P60/80—Food processing, e.g. use of renewable energies or variable speed drives in handling, conveying or stacking
- Y02P60/87—Re-use of by-products of food processing for fodder production
Abstract
The invention discloses a method for preparing straw micro-storage feed by combined treatment of blasting, calcium oxide and probiotics, which comprises the following steps: step A: crushing dried corn stalks; and B: adding CaO with the mass fraction of 2-5%, and uniformly mixing to form a straw calcium oxide mixture; and C: treating the straw calcium oxide mixture in a blasting machine at 1-2Mpa for 150-280s, instantaneously releasing pressure to blast within 0.00875s, and airing the blasted mixture; step D: mixing the exploded mixture of lactobacillus and yeast solution, sealing, and fermenting at 27-30 deg.C for 3-5 days to obtain the micro-storage feed. The method for preparing the straw micro-storage feed by combined treatment of blasting, calcium oxide and probiotics is simple, and the prepared straw micro-storage feed can obviously improve the feed intake, daily gain and feed conversion efficiency of animals and effectively improve the health condition of the animals.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of processing and manufacturing of roughage, in particular to a method for preparing straw micro-storage feed by combined treatment of blasting, calcium oxide and probiotics.
Background
The fiber is the main component of crop straw and comprises macromolecular polysaccharide cellulose, monosaccharide isomeric polymer hemicellulose and aromatic high polymer lignin. The cellulose is arranged and combined in space according to a certain mode to form a fine vascular bundle structure, and the intricate vascular bundles form cell walls in a net shape. The second most nutrient in the straw is hemicellulose, which has the same function as cellulose in the form of a scaffold and backbone, and hemicellulose can also have the function of storing carbohydrates like starch.
The traditional treatment method of the crop straws comprises the following steps: chopping and crushing, soaking and steaming, microwave and steam explosion are common treatment methods for straws. After the straws are soaked, the components of the straws are not changed, but the softened taste can increase the food intake of animals to a certain extent. However, the treatment does not really increase the digestibility of the straw by the animal, so the method has little effect on the production of the animal. Microwaves are often not singly used as a pretreatment method, and are combined with enzymolysis of cellulase in most cases, holes generated by steam on the surface of straws are increased through microwave heating, so that the cellulase can pass through the holes and pass over lignin to directly contact cellulose, and the enzymolysis is improved. Researches show that microwave irradiation can break the link between the wax layer on the surface of the straw and part of internal components, but the straw cannot be massively processed by microwave in actual production due to small density and large volume, so that the straw cannot be popularized and utilized in a large scale at present. Chemical treatment is a common method for degrading cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin of the straws partially by using chemical reaction, and the method can reduce the compactness of crude fiber components, increase the contact area of the cellulose and the hemicellulose with rumen microorganisms and further improve the nutritive value of the straws. The NaOH dry treatment solves the problems of energy consumption and water consumption, but in the actual production, animal wastes can discharge a large amount of sodium ions, which also causes serious environmental pollution, and the NaOH is not suitable for single popularization and use because of high price.
In summary, the above-mentioned straw treatment methods have different defects, more equipment is used, the manufacturing cost is higher, the method is not suitable for large-scale production, and is easy to cause environmental pollution, and further improvement is urgently needed.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method for preparing straw micro-storage feed by combined treatment of blasting, calcium oxide and probiotics, which is used for solving the defects of high manufacturing cost, serious environmental pollution, low feed utilization rate and poor application effect of the feed prepared by the conventional method.
In order to achieve the aim, the invention provides a method for preparing straw micro-storage feed by combined treatment of blasting, calcium oxide and probiotics, which comprises the following steps:
step A: crushing dried corn stalks;
and B: adding CaO with the mass fraction of 2-5%, and uniformly mixing to form a straw calcium oxide mixture;
and C: treating the straw calcium oxide mixture in a blasting machine at 1-2Mpa for 150-280s, instantaneously releasing pressure to blast within 0.00875s, and airing the blasted mixture;
step D: mixing the exploded mixture of lactobacillus and yeast solution, sealing, and fermenting at 27-30 deg.C for 3-5 days to obtain the micro-storage feed.
