CN108801221B - Quick and fine dereferencing method for surface mine slope rock mass joint scale based on digital photogrammetry - Google Patents
Quick and fine dereferencing method for surface mine slope rock mass joint scale based on digital photogrammetry Download PDFInfo
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- CN108801221B CN108801221B CN201810585404.XA CN201810585404A CN108801221B CN 108801221 B CN108801221 B CN 108801221B CN 201810585404 A CN201810585404 A CN 201810585404A CN 108801221 B CN108801221 B CN 108801221B
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- G01C—MEASURING DISTANCES, LEVELS OR BEARINGS; SURVEYING; NAVIGATION; GYROSCOPIC INSTRUMENTS; PHOTOGRAMMETRY OR VIDEOGRAMMETRY
- G01C11/00—Photogrammetry or videogrammetry, e.g. stereogrammetry; Photographic surveying
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G01C—MEASURING DISTANCES, LEVELS OR BEARINGS; SURVEYING; NAVIGATION; GYROSCOPIC INSTRUMENTS; PHOTOGRAMMETRY OR VIDEOGRAMMETRY
- G01C11/00—Photogrammetry or videogrammetry, e.g. stereogrammetry; Photographic surveying
- G01C11/04—Interpretation of pictures
Abstract
A rapid and fine dereferencing method for surface mine slope rock mass joint scale based on digital photogrammetry comprises the following steps: (1) measuring the geometric parameters of the field structure surface; (2) carrying out digital photography fine measurement on the structural surface; (3) analyzing and processing structural surface data; (4) structural surface occurrence K-means clustering and structural surface scale statistical analysis. The invention adopts a digital photogrammetry method to obtain structural plane geometric parameters, utilizes a K-means clustering method to group structural planes, determines the statistical distribution rule and statistical characteristic value of the structural plane lengths of all groups of rock masses of the side slope on the basis of the statistical analysis of the structural plane lengths of all groups, and calculates the coefficient of the penetration rate of the structural plane by combining the field measurement result, thereby providing a rapid and fine dereferencing method for the scale of the surface mine side slope rock mass joint.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a rapid and fine evaluation method for scale of surface mine slope rock mass joints, in particular to a method for obtaining geometrical parameters of structural surfaces by adopting a digital photogrammetry method, grouping the structural surfaces by utilizing a K-means clustering method, determining statistical distribution rules and statistical characteristic values of the length of the structural surface of each group of slope rock mass by combining field measurement results on the basis of statistical analysis of the length of the structural surface of each group, and remarkably improving the reliability of scale determination of the surface mine slope rock mass structural surface by combining field investigation and indoor statistical analysis, which belongs to the technical field of engineering.
Background
The structural surface is a discontinuous surface formed by a part with lower mechanical strength or an interlayer with relatively weak lithology in a slope rock body, and the deformation and the stability of the rock body mainly depend on the development condition of the structural surface. The stability of the surface mine side slope is controlled by the rock mass structural plane, and the occurrence, scale and combination type of the structural plane and the spatial combination relationship between the structural plane and the side slope surface determine the potential failure mode of the mine side slope. Structural surfaces of different scales develop in the engineering rock mass of the surface mine side slope, the degree and range of influence of the structural surfaces of different scales on the stability of the mine side slope are different, and the matching analysis of the scale of the structural surface and the scale of the surface mine side slope needs to be carried out. Generally, the scale of the surface mine slopes is well determined, but the structural surface scale measurement has a problem.
Although the prior research has more measures about the occurrence of rock structural planes, the research on the rapid determination of the scale of rock joint is less. The scale of development of a structural plane is generally expressed by the length of the trace, which refers to the length of the structural plane exposed at the outcrop surface. At present, the engineering is usually measured by a line measurement method or a window statistical method, that is, the geometric information (trace length, inclination, dip angle, spacing, gap width and the like) of the structural surface is measured one by a tape measure and a compass manual field. Because the rock mass structural plane has the characteristics of wide distribution, large quantity and strong randomness, the engineering requirements are difficult to meet only according to the conventional methods with low efficiency, labor and time consumption, and particularly the measurement methods are difficult to implement when meeting site conditions such as scarps, dangerous slopes and the like.
