CN111758838A - Processing method for improving nutritive value of rape straws and hulls and animal feed - Google Patents
Processing method for improving nutritive value of rape straws and hulls and animal feed Download PDFInfo
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- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/30—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
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- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/10—Animal feeding-stuffs obtained by microbiological or biochemical processes
- A23K10/12—Animal feeding-stuffs obtained by microbiological or biochemical processes by fermentation of natural products, e.g. of vegetable material, animal waste material or biomass
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
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- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/20—Inorganic substances, e.g. oligoelements
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
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- A23K20/24—Compounds of alkaline earth metals, e.g. magnesium
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
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- A23K30/00—Processes specially adapted for preservation of materials in order to produce animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K30/10—Processes specially adapted for preservation of materials in order to produce animal feeding-stuffs of green fodder
- A23K30/15—Processes specially adapted for preservation of materials in order to produce animal feeding-stuffs of green fodder using chemicals or microorganisms for ensilaging
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
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Abstract
The invention relates to a processing method for improving the nutritive value of rape straws and hulls and an animal feed, which comprises the following steps: (1) pulverizing rape straws into 2.5-3.5cm long, measuring the dry matter content, (2) weighing calcium oxide according to the water addition amount calculated according to the standard and 3.5-6% of the dry matter weight of the straws or the hulls, dissolving the calcium oxide in water to form lime emulsion for later use, (3) fully and uniformly mixing the prepared lime emulsion with the rape straws or the hulls, and ensuring uniform mixing by adopting a mechanical or manual mixing mode such as a stirrer, (4) creating an anaerobic sealing environment by adopting a mode of vacuumizing, wrapping or compacting in a sealed cellar, a pool and the like, and storing the straws uniformly mixed with the lime emulsion under the anaerobic condition. The invention can obviously reduce the content of lignocellulose in rape straws and hulls, improve the digestibility of the rape straws and hulls in animal bodies and improve the production performance of animals.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of crop straw processing and feed, in particular to a treatment method for improving nutritive value of rape straws and hulls based on a calcium oxide anaerobic alkaline storage technology and animal feed.
Background
In recent years, the animal husbandry is rapidly developed, the living standard of people is continuously improved, and the demand of animal products such as meat, eggs, milk and the like is more and more vigorous. However, the lack of high quality roughage severely restricts the development of the herbivore breeding industry. China has abundant crop straw resources, but the proportion of the feed utilization is low, and the straw byproducts generally have the defects of low digestibility and poor palatability. A large amount of waste crop straws not only cause resource waste, but also bring great pressure to the ecological environment protection.
The content of lignin in the straws is high, and ester bonds formed by combining the lignin and hemicellulose can prevent rumen microorganisms from digesting and degrading the straws. The ester bonds can be broken through the alkalization treatment, and the digestion rate of the straws is improved. However, the chemical components, lignin content and ester bond structures of different straws are greatly different, the alkalization methods required by different types of straws are also inconsistent, for example, the types, addition amounts, finished product water content and the like of alkali required are inconsistent, and the digestibility of the rape straws cannot be obviously improved by adopting the conventional alkalization method. The grinding particle size of the raw material is also an important factor influencing the alkalization treatment effect, the particle size can influence the contact area and action strength of alkali and water with the raw material, and the optimal grinding particle size required by different straws is also different. In addition, the alkalized straws are easy to go moldy in storage and cannot be stored for a long time. Therefore, an alkalization treatment technology specially suitable for rape straws and hulls is urgently needed to be developed in production, parameters such as the crushing grain size of the straws, the type and the addition amount of alkali, the optimal water content and the like are determined, and the problem that the straws are easy to mildew in the preservation process is solved.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to overcome the problems in the background art, the invention provides a processing method for improving the nutritional value of rape straws and hulls and an animal feed, which can obviously reduce the content of lignocellulose in the rape straws and hulls, improve the digestibility of the rape straws and hulls in animal bodies and improve the production performance of animals.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention is realized in the following manner:
a processing method for improving the nutritive value of rape straws and hulls comprises the following steps:
(1) the rape stalks are crushed into 2.5-3.5cm long, the hulls may not be crushed, and then the dry matter content is determined.
(2) The water content of the finished product after treatment is 45-65% optimal, and the required water addition amount is calculated according to the standard. Calcium oxide is weighed according to 3.5-6% of dry matter weight of the straw or the pod shell, and dissolved in water to form lime emulsion for later use.
(3) The prepared lime emulsion is fully and uniformly mixed with the rape straws or the hulls by adopting mechanical or manual mixing modes such as a stirrer and the like, and the uniform mixing is ensured.
(4) And creating anaerobic sealed environment by means of vacuumizing, wrapping or compacting in sealed cellar, pool, etc. and storing the stalk mixed with lime emulsion.