Preferably, the mixture solution of lactic acid bacteria and yeast is prepared by adding 100ml of lactic acid bacteria solution and 100ml of yeast solution to 100kg of water;
wherein the content of lactobacillus in the lactobacillus liquid is 1 × 108cfu/mL, the content of lactobacillus in the yeast is 1 × 108cfu/mL。
Preferably, the corn stalks are crushed to 1 to 4 cm.
Preferably, the mixture after blasting is dried by an electrothermal blowing drying oven at 60-70 ℃.
Preferably, in the step B, CaO with the mass fraction of 4% is added.
Preferably, in the step D, the sealing temperature is 28 ℃.
The invention also provides a method for preparing the micro-storage feed to replace 50% of silage storage, so that the utilization of dry straw is improved, and the feed cost is saved.
The invention also provides application of the micro-storage feed prepared by the method in preparing feed for improving the levels of glutathione and reduced glutathione in serum of meat sheep and gastrointestinal lactobacillus and aerobic bacteria.
The invention also provides the application of the micro-storage feed prepared by the method in preparing the feed for improving the gastrointestinal health.
Preferably, the improvement in gastrointestinal health is achieved by increasing rumen acetic acid synthesis.
The invention also provides application of the micro-storage feed prepared by the method in preparing feed for improving feed intake and food conversion efficiency of mutton sheep.
The invention has the following advantages:
the method for preparing the straw micro-storage feed by combined treatment of blasting, calcium oxide and probiotics is simple, and the prepared straw micro-storage feed has high animal absorption efficiency and good production performance, and effectively improves the health condition of animals.
Detailed Description
The following examples are intended to illustrate the invention but are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
Specific embodiments of the present invention will be described in more detail below. These embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art.
In the following description and in the claims, the terms "include" and "comprise" are used in an open-ended fashion, and thus should be interpreted to mean "include, but not limited to. The description which follows is a preferred embodiment of the invention, but is made for the purpose of illustrating the general principles of the invention and not for the purpose of limiting the scope of the invention. The scope of the present invention is defined by the appended claims.
Example 1
The method for preparing the straw micro-storage feed by combined treatment of blasting, calcium oxide and probiotics comprises the following steps:
step A: pulverizing dried corn stalk into 1 cm.
And B: adding CaO with the mass fraction of 2%, and uniformly mixing to form a straw calcium oxide mixture.
And C: treating the straw calcium oxide mixture in a blasting machine at 1Mpa for 150s under pressure maintaining, instantaneously releasing pressure for blasting within 0.00875s, drying the blasted mixture, and drying the blasted mixture at 60 ℃ by an electrothermal blast drying oven.
Step D: mixing the mixture of lactobacillus and yeast solution after blasting, sealing, and fermenting at 27 deg.C for 3-5 days to obtain the micro-storage feed. The mixture lactic acid bacteria and yeast solution is prepared by adding 100ml of lactic acid bacteria solution and 100ml of yeast solution into every 100kg of water; wherein the content of lactobacillus in lactobacillus liquid is 1 × 108cfu/mL, the content of lactobacillus in yeast is 1 × 108cfu/mL。
Example 2
The method for preparing the straw micro-storage feed by combined treatment of blasting, calcium oxide and probiotics comprises the following steps:
step A: and (3) crushing the dried corn straws to 2 cm.
And B: adding CaO with the mass fraction of 4%, and uniformly mixing to form a straw calcium oxide mixture.
And C: treating the straw calcium oxide mixture in a blasting machine at 1.5Mpa for 200s, instantaneously releasing pressure to blast in 0.00875s, drying the blasted mixture, and drying the blasted mixture at 65 ℃ by an electrothermal blast drying oven.
Step D: mixing the mixture of lactobacillus and yeast solution after blasting, sealing, and fermenting at 28 deg.C for 3-5 days to obtain the micro-storage feed. Wherein the mixture of lactobacillus and yeast solution is prepared by adding 100ml of lactobacillus solution and 100ml of yeast solution into every 100kg of water; wherein the content of lactobacillus in lactobacillus liquid is 1 × 108cfu/mL, the content of lactobacillus in yeast is 1 × 108cfu/mL。
Example 3
The method for preparing the straw micro-storage feed by combined treatment of blasting, calcium oxide and probiotics comprises the following steps:
step A: and (3) crushing the dried corn straws to about 4 cm.