The three-dimensional network simulation of the rock mass structural plane is an important means for researching the structural characteristics of the rock mass, and in order to obtain an accurate three-dimensional network model of the rock mass structural plane, the correctness of a structural plane scale statistical model must be ensured. However, due to the limitation of the measurement data of the conventional measurement method, the accuracy of the scale measurement result of the structural surface is difficult to ensure.
According to the matching relation between the scale of the structural surface and the scale of the side slope, the structural surface can be divided into two categories, namely a penetrating structural surface and a non-penetrating structural surface. The slope may experience bulk slip or wedge failure along the penetrating structural surfaces and combinations thereof, when the stability of the slope is referred to as the bulk stability of the overall slope. If the overall stability of the overall slope is good, the penetrating structural surface may be combined with the non-penetrating structural surface and the small-scale structural surface to form a potential sliding surface, and the slope may be deformed and damaged along the combined sliding surface, and the stability of the slope is referred to as the local stability of the overall slope. The determination of the types of the penetrating and non-penetrating structural planes has important significance for slope stability evaluation, but at present, a rapid and accurate method is not used for determination.
Therefore, aiming at the limitation of the scale research of the rock mass structural plane at present, a complete rapid and fine dereferencing method for the slope rock mass joint scale of the surface mine is urgently needed.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the problem of fine and rapid dereferencing of the scale of the surface mine slope rock mass joints, the invention provides a method for rapidly and finely dereferencing the scale of the surface mine slope rock mass joints, which adopts a digital photogrammetry method to obtain the geometric parameters of the structural surfaces, utilizes a K-means clustering method to group the structural surfaces, combines the field measurement results on the basis of the statistical analysis of the lengths of the structural surfaces of all groups, determines the statistical distribution rule and the statistical characteristic value of the lengths of the structural surfaces of all groups of rock masses of the slopes, and calculates the coefficient of the penetration rate of the structural surfaces.
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention provides the following technical scheme:
a rapid and fine dereferencing method for surface mine slope rock mass joint scale based on digital photogrammetry comprises the following steps:
(1) measuring the geometric parameters of the field structure surface;
(2) the process of the digital photogrammetry fine measurement of the structural surface is as follows:
2.1: selecting a side slope with an exposed head surface as fresh as possible and no obstacles as a photogrammetric area according to the range and the spatial position of the rock mass of the observation side slope;
2.2: according to the selected measuring area, the marker post is vertically arranged on one side of the measuring area and used for calibrating the distance between any two points on the finally generated three-dimensional image;
2.3: selecting a structural surface which is exposed, has a large area and is smooth on the surface of the rock mass as a calibration point, measuring the inclination and the dip angle by using a compass, and marking the structural surface for orientation reality of an image during post-processing;
2.4: sequentially photographing a rock mass at the left and right positions right in front of the selected region by using a high-resolution camera, wherein the distance D between a lens and the measured rock mass and the distance B between two imaging positions satisfy the relation B of D/8-D/5 when the two times of photographing are carried out;
2.5: after the measurement point data are collected, the marker post is taken back, and the marker post returns to the room for further post-processing operation;
(3) analyzing and processing the structural surface data, wherein the process is as follows:
3.1: importing the left view and the right view acquired by field photogrammetry into a software analysis system;
3.2: matching the pixel points in the left and right views to synthesize a rock mass surface three-dimensional solid model;
3.3: according to the size of the marker post and the appearance of the calibration point measured by the compass, the orientation, the size and the distance of the three-dimensional solid model are realized;
3.4: based on a realistic entity model, a computer mouse is used for carrying out interactive operation to realize the identification and positioning of each structural plane and the acquisition of real parameters of geometric information, wherein the real parameters of the geometric information comprise the occurrence, the trace length and the distance, and structural plane data information is derived;
(4) structural surface occurrence K-means clustering and structural surface scale statistical analysis.