Wherein, the higher the purity of the calcium oxide is, the better, the feed-grade calcium oxide with the purity of more than 90 percent is selected as much as possible. In the absence of high purity calcium oxide, 5% to 7% calcium hydroxide may be substituted.
The treated straw or hulls are stored under anaerobic conditions for more than 7 days.
The treated straws are yellow green, have thick alkaline taste immediately after treatment, and gradually disappear along with the prolonging of storage time.
A straw animal feed comprises the straw and the hull which are treated by the treatment method for improving the nutritional value of the rape straw and the hull.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
the method can effectively break ester bonds between lignin and hemicellulose in rape straws and hulls, quickly improve the digestibility of the rape straws and the hulls, has an effect obviously higher than that of the traditional ammoniation treatment technology, has a cost obviously lower than that of the ammoniation treatment technology, and avoids the problem of environmental pollution possibly caused by the traditional ammoniation technology. The invention can make the waste rape straw become a cheap feed source for the farm, obviously reduce the feed cost of the farm and increase the breeding benefit. In addition, the invention can radically reduce the problem of environmental pollution caused by burning the straws and the hulls while improving the forage utilization of the rape straws.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a graph of the dry matter rumen degradation rate of canola straw in example 2 of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a graph of the dry matter rumen degradation rate of canola hulls of example 2;
FIG. 3 is a graph of NDF rumen degradation rate of canola straw in example 2 of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a graph of the NDF ruminal degradation rate of canola pod shells of example 2;
FIG. 5 is a graph of ADF ruminal degradation rate of oilseed rape straw in example 2 of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a graph of the ADF ruminal degradation rate of canola hulls of example 2;
FIG. 7 is a flow chart of the method steps of the present invention.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention clearer and more obvious, preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings so as to facilitate understanding of the skilled person.
As shown in FIG. 7, a treatment method for improving the nutritional value of rape straws and hulls comprises pulverizing rape straws to about 2.5 cm. Weighing a certain amount of calcium oxide and water, preparing the calcium oxide into lime water with a specific concentration, uniformly mixing the lime water with rape straws or hulls, and storing for more than 7 days under anaerobic conditions by adopting modes of vacuumizing, sealing, compacting and the like. The content of acid washing fiber of the treated straw and the treated hull is obviously reduced, the rumen degradation rate is obviously improved, the nutritional value is greatly increased, and the finished product can be stored for a long time under the anaerobic condition without putrefaction.
Example 1
Experimental Material
The rape selected in the experiment is in 2019, 5 months, modern times of academy of agricultural sciences in Sichuan provinceCutting in a demonstration garden of agricultural scientific and technological innovation, selecting five points for sampling by a collection method, wherein each point is 1cm2Manually dividing the rape into 2 parts of rape straws and rape pod shells after collection, cutting the rape straws and the rape pod shells into 2.5-3cm, and drying and storing the samples at 65 ℃ after collection and separation for later use. Setting the water content to be 50% and 60% respectively, setting the addition amount of calcium oxide to be 3%, 5% and 7%, carrying out anaerobic alkalization treatment on the straws and the hulls (treatment groups: Ca3M50 straw group, Ca3M60 straw group, Ca5M50 straw group, Ca5M60 straw group, Ca7M50 straw group, Ca7M60 straw group and Ca7M60 hull group), and taking the straws and the hulls which are not subjected to any treatment as a control group.
The method of alkalization treatment comprises the following steps: taking 90% dry matter, 3% CaO and 50% moisture content as an example, taking 1kg of sample, weighing 27g of calcium oxide and 800mL of distilled water, mixing, uniformly spraying the mixture on the surfaces of rape straws while stirring by using a spray can, packaging the uniformly stirred rape straws by using a vacuum packaging bag, compacting, sealing by using a portable vacuum machine, vacuumizing, and standing at room temperature in a dark place. And unsealing the alkalized rape straws after three weeks, then preparing air-dried samples, crushing the air-dried samples by using a crusher, crushing a part of the samples through a 1mm hole sieve, uniformly mixing the crushed samples for conventional nutrient component determination, sieving a part of the samples through a 2mm hole sieve for rumen degradation test, and sieving a part of the samples through a 0.1mm hole sieve for acquisition of mid-infrared spectrum information.