And B: adding CaO with the mass fraction of 5 percent, and uniformly mixing to form a straw calcium oxide mixture.
And C: treating the mixture of straw and calcium oxide in a blasting machine at 2Mpa for 280s under pressure, instantaneously releasing pressure for blasting within 0.00875s, drying the blasted mixture in the air, and drying the blasted mixture at 70 ℃ by an electrothermal blast drying oven.
Step D: mixing the mixture of lactobacillus and yeast solution after blasting, sealing, and fermenting at 30 deg.C for 3-5 days to obtain the micro-storage feed. The mixture lactic acid bacteria and yeast solution is prepared by adding 100ml of lactic acid bacteria solution and 100ml of yeast solution into every 100kg of water; wherein the content of lactobacillus in lactobacillus liquid is 1 × 108cfu/mL, the content of lactobacillus in yeast is 1 × 108cfu/mL。
Example 4
Experimental design and grouping: the test sheep were offered by luoyang xin woollen husbandry, and 48 healthy Hu sheep of similar body weight at 2 months of age were selected for two treatments, each treatment was 4 replicates, and each replicate was 6 sheep. The first treatment is a control group and is used for feeding basic ration added with common corn straws, the second treatment is a test group and is used for feeding the daily ration added with the straw micro-storage feed, and the feed composition and the nutrient composition of each group are shown in the following table 1.
Test equipment: 752 ultraviolet spectrophotometer (Shanghai Hua scientific and technological instruments, Inc.), desk refrigerated centrifuge, TECAN M200 full-wave plate reader, pulverizer (9FQ-420, Zhengzhou Qianding mechanical equipment, Inc.), electric heating constant temperature water bath (XMTD-608, Changjiang temperature instrument factory of Yuyao City), electronic balance (AB204-N), magnetic heating stirrer (79-1, middle and large instrument factory of Jintani city), plastic sealer (SG-200), Maofu furnace (SRTX-3-9), filter paper bag (beef cattle research center of China agricultural university), Soxhlet fat device, Kjeldahl nitrogen determination instrument (D-2000, Shanghai SKPeou analytical instruments, Inc.).
Preparing a reagent: 4N-HCl solution: accurately measuring 360mL of concentrated hydrochloric acid, diluting to 1000mL with distilled water, and shaking up. MRS culture medium: weighing 15g of tryptone, 20g of glucose, 1g of yeast extract powder, 2g of dipotassium phosphate, 801 mL of tween, 5g of sodium acetate, 2g of ammonium citrate, 0.2g of magnesium sulfate and 0.05g of manganese sulfate, adding 1.5% agar into a solid culture medium, heating and dissolving the agar by using a proper amount of distilled water, adding distilled water to 1L, and finally sterilizing the mixture for 20min by using high-pressure steam at the temperature of 121 ℃ and the pressure of 0.15MPa for later use. Eosin methylene blue medium: weighing eosin methylene blue culture medium 42.5g, adding 1L distilled water, and autoclaving at 121 deg.C and 0.15MPa for 20 min. LB culture medium: accurately weighing 10g of tryptone, 5g of yeast extract powder and 10g of sodium chloride, adding 1.5% of agar into a solid culture medium, heating and dissolving the agar in distilled water, adding distilled water to 1L, and sterilizing the mixture at 121 ℃ and 0.15MPa for 20min for later use. Physiological saline: weighing 0.9g NaCl, adding a small amount of distilled water for dissolving, then fixing the volume to 100mL, and sterilizing at 121 ℃ and 0.15MPa for 20min for later use.
Table 1 feed formulation and nutrient levels (%, air-dry basis)
And (3) measuring the production performance: before the test, the pre-feeding is carried out for 7 days, when the positive feeding is started, the feeding is carried out for two times at 8 am and 6 pm, the feeding amount is weighed before the feeding, the residual material amount is weighed before the next feeding, the feed intake is calculated, the test is carried out for 30 days, and the initial weight, the final weight and the daily gain are calculated.
And (3) determining nutrient digestibility: the method is carried out by an acid insoluble ash method (AIA).