Further, in the step (4), the process of structural surface occurrence K-means clustering and structural surface scale statistical analysis is as follows:
4.1: k groups of structural plane trends A determined by on-site structural plane attitude contact measurement0 *Angle of inclination B0 *Determining an initial clustering center as each cluster to obtain K initial clustering centers;
4.2: calculating the distance between each sample data and the clustering center according to a similarity measurement criterion; distributing each sample data to the nearest clustering center to obtain K groups of data;
4.3: for each group of structural planes, solving the clustering center of each group of data by adopting a characteristic modulus analysis method, assuming that there are l data in a certain group, and solving the clustering centers of the data by adopting the following steps:
first, a matrix S is calculated using the following formula
In the formula (x)j，yj，zj) Is a unit normal vector of an arbitrary structural plane, j is 1,2, …, l;
then, the eigenvalue (τ) of the matrix S is solved1，τ2，τ3) And its corresponding feature vector (ξ)1，ξ2，ξ3)，τ1＜τ2＜τ3Feature vector ξ corresponding to the largest feature value3The average vector of the I vectors in the group is used as a new clustering center;
4.4: repeating the calculation according to 4.2-4.3 until the positions of all the clustering centers are fixed, and fixing the group distribution of the structural plane data;
4.5: converting the structural surface attitude data expressed by the unit normal vector obtained in the step 4.4 into structural surface attitude data expressed by inclination and dip angles;
4.6: performing statistical analysis on the trace length data corresponding to each group of structural surfaces obtained in the step 4.5, calculating the average value m and the standard deviation sigma of the trace length of the structural surfaces, and calculating the steady interval [ m-sigma, m + sigma ] of the trace length data;
4.7: judging the trace length L corresponding to the initial clustering center of the K groups of structural surfaces0 *Whether it falls within the robust interval [ m- σ, m + σ ]]In the range, if the structural plane cluster analysis is in the range, the structural plane cluster analysis is completed; if the initial clustering number K is not in the range, the initial clustering number K is not estimated correctly, the value of K needs to be modified, and a new clustering number K is added1，K1And (4.1) carrying in the K +1, and clustering again according to 4.1-4.6 until the trace length L of the initial clustering center0 *Falls within the robust interval [ m- σ, m + σ ]]Within the range;
4.8: calculating probability distribution of structural surface tendency, inclination angle and trace length according to the final structural surface grouping condition obtained in step 4.7;
4.9: obtaining the final structural surface trace length and dip angle statistical average value L according to 4.8mAnd BmAnd calculating the coefficient lambda of the penetration rate of the structural surface,
the fault with the structural surface penetration rate coefficient lambda larger than beta multiple is a penetration structural surface, and the value range of beta is 0.85-0.95; and the fault with the structural surface penetration coefficient lambda less than or equal to beta times is a non-penetrating structural surface.
Still further, in the step (1), the process of measuring the geometric parameters of the field structural surface is as follows:
1.1: determining a slope research range to be researched through slope grading analysis of the surface mine, measuring the height H of a slope, and observing the general characteristics of rock mass structural plane development in the research range;
1.2: according to the observed general characteristics of structural surface development, the k-degree of slope rock mass is preliminarily judged0The formation of group structural surface is characterized by that it adopts geological compass and steel tape measure (or laser range finder) to measure the attitude and track length of every group structural surface, and the attitude includes tendency A0And an inclination angle B0At least 9 measuring point data are obtained;
1.3: for the structural plane with the inclination angle less than or equal to 80 degrees, the attitude data of each group of structural planes is eliminated with the maximum 2 values and the minimum 2 values according to the inclination angle of the structural plane, and the arithmetic mean value of the rest 5 attitude and track length data, namely the tendency A, is calculated0 *Angle of inclination B0 *Length of trace L0 *Tendency to A0 *Angle of inclination B0 *The occurrence of the general rule of the structural plane is regarded as representing the trace length L0 *The trace length is regarded as representing the general rule of the group of structural surfaces;
for the structural planes with the inclination angle larger than 80 degrees, classifying and removing abnormal data of each group of structural plane attitude data according to the structural plane inclination and the attitude data concentration principle, and calculating the arithmetic mean value of the rest 5 attitude and track length data, namely the inclination A0 *Angle of inclination B0 *Length of trace L0 *Tendency to A0 *Angle of inclination B0 *The occurrence of the general rule of the structural plane is regarded as representing the trace length L0 *The trace length is considered to represent the overall regularity of the set of structural planes.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: the method comprises the steps of rapidly obtaining structural surface geometric parameters by adopting a digital photogrammetry method, taking on-site structural surface attitude contact type measurement results as an initial clustering center, grouping structural surfaces by utilizing a K-means clustering method, and detecting grouping results by combining field on-site measurement results on the basis of statistical analysis of the lengths of all groups of structural surfaces, so that the probability distribution of the scales of all groups of rock mass structural surfaces of the side slope is determined, and the structural surface penetration rate coefficient is obtained.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a polar diagram of slope structure surface attitude of a surface mine.