Determination indexes and method sensory identification: after the alkalization is finished, opening the vacuum bag, firstly smelling the smell, then observing the color and mildew condition of the alkalized straws, then inserting the straws into the vacuum bag by hands, and judging the texture
Chemical analysis determination indexes: DM (dry matter), CP (crude protein), EE (crude fat), Ash (crude Ash), NDF (neutral detergent fiber), ADF (acid detergent fiber), NDICP (neutral detergent insoluble protein), ADICP (acid detergent insoluble protein), SCP (soluble protein), NPN (non-protein nitrogen), ADL, Ca, P
CNCPS6.5 is calculated as follows:
CHO(％DM)＝100-CP(％DM)-EE(％DM)-Ash(％DM)；
NFC(％DM)＝CHO(％DM)-NDF(％DM)；
CB2(％DM)＝NFC(％DM)-CA1(％DM)-CA2(％DM)-CA3(％DM)-CA4(％DM)-CB1(％DM)；
CB3(％DM)＝NDF(％DM)-CC(％DM)；
CC(％DM)＝{NDF(％DM)*ADL(％NDF)*2.4}/100。
PA1 (% CP) ═ ammonia (% SCP) × SCP (% CP) × 0.01;
PA2(％CP)＝SCP(％CP)-PA1(％CP)；
PB1(％CP)＝100-PA1(％CP)-PA2(％CP)-PB2(％CP)-PC(％CP)；
PB2(％CP)＝NDICP(％CP)-ADICP(％CP)；
PC(％CP)＝ADICP(％CP)
measurement indexes are as follows:
CNCPS carbohydrate component: DM, CP, EE, Ash, NDF, ADF, ADL
CNCPS protein component: CP, NDICP, ADICP, SCP, NPN
The determination method comprises the following steps:
DM, Ash, CP and EE contents were determined according to the AOA (Horwitz, 1990) method. The contents of NDF, ADF, ADL, NDICP and ADICP were determined as described by (Van Soest et al, 1992). The determination of Ca adopts a potassium permanganate titration method, the determination of P adopts a molybdenum yellow colorimetric method, and each sample is mapped and measured for 3 times.
The soluble protein SCP was determined according to the method of Krishnhamoorchy et al, 1983. The non-protein nitrogen NPN is measured by adopting a method of precipitating true protein by sodium tungstate.
The SCP determination steps are as follows:
0.5g of the air-dried sample was taken out into a 125mL Erlenmeyer flask, and 50mL of a boric acid-phosphate buffer solution (pH6.7) was added thereto, followed by standing at 39 ℃ for 1 hour. Filter through filter paper and wash the residue with buffer. The filter paper was dried at 105 ℃ overnight and the nitrogen content of the residue was determined by the Kjeldahl method.
Calculating the formula:
SCP (% DM) — (total CP-residual CP)/DM 100
NPN was determined as follows:
0.5g of the air-dried sample was put into a 125mL Erlenmeyer flask, 50mL of distilled water and 8mL of the prepared 10% sodium tungstate solution were added, and the mixture was incubated at 20 to 25 ℃ for 30 minutes. The pH was adjusted to 2 by adding 10mL of 0.5M sulfuric acid. The flask was at room temperature overnight. Filtering with filter paper, thoroughly soaking the filter paper with distilled water before filtering, and washing the residue with distilled water twice after filtering. The filter paper was dried at 105 ℃ overnight and the nitrogen content of the residue was determined by the Kjeldahl method.
Calculating the formula:
NPN (% DM) ═ total CP-residual CP)/DM 100
Statistical analysis
Firstly, carrying out preliminary arrangement on data by using Excel 2016, and then carrying out data analysis on conventional chemical components of rape straws and rape hulls treated under different conditions by adopting a PROC MIXED program in SAS9.4 software, wherein a model is Yij＝μ+trti+ijWherein Y isijMu is the overall mean value, trt, as a dependent variableiIs the independent variable of the number of the variable,ijis a random error. Multiple comparisons of the mean values were performed using the Tukey-Kramer method, using the "pdmix 800" macro in SAS to represent the difference for each treatment, with the results expressed as mean and mean Standard Error (SEM), with P < 0.05 (significant difference) as the significant difference criterion.
Results
Sensory evaluation
The color, smell and texture of the alkalized rape stalks and hulls were evaluated by sensory evaluation, see tables 1-2. As can be seen from tables 1-2, the straws and the hulls treated by CaO have changed in color, smell, texture and pH; before and after treatment, the color of the straws and the hulls is changed from withered yellow to yellow brown and yellow green, meanwhile, the alkali taste is gradually increased along with the increase of the dosage of CaO, the texture is softer, and the pH value is gradually increased.
TABLE 1 sensory evaluation results of rape straw treated with different CaO
TABLE 2 sensory evaluation of rape pod shells treated with different CaO
Effect of different CaO treatment on the conventional nutritional composition of rape straw and rape pod
The effect of different CaO treatment on the conventional nutrient content of rape straw is shown in Table 3. In addition to phosphorus and hemicellulose, the other general nutrient contents are significantly affected by CaO (p < 0.05). With increasing CaO dosage, the content of Ash, EE, Ca, NFC increases (p < 0.05), and the content of OM, CHO, ADF, NDF, cellulose, ADL, NDF/OM, ADF/OM, ADL/OM, CP, SCP, NPN, ADICP, NDICP decreases (p < 0.05). The effect of moisture content and CaO dosage on the general nutrient content of other components than NFC, NDF, ADL, NDF/OM, ADL/OM, ADICP is an interactive effect (p < 0.05). In the carbohydrate component, after CaO treatment, the NDF/OM, ADF/OM and ADL/OM contents in the straws all show linear reduction changes (p is less than 0.05), and the change ranges are 80.32-71.02%, 65.20-55.03% and 12.82-10.87%, respectively. In the protein component, after CaO treatment, the NDICP content of the straws is linearly reduced from 59.40 percent (p < 0.05) to 49.55 percent, and the ADICP content is linearly reduced from 49.36 percent (p < 0.05) to 39.04 percent.
