CN108811825A - 一种黄瓜方形斜插嫁接育苗方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
一种黄瓜方形斜插嫁接育苗方法,包括以下步骤:搭建育苗棚,播种,嫁接,伤口修复及湿度管理,温度管理,光照管理和移栽,本发明的黄瓜方形斜插嫁接育苗,具有如下有益的技术效果:(1)采用砧木和接穗同时播种,改变了传统嫁接育苗错时1‑3天的做法,减少了一次播种工序,缩短育苗时间,提高了工效。(2)采用方形嫁接签,放弃传统圆形嫁接签,满足了黄瓜接穗嫩茎方形的生理特征,减少了砧木伤口深度,扩大了嫁接契合度,提高了嫁接成活率。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及蔬菜技术领域,尤其是涉及一种黄瓜方形斜插嫁接育苗方法。
背景技术
黄瓜深受市场亲睐和消费者欢迎,其种植面积大,是主要的蔬菜作物。但由于重茬连作障碍,枯萎病和疫病发生严重,造成商品产量不高,效益较低。黄瓜嫁接苗根系发达,生长势强,侧枝发育旺盛,结瓜稳定,并能连茬,具有耐低温、耐高温、耐涝、耐旱等特点,因此黄瓜嫁接育苗技术在国内外得到了推广应用。特别是蔬菜设施基地,早春黄瓜和延秋黄瓜几乎是100%应用黄瓜嫁接育苗技术。国内外黄瓜嫁接育苗,主要是普通插接法,其嫁接工具为圆形牙签式,这种嫁接育苗方法在生产栽培中虽然克服了连作障碍、提高了植株抗逆性、预防了黄瓜枯萎病和疫病等病害、获得了较高产量,但在实际操作中,嫁接成活率一直低于70%,因此提高黄瓜嫁接成活率是研究黄瓜嫁接技术的重要组成部分。
发明内容
本发明的目的就是针对现有技术的不足,提供一种黄瓜方形斜插嫁接育苗方法,本发明以提高嫁接成活率和壮苗率为目标,通过多次试验操作,探索并填补“黄瓜方形嫁接”这一技术的理论空白。采用“黄瓜方形嫁接”育苗技术,通过标准化和规范化操作,嫁接成活率达到95%以上。
一种黄瓜方形斜插嫁接育苗方法,包括以下步骤:
S1、搭建育苗棚:搭建育苗棚,在育苗棚内设置保温被、暖风炉、地热线、遮阳网、水帘、风机以对育苗棚内的温度、空气湿度和光照进行调节控制;
S2、播种:将白籽南瓜砧木种子和黄瓜接穗种子同时播种在育苗棚内;
S3、嫁接:当南瓜砧木生长至一叶一心或两叶一心,黄瓜接穗生长至真叶未展开或一叶一心时即可进行嫁接,摘去南瓜砧木心叶仅保留子叶,将嫁接签从南瓜砧木生长点沿其子叶对称轴倾斜45°向下插进4-5mm,顶端不穿破表皮,用刀片在黄瓜接穗的子叶下方2mm处,呈30°角截取斜面长4-5mm的黄瓜接穗,拔出嫁接签,插入黄瓜接穗,使南瓜砧木的子叶与黄瓜接穗的子叶成十字形;
S4、伤口修复及湿度管理:嫁接后立即喷雾伤口修复液,然后转入育苗棚中的小拱棚保墒,每2-4h喷雾一次清水,使小拱棚内空气湿度保持在80%-90%;
其中,所述嫁接伤口修复液包括以下重量份的组分:水20000-35000份、0.136%赤吲乙芸苔可湿性粉剂1-2份、70%噁霉灵可溶粉剂4-6份、72%农用硫酸链霉素可溶性粉剂200万单位2.15-2.95份以及卵磷脂维生素E悬乳剂1-3份;
S5、温度管理:嫁接后1-3天,控制育苗棚内温度白天保持在26-28℃、夜晚20-22℃,以后每天降低2℃,第7天以后保持白天20℃,夜晚14℃。
S6、光照管理和移栽:嫁接后3天内,在小拱棚上覆盖2-3层遮阳网完全避光管理,嫁接3天后视成活情况逐步减少遮光时间,嫁接成活后揭除遮阳网并将成活的植株移栽在育苗棚内。
S2中白籽南瓜砧木种子播种在育苗棚内8×10cm的营养钵内,一钵一粒种子,播后放在32孔的穴盘上,黄瓜接穗种子播种在育苗棚内的育苗托盘上,托盘长宽高55×28×5cm,每个托盘均匀播种100-300粒黄瓜种子。
S1中育苗棚为水泥大棚、钢架大棚、立柱屋面大棚、日光温室、连栋玻璃温室中的任意一种。
所述嫁接签由楠竹或不生锈金属制成,嫁接签长80-100mm、宽2-3mm、高1.5-2mm,嫁接签接口一端斜面长4-5mm、角度为30-45°。
本发明的黄瓜方形斜插嫁接育苗,具有如下有益的技术效果:
(1)本发明采用砧木和接穗同时播种,改变了传统嫁接育苗错时1-3天的做法,减少了一次播种工序,缩短育苗时间,提高了工效。