FIG. 2 is a first set of statistical distribution of structural occurrence.
FIG. 3 is a second set of statistical distribution of structural occurrence.
Detailed Description
The invention is further described below with reference to the accompanying drawings.
Referring to fig. 1 to 3, a method for rapidly and finely taking a value of a surface mine slope rock mass joint scale based on digital photogrammetry comprises four aspects of field representative structural plane geometric parameter measurement, structural plane digital photogrammetry fine measurement, structural plane data analysis and processing, structural plane attitude K-means clustering and structural plane scale statistical analysis, and each part of the contents is specifically introduced as follows:
(1) and (3) measuring the geometrical parameters of the field structural surface, and the process is as follows:
1.1: determining a slope research range to be researched through slope grading analysis of the surface mine, measuring the height H of a slope, and observing the general characteristics of rock mass structural plane development in the research range;
1.2: according to the observed general characteristics of structural surface development, the k-degree of slope rock mass is preliminarily judged0The formation of group structural surface is characterized by that it adopts geological compass and steel tape measure (or laser range finder) to measure the attitude and track length of every group structural surface, and the attitude includes tendency A0And an inclination angle B0At least 9 are obtainedMeasuring point data;
1.3: for the structural plane with the inclination angle less than or equal to 80 degrees, the attitude data of each group of structural planes is eliminated with the maximum 2 values and the minimum 2 values according to the inclination angle of the structural plane, and the arithmetic mean value of the rest 5 attitude and track length data, namely the tendency A, is calculated0 *Angle of inclination B0 *Length of trace L0 *Tendency to A0 *Angle of inclination B0 *The occurrence of the general rule of the structural plane is regarded as representing the trace length L0 *The trace length is regarded as representing the general rule of the group of structural surfaces;
for the structural planes with the inclination angle larger than 80 degrees, classifying and removing abnormal data of each group of structural plane attitude data according to the structural plane inclination and the attitude data concentration principle, and calculating the arithmetic mean value of the rest 5 attitude and track length data, namely the inclination A0 *Angle of inclination B0 *Length of trace L0 *Tendency to A0 *Angle of inclination B0 *The occurrence of the general rule of the structural plane is regarded as representing the trace length L0 *The trace length is regarded as representing the general rule of the group of structural surfaces;
(2) the process of the digital photogrammetry fine measurement of the structural surface is as follows:
2.1: selecting a side slope with an exposed head surface as fresh as possible and no obstacles as a photogrammetric area according to the range and the spatial position of the rock mass of the observation side slope;
2.2: according to the selected measuring area, the marker post is vertically arranged on one side of the measuring area and used for calibrating the distance between any two points on the finally generated three-dimensional image;
2.3: selecting a structural surface which is exposed, has a large area and is smooth on the surface of the rock mass as a calibration point, measuring the inclination and the dip angle by using a compass, and marking the structural surface for orientation reality of an image during post-processing;
2.4: sequentially photographing a rock mass at the left and right positions right in front of the selected region by using a high-resolution camera, wherein the distance D between a lens and the measured rock mass and the distance B between two imaging positions satisfy the relation B of D/8-D/5 when the two times of photographing are carried out;
2.5: after the measurement point data are collected, the marker post is taken back, and the marker post returns to the room for further post-processing operation;
(3) analyzing and processing the structural surface data, wherein the process is as follows:
3.1: importing the left view and the right view acquired by field photogrammetry into a software analysis system;
3.2: matching the pixel points in the left and right views by adopting a series of technologies (reference calibration, pixel point matching, image deformation correction and the like) to synthesize a rock mass surface three-dimensional solid model;
3.3: according to the size of the marker post and the appearance of the calibration point measured by the compass, the orientation, the size and the distance of the three-dimensional solid model are realized;
3.4: based on the realistic entity model, a computer mouse is used for carrying out interactive operation to realize the identification and positioning of each structural plane and the acquisition of real parameters (occurrence, trace length, distance and the like) of geometric information, and structural plane data information is derived.