The effect of different CaO treatments on the regular nutrient content of the rape pod shells is shown in table 4. In addition to EE, P and CP, the other general nutrient contents were significantly affected by CaO (P < 0.05). As the CaO dosage increases Ash, Ca content increases (p < 0.05), OM, CHO, ADF, NDF, cellulose, ADL, CP, SCP, ADICP, NDICP content and NDF/OM, ADF/OM decrease (p < 0.05). The effect of moisture content and CaO dosage on the other general nutrient content in addition to P, hemicellulose, ADL, ADF/OM is an interactive effect (P < 0.05). In the carbohydrate component, after CaO treatment, the NDF/OM, ADF/OM and ADL/OM of the straws are in linear decline change (p is less than 0.05), and the change ranges are respectively 75.17-72.11%, 60.81-54.89% and 12.92-11.54%. In the protein component, after CaO treatment, the NDICP content of the straw is linearly reduced from 57.28% (P < 0.05) to 42.18%, and the ADICP content is linearly reduced from 46.81% (P < 0.05) to 30.21%.
TABLE 3 influence of the chemical composition of different CaO treated rape straw
Note:1the difference of the upper-marked lower-case letters of the same row data represents that the difference is obvious (P)<0.05), alphabetical identity means no significant difference (P)>0.05); SEM: mean standard error
Note:1In the same row with different superscript lowercase lettersshow significant difference(P<0.05)，while with same superscript letter meanno significant difference(P>0.05)；SEM＝Standard error of mean
TABLE 4 Effect of different CaO treatment on chemical composition of rape pod shells
Note:1the difference of the upper-marked lower-case letters of the same row data represents that the difference is obvious (P)<0.05), alphabetical identity means no significant difference (P)>0.05); SEM: mean standard error
Note:1In the same row with different superscript lowercase lettersshow significant difference(P<0.05)，while with same superscript letter meanno significant difference(P>0.05)；SEM＝Standard error of mean
Effect of different CaO treatment on CNCPS composition of rape stalks and rape pod shells
The effect of different CaO treatments on CNCPS protein components and carbohydrates of rape straw is shown in table 5. CaO treatment has a significant effect on PA1, PA2, PB1, PC, CB2, CB3 and CC content (p < 0.05). As the dosage of CaO is increased, the contents of PA2, PB1 and CB2 are increased (p < 0.05), and the contents of PA1, PC, CB3 and CC are decreased (p < 0.05). The effect of moisture content and CaO dosage on PA2, CB2, CB3 content has an interactive effect (p < 0.05). In the CNCPS protein component, the PC content of the straws is linearly reduced from 46.81 percent (p is less than 0.05) to 30.21 percent after CaO treatment. In the CNCPS carbohydrate component, the straw CC content decreases linearly (p < 0.05) from 36.81% to 32.02% after CaO treatment.
TABLE 5 influence of CNCPS of different CaO treatment on rape stalks
Note:1protein component of CNCPS (PA1: ammonia; PA2 soluble true protein; PB 1: insoluble true protein; PB 2: fiber binding protein; PC: non-degradable protein)
Carbohydrate component of CNCPS (CB 2: soluble fiber; CB 3; digestible fiber; CC: nondigestible fiber)
2The difference of the upper-marked lower case letters of the same row data represents significant difference (P)<0.05), alphabetical identity means no significant difference (P)>0.05); SEM: mean standard error
Note:1Protein components in CNCPS(PA1:ammonia；PA2 soluble trueprotein；PB1:poorly soluble true protein；PB2:fibronectin；PC:non-degradableprotein)
Carbohydrate components inCNCPS(CB2:soluble fiber；CB3；digestiblefiber；CC:indigestible fiber)
2In the same row with different superscript lowercase letters showsignificant difference(P<0.05)，while with same superscript letter mean nosignificant difference(P>0.05)
SEM＝Standard error of mean
TABLE 6 Effect of different CaO treatment on CNCPS of oilseed rape pod
Note:1protein component of CNCPS (PA1: ammonia; PA2 soluble true protein; PB 1: insoluble true protein; PB 2: fiber binding protein; PC: non-degradable protein)
Carbohydrate component of CNCPS (CB 2: soluble fiber; CB 3; digestible fiber; CC: nondigestible fiber)
2The difference of the upper-marked lower-case letters of the same row data represents that the difference is obvious (P)<0.05), alphabetical identity means no significant difference (P)>0.05); SEM: mean standard error
Note:1Protein components in CNCPS(PA1:ammonia；PA2 soluble trueprotein；PB1:poorly soluble true protein；PB2:fibronectin；PC:non-degradableprotein)
Carbohydrate components in CNCPS(CB2:soluble fiber；CB3；digestiblefiber；CC:indigestible fiber)
2In the same row with different superscript lowercase letters showsignificant difference(P<0.05)，while with same superscript letter mean nosignificant difference(P>0.05)
SEM＝Standard error of mean
And (4) experimental conclusion: the contents of CHO, ADF, NDF cellulose, ADL, PC and CC in the rape straws and the rape pods are reduced by treating the rape straws and the hulls with different CaO, which shows that the nutritive value in the rape straws and the hulls can be improved by alkalization treatment.