The ration nutrient digestibility (%) < 100 × [1- (ration acid-insoluble ash/feces-like acid-insoluble ash) × (feces-like nutrient content/ration nutrient content) ]. According to the determination method of the feed moisture, protein (CP) adopts a Kjeldahl method, crude fat (EE) adopts an ether extraction method, calcium (Ca) adopts an ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid complexometric titration calcium determination method, and phosphorus (P) adopts a vanadium-molybdenum yellow colorimetric method.
And (3) fecal microorganism index determination: each group was prepared by taking 0.5g of feces stored at 20 ℃ and dissolving in 4.5mL of physiological saline as a 10-fold diluted solution, then sucking 0.5mL of the 10-fold diluted solution, adding 4.5mL of physiological saline as a 100-fold diluted solution, sequentially diluting to appropriate concentrations, and culturing.
The lactobacillus is subjected to anaerobic culture for 48h by adopting an MRS solid culture medium, the escherichia coli is subjected to culture for 48h by adopting an eosin methylene blue solid culture medium, the total bacteria are subjected to culture for 48h by adopting an LB solid culture medium, and then the viable count is measured.
The effect of different treatments on the performance of mutton sheep is shown in table 2. And (3) measuring the biochemical indexes and the antioxidant indexes of the serum, namely, the serum stored at the temperature of-20 ℃ is subjected to inspection, the antioxidant indexes of the serum are measured by adopting a Nanjing constructed kit, the biochemical indexes of the serum are shown in a table 3, and the antioxidant indexes of the serum are shown in a table 4. The microbial contents of the dejecta of each group of mutton sheep are shown in Table 5.
TABLE 2 Effect of different treatments on mutton sheep Productivity
TABLE 3 serum Biochemical indicators
TABLE 4 serum antioxidant index
TABLE 5 fecal lactic acid bacteria, E.coli and Total bacteria content (lgCFU/g)
In the production performance indexes shown in table 2, the average daily gain and daily feed intake of the mutton sheep in the test group are significantly higher than those in the control group (P <0.05), and the feed-meat ratio is significantly lower than that in the control group (P <0.05), which indicates that the daily feed intake and daily gain of the mutton sheep can be significantly improved by adding the micro-storage straws, and the conversion efficiency of the food feed is improved.
In the biochemical indicators of the sera in table 3, it can be seen that the blood glucose concentration of the test group is significantly higher than that of the control group (P <0.05), indicating that the micro-storage feed improves the carbohydrate utilization of the animals. In the antioxidant indexes shown in table 4, the contents of glutathione and reduced glutathione in the test group are significantly higher than those in the control group (P <0.05), and the differences of other indexes are not significant (P > 0.05). Glutathione is a tripeptide compound formed from glutamic acid, glycine and cysteine, widely exists in plant and animal cells, is synthesized in the cells, and includes two types, namely reduced glutathione and oxidized glutathione, wherein the reduced glutathione accounts for 99.5%. Glutathione is an important antioxidant and free radical scavenger in vivo, has effects of resisting oxidation and improving immunity, and can improve the body health of experimental animals by feeding treated straw. In the fecal microorganism index of table 5, it can be seen that the addition of the micro-storage straw can increase the number of beneficial lactic acid bacteria in the intestinal tract of the mutton sheep, which is beneficial to the gastrointestinal health of animals.
The straws treated by the method can obviously improve the feed intake, daily gain and feed conversion rate of the mutton sheep, and improve the immunity, oxidation resistance and gastrointestinal health of the mutton sheep.
Example 5
The roughage replacement ratio and the feeding period are set, and the replacement ratio is designed as shown in table 4:
TABLE 4 micro-silage and silage addition ratio
The feeding method is designed as follows: selecting 4 Hu sheep with fistulas, and performing Latin square test under the same feeding management condition. Predeeding for 7 days, positive feeding for 10 days, and on day 11, rumen contents were collected through the rumen fistula. Feeding was then started for the next group and the procedure was repeated until the test group was completed.
Processing and storing rumen content, filtering a part of fresh rumen content, subpackaging the filtered rumen liquid, and storing the rumen content and the subpackaged rumen liquid at-20 deg.C.