(2)本发明采用方形嫁接签,放弃传统圆形嫁接签,满足了黄瓜接穗嫩茎方形的生理特征,减少了砧木伤口深度,扩大了嫁接契合度,提高了嫁接成活率。
(3)本发明在伤口修复液中加入了防止感染真菌和细菌的药剂及促进伤口愈合的细胞生长素和多种营养中微量元素如Ca、Fe、Zn、B、Mn、Mo、Cu、Se、Si等。修复液可以起到保湿、防止病害感染、促进伤口快速愈合的作用。
(4)本发明在嫁接后7天内通过变温管理、嫁接成活前遮光管理和嫁接后2-4h喷水一次保湿管理,均有力的促进了伤口愈合,增进了生长量,提高了嫁接苗质量。
(5)本发明所育的嫁接苗根系发达,可以改善土壤物理性状,增加土壤团粒结构,为黄瓜作物提供舒适的生长环璄,从而减少病害发生,增强抗逆性能,改善产品品质,提高商品产量和经济生态效益。
具体实施方式
下面将结合本发明的实施例,对本发明作进一步详细描述:
<实施例>
一种黄瓜方形斜插嫁接育苗方法,包括以下步骤:
S1、搭建育苗棚:搭建育苗棚,在育苗棚内设置保温被、暖风炉、地热线、遮阳网、水帘、风机以对育苗棚内的温度、空气湿度和光照进行调节控制;
S2、播种:将白籽南瓜砧木种子和黄瓜接穗种子同时播种在育苗棚内;S2的播种方法为同步进行,与季节和温度无关;
S3、嫁接:当南瓜砧木生长至一叶一心或两叶一心,黄瓜接穗生长至真叶未展开或一叶一心时即可进行嫁接,摘去南瓜砧木心叶仅保留子叶,将嫁接签从南瓜砧木生长点沿其子叶对称轴倾斜45°向下插进4-5mm,顶端不穿破表皮,用刀片在黄瓜接穗的子叶下方2mm处,呈30°角截取斜面长4-5mm的黄瓜接穗,拔出嫁接签,插入黄瓜接穗,使南瓜砧木的子叶与黄瓜接穗的子叶成十字形;
S4、伤口修复及湿度管理:嫁接后立即喷雾伤口修复液,子叶上水珠欲滴下为止,然后转入育苗棚中的小拱棚保墒,每2-4h喷雾一次清水,使小拱棚内空气湿度保持在80%-90%;
其中,所述嫁接伤口修复液包括以下重量份的组分:水20000-35000份、0.136%赤吲乙芸苔可湿性粉剂(碧护)1-2份、70%噁霉灵可溶粉剂4-6份、72%农用硫酸链霉素可溶性粉剂200万单位2.15-2.95份以及卵磷脂维生素E悬乳剂(安融乐)1-3份;
S5、温度管理:嫁接后1-3天,控制育苗棚内温度白天保持在26-28℃、夜晚20-22℃,以后每天降低2℃,第7天以后保持白天20℃,夜晚14℃。
S6、光照管理和移栽:嫁接后3天内,在小拱棚上覆盖2-3层遮阳网完全避光管理,嫁接3天后视成活情况逐步减少遮光时间,嫁接成活后揭除遮阳网并将成活的植株移栽在育苗棚内。
S2中白籽南瓜砧木种子播种在育苗棚内8×10cm的营养钵内,一钵一粒种子,播后放在32孔的穴盘上,黄瓜接穗种子播种在育苗棚内的育苗托盘上,托盘长宽高55×28×5cm,每个托盘均匀播种100-300粒黄瓜种子。
S1中育苗棚为水泥大棚、钢架大棚、立柱屋面大棚、日光温室、连栋玻璃温室中的任意一种。
所述嫁接签由楠竹或不生锈金属制成,嫁接签长80-100mm、宽2-3mm、高1.5-2mm,嫁接签接口一端斜面长4-5mm、角度为30-45°。
<具体实施例1>
元月上旬将黄瓜种子即接穗播种在托盘上,托盘长宽高55×28×5cm,托盘先装基质2cm,均匀撒播200-300粒黄瓜种子,再覆基质1cm,浇足水。同时,白籽南瓜种子作为砧木播种在直径10cm,高8cm的营养钵中,营养钵装4/5的基质,播种后浇足水,放在托盘上,每个托盘摆放32个营养钵。播种在具有加热设施的日光温室内进行,室内地面平整,全部铺上地布或薄膜。一卷电热线总长100m,按照10cm间距,可以铺设宽1.1m,长10m的畦或宽1.4m,长7m的畦。在铺设电热线的畦上平铺薄膜,将播种后托盘放在薄膜上,起小拱棚,盖上薄膜加无纺布或草帘。电热线通电,温度调控在30℃。3天后出苗,温度调控在20-25℃,白天揭除小拱上的无纺布,夜晚盖上,注意水分管理,多见光,防止荫庇黄化徒长。10天后当子叶展开,心叶微现,即开始方形斜插嫁接。嫁接时,育苗棚内加热,温度控制在20-26℃。嫁接后迅速放回小拱棚内,立即喷雾伤口修复液(由净水35kg,碧护1g,噁霉灵5g,农用硫酸链霉素2.78g以及安融乐3ml混合制成),用保温被、暖风炉、地热线调高温度,这样嫁接成活率就在95%以上。第3天检查成活情况,10天后成活的嫁接苗就可以定植在4膜覆盖的大棚。早春低温季节间隔5-7天播种嫁接一批,可以播种嫁接4-5批。