(1) The moisture content and CaO dosage have significant influence on the color, smell, pH value, part of conventional nutrient components and CNCPS components of rape straws and pod shells (p is less than 0.05). As the dosage of CaO is increased, the alkali taste of rape straws and hulls is increased, the pH value, Ash and Ca contents are increased, and the contents of CHO, NDF, cellulose, ADL, soluble protein (SCP), neutral detergent insoluble protein (NDICP) and acid detergent insoluble protein (ADICP) are reduced. The content of CHO, NDF, cellulose and ADL in the 7% CaO treatment group straws is respectively 81.68%, 66.35%, 67.21%, 41.53% and 10.93%. The indexes of the 7% CaO treatment group, such as pod CHO, ADF, cellulose, SCP, and the like, have significant influence (p < 0.05). Moisture and CaO doses were 80.35%, 54.40%, 69.92%, 43.50%, 11.12% lowest for CHO, non-structural carbohydrate (NFC), ADF, NDF, cellulose, ADL, respectively. The moisture content has obvious influence on indexes such as CHO, ADF, cellulose, SCP and the like (p is less than 0.05). Moisture and CaO dosage have significant influence on indexes such as CHO, ADF, cellulose, SCP and the like (p is less than 0.05). The effect of moisture and CaO dosage on CHO, non-structural carbohydrate (NFC), ADF, NDF content was an interactive effect (p < 0.05). After CaO treatment, the content of ammonia (PAI), non-degradable Protein (PC) and digestible fiber (CB3) in straws and hulls is obviously reduced (p is less than 0.05), and the content of components of rapidly-degraded protein (PB1), moderately-degraded protein (PB2) and soluble fiber (CB2) is obviously increased (p is less than 0.05). The effect of moisture and CaO dosage on soluble authentic protein (PA2), PB1, PB2, non-degraded Protein (PC), CB2 and CB3 levels had an interactive effect (p < 0.05).
Example 2
Influence of CaO treatment on degradation rate of rape straw and hull rumen
The semi-in-vitro method, also called a nylon bag method, is an efficient method for measuring the degradation rate of the feed in the rumen in real time by combining the feed and animals so as to evaluate the degradation rate of the feed in the rumen. Zhang Yonggen, etc. utilizes a nylon bag method to research the rumen degradation rule of dry substances and proteins in common feed for dairy cows (10 feeds such as whole corn silage, DDGS, leymus chinensis, bran, etc.), and the result shows that different types of feed have different rumen degradation characteristics and have larger difference. The nutritional value of corn straws fermented by alcohol liquid is obviously improved, and some nutritional indexes are rumen degradation characteristics.
However, it is only reported that the alkali-stored rape straws have influence on the digestion and metabolism of rumen. Therefore, the test adopts a nylon bag method to analyze and evaluate the influence of different alkali storage treatments on the rumen degradation rate of the rape straws and the rape pod shells, and provides a theoretical basis for the forage utilization of the rape straws and the rape pod shells.
Materials and methods
The rape selected in the test is cut in 2019 in 5 months in modern agriculture science and technology innovation demonstration garden of Sichuan academy of agricultural sciences, and the collection method selects five points for sampling, wherein each point is 1cm2Manually dividing the rape into 2 parts of rape straw and rape pod shell after collection, cutting into 2.5-3cm, collecting and separating samples, and then cooling to 65 deg.CDrying and storing for later use. Setting the water content to be 50% and 60% respectively, setting the addition amount of calcium oxide to be 3%, 5% and 7%, carrying out anaerobic alkalization treatment on the straws and the hulls (treatment groups: Ca3M50 straw group, Ca3M60 straw group, Ca5M50 straw group, Ca5M60 straw group, Ca7M50 straw group, Ca7M60 straw group and Ca7M60 hull group), and taking the straws and the hulls which are not subjected to any treatment as a control group.