And (3) volatile fatty acid determination, namely, unfreezing rumen fluid stored at the temperature of-20 ℃ for a period of time at room temperature, centrifuging for 5min at the rotating speed of 4000r/min, putting 5mL into a 10mL centrifuge tube, respectively adding 1mL of 25% metaphosphoric acid, shaking up, standing for 30min, centrifuging for 10min at 4000r/min, and taking supernatant for chromatographic determination.
Chromatographic conditions are as follows: analytical column IonPac AS-11 separation column (4X 250mm) and IonPacAS-11 guard column (4X 50mm), eluent: 1mmol/L NaOH, flow rate: 0.6mL/min, column box temperature: 30 ℃, injection volume: 25 μ L, detection format: inhibition type conductance, ASRS 3004mm, auto-cycling.
And (3) measuring ammonia nitrogen, wherein the measurement is carried out according to the improvement of a method for measuring the ammonia nitrogen content of rumen fluid by colorimetry.
TABLE 5 different proportions of straw micro-storage fodder according to the invention for sheep rumen volatile acid (VFA) and ammoniacal Nitrogen (NH)3Influence of-N) (μ g/mL)
The content of acetic acid and ammoniacal nitrogen in the rumen of the sheep in 50% of the straw micro-storage feed instead of a silage group is obviously higher than that in 75% of a substitution group and a control group (P is less than 0.05), and the replacement of the silage by 50% of the straw micro-storage feed is more beneficial to the synthesis of rumen acetic acid, so that the digestibility of the sheep on coarse feed is improved.
The invention adopts the method of blasting after adding alkali to pretreat the corn straws, and then carries out short-term micro-storage, and the prepared micro-storage feed replaces silage to feed ruminants.
Although the invention has been described in detail above with reference to a general description and specific examples, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that modifications or improvements may be made thereto based on the invention. Accordingly, such modifications and improvements are intended to be within the scope of the invention as claimed.
Claims (10)
1. A method for preparing straw micro-storage feed by combined treatment of blasting, calcium oxide and probiotics is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step A: crushing dried corn stalks;
and B: adding CaO with the mass fraction of 2-5%, and uniformly mixing to form a straw calcium oxide mixture;
and C: treating the straw calcium oxide mixture in a blasting machine at 1-2Mpa for 150-280s, instantaneously releasing pressure to blast within 0.00875s, and airing the blasted mixture;
step D: adding lactobacillus and yeast solution into the mixture after blasting, sealing, and fermenting at 27-30 deg.C for 3-5 days to obtain the micro-storage feed.
2. The method for preparing straw micro-storage feed by the combined treatment of blasting, calcium oxide and probiotics according to claim 1,
the mixture lactic acid bacteria and yeast solution is prepared by adding 100mL of lactic acid bacteria solution and 100mL of yeast solution into every 100kg of water;
wherein the content of lactobacillus in the lactobacillus liquid is 1 × 108cfu/mL, the content of lactobacillus in the yeast is 1 × 108cfu/mL。
3. The method for preparing straw micro-storage feed by the combined treatment of blasting, calcium oxide and probiotics according to claim 1,
the corn straws are crushed to 1-4 cm.
4. The method for preparing straw micro-storage feed by the combined treatment of blasting, calcium oxide and probiotics according to claim 1,
and drying the mixture after blasting at 60-70 ℃ by an electrothermal blowing drying oven.
5. The method for preparing straw micro-storage feed by the combined treatment of blasting, calcium oxide and probiotics according to claim 1,
and in the step B, CaO with the mass fraction of 4 percent is added.
6. The method for preparing straw micro-storage feed by the combined treatment of blasting, calcium oxide and probiotics according to claim 1,
in the step D, the sealing temperature is 28 ℃.
7. Use of the micro-silage prepared by the method of any one of claims 1-6 in the preparation of a feed for increasing the levels of glutathione and reduced glutathione in the serum of a meat sheep and of lactic acid bacteria and aerobic bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract.
8. Use of a silage prepared by the method of any one of claims 1-6 in the preparation of a feed for improving gastrointestinal health.
9. The use of claim 8, wherein the improvement in gastrointestinal health is achieved by increasing rumen acetic acid synthesis.
10. Use of the micro-silage prepared by the method of any one of claims 1-6 in the preparation of a feed for increasing feed intake and food conversion efficiency of mutton sheep.
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