<具体实施例2>
8月下旬将黄瓜种子即接穗播种在托盘上,托盘长宽高55×28×5cm,托盘先装基质2cm,均匀撒播100-200粒黄瓜种子,再覆基质1cm,浇足水。同时,白籽南瓜种子作为砧木播种在直径10cm,高8cm的营养钵中,营养钵装4/5的基质,播种后浇足水,放在托盘上,每个托盘摆放32个营养钵。播种在具有水帘风扇遮阳网等降温设施的日光温室内进行,室内地面平整,全部铺上地布或薄膜。将播种后托盘放在地布上,起小拱棚,盖上遮阳网。注意喷水保墒,2天后出苗,温度调控在20-25℃,揭除小拱棚上的覆盖物,注意水分管理,防止高温徒长。7天后当子叶展开,心叶微现,即开始方形斜插嫁接。嫁接时,育苗棚内降温,温度控制在20-26℃。嫁接后放回小拱棚内,盖上遮阳网,立即喷雾伤口修复液(由净水35kg,碧护1g,噁霉灵5g,农用硫酸链霉素2.78g以及安融乐3ml混合制成),用水帘风扇遮阳网调低温度,这样嫁接成活率就在93%以上。第3天检查成活情况,7天后成活的嫁接苗就可以定植在大棚。8月高温季节间隔5-7天播种嫁接一批,可以播种嫁接4-5批。
上述仅本发明较佳可行的实施例而已,非因此局限本发明保护范围,依照上述实施例所作各种变形或套用均在此技术方案保护范围之内。
Claims (4)
1.一种黄瓜方形斜插嫁接育苗方法,其特征在于包括以下步骤:
S1、搭建育苗棚:搭建育苗棚,在育苗棚内设置保温被、暖风炉、地热线、遮阳网、水帘、风机以对育苗棚内的温度、空气湿度和光照进行调节控制;
S2、播种:将白籽南瓜砧木种子和黄瓜接穗种子同时播种在育苗棚内;
S3、嫁接:当南瓜砧木生长至一叶一心或两叶一心,黄瓜接穗生长至真叶未展开或一叶一心时即可进行嫁接,摘去南瓜砧木心叶仅保留子叶,将嫁接签从南瓜砧木生长点沿其子叶对称轴倾斜45°向下插进4-5mm,顶端不穿破表皮,用刀片在黄瓜接穗的子叶下方2mm处,呈30°角截取斜面长4-5mm的黄瓜接穗,拔出嫁接签,插入黄瓜接穗,使南瓜砧木的子叶与黄瓜接穗的子叶成十字形;
S4、伤口修复及湿度管理:嫁接后立即喷雾伤口修复液,然后转入育苗棚中的小拱棚保墒,每2-4h喷雾一次清水,使小拱棚内空气湿度保持在80%-90%;
其中,所述嫁接伤口修复液包括以下重量份的组分:水20000-35000份、0.136%赤吲乙芸苔可湿性粉剂1-2份、70%噁霉灵可溶粉剂4-6份、72%农用硫酸链霉素可溶性粉剂200万单位2.15-2.95份以及卵磷脂维生素E悬乳剂1-3份;
S5、温度管理:嫁接后1-3天,控制育苗棚内温度白天保持在26-28℃、夜晚20-22℃,以后每天降低2℃,第7天以后保持白天20℃,夜晚14℃;
S6、光照管理和移栽:嫁接后3天内,在小拱棚上覆盖2-3层遮阳网完全避光管理,嫁接3天后视成活情况逐步减少遮光时间,嫁接成活后揭除遮阳网并将成活的植株移栽在育苗棚内。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种黄瓜方形斜插嫁接育苗方法,其特征在于S2中白籽南瓜砧木种子播种在育苗棚内8×10cm的营养钵内,一钵一粒种子,播后放在32孔的穴盘上,黄瓜接穗种子播种在育苗棚内的育苗托盘上,托盘长宽高55×28×5cm,每个托盘均匀播种100-300粒黄瓜种子。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种黄瓜方形斜插嫁接育苗方法,其特征在于S1中育苗棚为水泥大棚、钢架大棚、立柱屋面大棚、日光温室、连栋玻璃温室中的任意一种。
4.根据权利要求1所述的一种黄瓜方形斜插嫁接育苗方法,其特征在于所述嫁接签由楠竹或不生锈金属制成,嫁接签长80-100mm、宽2-3mm、高1.5-2mm,嫁接签接口一端斜面长4-5mm、角度为30-45°。
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