The method of alkalization treatment comprises the following steps: taking 90% dry matter, 3% CaO and 50% moisture content as an example, taking 1kg of sample, weighing 27g of calcium oxide and 800mL of distilled water, mixing, uniformly spraying the mixture on the surfaces of rape straws while stirring by using a spray can, packaging the uniformly stirred rape straws by using a vacuum packaging bag, compacting, sealing by using a portable vacuum machine, vacuumizing, and standing at room temperature in a dark place. And unsealing the alkalized rape straws after three weeks, then preparing air-dried samples, crushing the air-dried samples by using a crusher, crushing a part of the samples through a 1mm hole sieve, uniformly mixing the crushed samples for conventional nutrient component determination, sieving a part of the samples through a 2mm hole sieve for rumen degradation test, and sieving a part of the samples through a 0.1mm hole sieve for acquisition of mid-infrared spectrum information.
Test animal and breeding management
Selecting 3-head milking cows with the weight of 300 +/-50 kilograms and health and provided with permanent rumen fistulas. The test place is a scientific park of a certain fine breed of dairy cows. Test cattle were fed 3 times a day (07:30, 14:30 and 18:30) Total Mixed Ration (TMR) with free access to food and water. The basal diet composition and nutritional levels are shown in the table below.
TABLE 7 basal feed composition and Nutrition level (Dry matter basis)
Table 7 Composition and nutrient levels of the basic diet(DM basis)
Wherein, Premix1): each kilogram of premix contains VA 116500IU, VD357000IU, VE750IU and Fe1.1mg. Cu0.7mg. Mn2.2mg, I76mg, Se5.5mg, Co29 mg.
Nutriententlevels of nutritional level2): net energy of milk production is calculatedValues, remaining nutrient levels are measured values.
Note:1One kilogram of premix contained the following:VA 116 500IU,VD357 000IU,VE 750IU,Fe 1.1mg,Cu 0.7mg,Mn 2.2mg,I 76mg,Se 5.5mg,Co 29mg
2NEL was a calculated value,while the other nutrient levels weremeasured values。
Test method and measurement index
The specification of the nylon cloth is 300 meshes, and the nylon cloth is made into a nylon bag with the size of 8 multiplied by 12cm, so that the edge of the nylon bag is completely sewed. A nylon bag of known weight is filled with 5g of sample and sealed. 3 replicates per sample, 1 cow per replicate, with two replicates per sample in each cow at each time point. The method is characterized in that the principle of 'sequentially putting in and simultaneously taking out' is adopted, time points are 0h, 4h, 8h, 12h, 24h, 48h and 72h, the nylon bag is slowly washed by cold water after being taken out until water after washing becomes clear and has no peculiar smell (microorganisms such as rumen fluid are prevented from being attached in the nylon bag), the washed nylon bag is put into a 65 ℃ oven to be dried for 48h, the nylon bag is weighed after being dried, and the nylon bag is sealed and stored after being crushed for chemical component analysis.
The DM, NDF and ADF content of the samples was determined at each time point.
Index and method of measurement
Sensory evaluation: after the amination is finished, opening the vacuum bag, firstly smelling the smell, then observing the color and the mildew condition of the alkalized straw, then inserting the straw into the vacuum bag by hand, and judging the texture
Chemical analysis determination indexes: DM (dry matter), CP (crude protein), EE (crude fat), Ash (crude Ash), NDF (neutral detergent fiber), ADF (acid detergent fiber), NDICP (neutral detergent insoluble protein), ADICP (acid detergent insoluble protein), SCP (soluble protein), NPN (non-protein nitrogen), ADL, Ca, P
CNCPS6.5 is calculated as follows:
CHO(％DM)＝100-CP(％DM)-EE(％DM)-Ash(％DM)；
NFC(％DM)＝CHO(％DM)-NDF(％DM)；
CB2(％DM)＝NFC(％DM)-CA1(％DM)-CA2(％DM)-CA3(％DM)-CA4(％DM)-CB1(％DM)；
CB3(％DM)＝NDF(％DM)-CC(％DM)；
CC(％DM)＝{NDF(％DM)*ADL(％NDF)*2.4}/100。
PA1 (% CP) ═ ammonia (% SCP) × SCP (% CP) × 0.01;
PA2(％CP)＝SCP(％CP)-PA1(％CP)；
PB1(％CP)＝100-PA1(％CP)-PA2(％CP)-PB2(％CP)-PC(％CP)；
PB2(％CP)＝NDICP(％CP)-ADICP(％CP)；
PC(％CP)＝ADICP(％CP)
measurement indexes are as follows:
CNCPS carbohydrate component: DM, CP, EE, Ash, NDF, ADF, ADL
CNCPS protein component: CP, NDICP, ADICP, SCP, NPN
The determination method comprises the following steps:
DM, Ash, CP and EE contents were determined according to the AOA (Horwitz, 1990) method. The contents of NDF, ADF, ADL, NDICP and ADICP were determined as described by (Van Soest et al, 1992). The determination of Ca adopts a potassium permanganate titration method, the determination of P adopts a molybdenum yellow colorimetric method, and each sample is mapped and measured for 3 times.
The soluble protein SCP was determined according to the method of Krishnhamoorchy et al, 1983. The non-protein nitrogen NPN is measured by adopting a method of precipitating true protein by sodium tungstate.
The SCP determination steps are as follows:
0.5g of the air-dried sample was taken out into a 125mL Erlenmeyer flask, and 50mL of a boric acid-phosphate buffer solution (pH6.7) was added thereto, followed by standing at 39 ℃ for 1 hour. Filter through filter paper and wash the residue with buffer. The filter paper was dried at 105 ℃ overnight and the nitrogen content of the residue was determined by the Kjeldahl method.
Calculating the formula:
SCP (% DM) — (total CP-residual CP)/DM 100
NPN was determined as follows:
0.5g of the air-dried sample was put into a 125mL Erlenmeyer flask, 50mL of distilled water and 8mL of the prepared 10% sodium tungstate solution were added, and the mixture was incubated at 20 to 25 ℃ for 30 minutes. The pH was adjusted to 2 by adding 10mL of 0.5M sulfuric acid. The flask was at room temperature overnight. Filtering with filter paper, thoroughly soaking the filter paper with distilled water before filtering, and washing the residue with distilled water twice after filtering. The filter paper was dried at 105 ℃ overnight and the nitrogen content of the residue was determined by the Kjeldahl method.
Calculating the formula:
NPN (% DM) ═ total CP-residual CP)/DM 100
(1) Rumen disappearance rates at different time points of DM, NDF and ADF
(2) Rumen degradation parameter calculation of DM, NDF and ADF
y＝a+b(1-e-ct)
The calculation formula is based on a rumen dynamics mathematical model provided by Orskov et al (1979), wherein y is the degradation rate of DM, NDF and ADF of the feed to be detected in the rumen at a certain time, a is a rapid degradation part (%), b is a slow degradation part (%), c represents the degradation rate constant (%/h) of the slow degradation part, and t is the culture time (h) in the rumen.
(3) Effective degradation rate ED
Wherein k is the rumen outflow rate, and the k value in the test is 0.03h-1(cheng lin, 2014), a, b, c are rumen degradation parameters.
Data analysis
In the data analysis process, Excel 2016 is used for preliminarily sorting the data measured in the test, then nonlinear regression (NLIN) program in SAS9.4 software is used for calculating the values of rumen degradation parameters a, b and c, and finally PROC MIXED program is used for carrying out variance analysis on the rumen degradation parameters of the samples before and after rape straw and rape pod shell treatment, wherein the model is Yij＝μ+trti+ijWherein Y isijMu is the overall mean value, trt, as a dependent variableiIs the independent variable of the number of the variable,ijis a random error. By Tukey-Kramer methodMultiple comparisons of the means were made, the differences for each treatment were expressed using the "pdmix 800" macro in SAS, and the comparison results were reflected by the mean and mean Standard Error (SEM), with p < 0.05 as the criterion for significance of the differences.
As can be seen from fig. 1-6, the straw treatment groups Ca5M50, Ca5M60, Ca7M50, and Ca7M60 showed a greater difference in DM, NDF, and ADF degradation tendency than the other treatment groups Ca3M50, Ca3M60, and the control group; the degradation tendency of DM, NDF and ADF in the pod-treated group Ca7M50 was significantly different from that in the other treated groups Ca3M50, Ca3M60, Ca5M50, Ca5M60 and Ca7M60 compared to the control group. The degradation rates of the straws, the hulls DM, NDF and ADF72h after CaO treatment are higher than those of a control group, which shows that the CaO treatment improves the rumen degradation rate of the rape straws and the hulls.
TABLE 8 Effect of different CaO-treatments on rumen degradation parameters of rape stalks DM, NDF and ADF
Note:1a: a rapidly degrading moiety; b: a slow degradation portion; c: the degradation rate of the slow degrading moiety; d: a potentially degradable moiety, d ═ a + b; ED: effective degradation rate
2The difference of the upper-marked lower-case letters of the same row data represents that the difference is obvious (P)<0.05), alphabetical identity means no significant difference (P)>0.05); SEM: mean standard error
Note:1a:the rapid degradable fraction in rumen degration；b:the slowlydegradable fraction inrumen degradation；c:the degradation rate of the slowlydegradable fraction；d:the potentially degradable fraction in rumen degration；ED:effective degradability of the incubated asmples
2In the same row with different superscript lowercase letters showsignificant difference(P<0.05)，while with same superscript letter mean nosignificant difference(P>0.05)
SEM＝Standard error of mean
DM of rape straw by different CaO treatmentThe effect of the rumen degradation parameters of NDF and ADF are shown in the table below. As can be seen from the table, the DM, NDF and ADF rumen degradation parameters are all significantly affected by CaO (P)<0.05). As the CaO dosage increases, DMa, DMED、NDFa、NDFb、NDFd、NDFED、ADFa、ADFEDElevation (P)<0.05). Moisture content and CaO dosage are used for removing DMEDInfluence of other nutrient rumen degradation parameters there is an interaction effect (P)<0.05). DM in Ca5M50, Ca5M60, Ca7M50 and Ca7M60 straw groups is compared with a control groupEDRespectively increased by 12.81%, 15.6%, 12.77% and 15.51% (P)<0.05), and there was no significant difference (P) between the four treatment groups>0.05)。NDFEDThe highest treatment groups were Ca5M60, Ca5M60, Ca7M50 treatment groups ADFEDWithout significant difference (P)>0.05), the treatment effect is similar.
TABLE 9 Effect of different CaO treatment on rumen degradation parameters of canola hulls DM, NDF and ADF
Note:1a: a rapidly degrading moiety; b: a slow degradation portion; c: the degradation rate of the slow degrading moiety; d: a potentially degradable moiety, d ═ a + b; ED: effective degradation rate
2The difference of the upper-marked lower-case letters of the same row data represents that the difference is obvious (P)<0.05), alphabetical identity means no significant difference (P)>0.05); SEM: mean standard error
Note:1a:the rapid degradable fraction in rumen degration；b:the slowlydegradable fraction inrumen degradation；c:the degradation rate of the slowlydegradable fraction；d:the potentially degradable fraction in rumen degration；ED:effective degradability of the incubated asmples
2In the same row with different superscript lowercase letters showsignificant difference(P<0.05)，while with same superscript letter mean nosignificant difference(P>0.05)
SEM＝Standard error of mean
The experimental results prove that: the CaO anaerobic alkali storage treatment effectively improves the rumen degradation characteristics of the rape straws and rape pod shells. The treated rape straw and rape pod shell can be used as animal feed.
The rumen degradation rate of the rape pod shells is generally higher than that of rape straws. The moisture content and CaO dosage have obvious influence on the rumen effective degradation rate of rape straws, hulls DM, NDF and ADF (P)<0.05) and the effect of moisture content and CaO dosage on NDF and ADF ruminal effective degradation rate has an interactive effect (P)<0.05). CaO treatment significantly increased the ratio of DM, NDF and ADF rumen rapidly degrading moieties to potentially degradable moieties. After CaO treatment, rumen effective degradation rates of straws and hulls DM, NDF and ADF are all remarkably improved (P)<0.05). DM between 5% and 7% CaO of straw treatment groupEDWithout significant difference (P)>0.05). Straw treatment group NDF with 5% CaO + 60% moisture content (Ca5M60)EDAnd ADFEDThe highest treatment is the best treatment combination of the rape straws. Pod treatment group DM with 7% CaO + 50% moisture content (Ca7M50)ED、NDFED、ADFEDHighest, but not the group of ADFsEDThe differences from the 5% CaO treatment group were not significant, so the selection of 5% CaO + 50% moisture (Ca5M50) was considered together as the best treatment combination for the hulls.
Finally, while the invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to a preferred embodiment, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and detail may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention encompassed by the appended claims.
Claims (9)
1. A method for treating the rape stalk and husk to increase nutritive value features that the rape stalk and/or husk are uniformly mixed with lime water and then anaerobically stored.
2. The method for improving the nutritive value of rape straw and hull as claimed in claim 1, wherein the water content of rape straw or/and hull is 45-65%.
3. The method for improving nutritional value of rape straw and pod shell as claimed in claim 1, wherein calcium oxide is weighed according to 3.5% -6% of dry matter weight of rape straw and/or pod shell, and dissolved in water to form lime water with certain concentration.
4. The method for improving the nutritive value of the rape straws and the hulls according to claim 1, wherein the rape straws and the hulls are uniformly mixed by a stirrer or a manual mixing mode.
5. The method for improving the nutritive value of rape straw and pod shell as claimed in claim 1, wherein the anaerobic treatment is carried out in a sealed cellar or sealed pool by vacuumizing, wrapping or compacting.
6. The method for processing rape straw and hulls according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the rape straw is crushed to a length of 2.5 to 3.5 cm.
7. The method for processing rape straw and pod shells to improve the nutritive value of the rape straw and pod shells as claimed in claim 3, wherein the feed-grade calcium oxide with the purity of more than 90% is selected.
8. The method for improving the nutritive value of rape straw and pod shell as claimed in claim 6, wherein the anaerobic treatment time is 7 days or more.
9. A straw animal feed, characterized in that the feed ingredients comprise the straws and hulls of rape as claimed in claim 8 after being treated by the treatment method for improving the nutritional value of the straws and hulls.
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