(4) Structural surface occurrence K-means clustering and structural surface scale statistical analysis are carried out in the following process:
4.1: k groups of structural plane trends A determined by on-site structural plane attitude contact measurement0 *Angle of inclination B0 *Determining an initial clustering center as each cluster to obtain K initial clustering centers;
4.2: calculating the distance between each sample data and the clustering center according to a similarity measurement criterion; distributing each sample data to the nearest clustering center to obtain K groups of data;
4.3: for each group of structural planes, solving the clustering center of each group of data by adopting a characteristic modulus analysis method, assuming that there are l data in a certain group, and solving the clustering centers of the data by adopting the following steps:
first, a matrix S is calculated using the following formula
In the formula (x)j，yj，zj) Is a unit normal vector of an arbitrary structural plane, j is 1,2, …, l;
then, the eigenvalue (τ) of the matrix S is solved1，τ2，τ3) And its corresponding feature vector (ξ)1，ξ2，ξ3)，τ1＜τ2＜τ3Feature vector ξ corresponding to the largest feature value3The average vector of the I vectors in the group is used as a new clustering center;
4.4: repeating the calculation according to 4.2-4.3 until the positions of all the clustering centers are fixed, and fixing the group distribution of the structural plane data;
4.5: converting the structural surface attitude data expressed by the unit normal vector obtained in the step 4.4 into structural surface attitude data expressed by inclination and dip angles;
4.6: performing statistical analysis on the trace length data corresponding to each group of structural surfaces obtained in the step 4.5, calculating the average value m and the standard deviation sigma of the trace length of the structural surfaces, and calculating the steady interval [ m-sigma, m + sigma ] of the trace length data;
4.7: judging the trace length L corresponding to the initial clustering center of the K groups of structural surfaces0 *Whether it falls within the robust interval [ m- σ, m + σ ]]In the range, if the structural plane cluster analysis is in the range, the structural plane cluster analysis is completed; if the initial clustering number K is not in the range, the initial clustering number K is not estimated correctly, the value of K needs to be modified, and a new clustering number K is added1，K1And (4.1) carrying in the K +1, and clustering again according to 4.1-4.6 until the trace length L of the initial clustering center0 *Falls within the robust interval [ m- σ, m + σ ]]Within the range;
4.8: calculating probability distribution of structural surface tendency, inclination angle and trace length according to the final structural surface grouping condition obtained in step 4.7;
4.9: obtaining the final structural surface trace length and dip angle statistical average value L according to 4.8mAnd BmAnd calculating the coefficient lambda of the penetration rate of the structural surface,
the fault with the structural surface penetration rate coefficient lambda larger than beta multiple is a penetration structural surface, and the value range of beta is 0.85-0.95; and the fault with the structural surface penetration coefficient lambda less than or equal to beta times is a non-penetrating structural surface.
The concrete implementation mode of the invention is introduced by taking a slope rock mass of a certain open mine in Taizhou city of Zhejiang as a research object:
(1) and (3) measuring the geometrical parameters of the field structural surface, and the process is as follows:
1.1: determining a slope research range to be researched through slope grading analysis of the surface mine, measuring the height of a slope to be 35m, and observing the general characteristics of rock mass structural plane development in the research range;
1.2: according to the observed general characteristics of structural plane development, the slope rock mass is preliminarily judged to be composed of 2 groups of structural planes, and a geological compass and a steel tape (or a laser range finder) are adopted to determine the occurrence of each group of structural planes (tendency A)0Angle of inclination B0) Measuring the trace length to obtain at least 9 measuring point data;
1.3: the inclination angles of the structural surfaces are all less than or equal to 80 degrees, the maximum 2 values and the minimum 2 values of each group of structural surface attitude data are removed according to the inclination angle of the structural surface, the arithmetic mean value of the rest 5 attitude and track length data is calculated, the attitude representing the overall rule of the 2 groups of structural surfaces is respectively 33 degrees & lt 242 degrees, 68 degrees & lt 85 degrees, and the track length is respectively 1.4m and 1.2 m.
(2) Carrying out digital photography fine measurement on the structural surface in the following process;
2.1: selecting a side slope with an exposed head surface as fresh as possible and no obstacles as a photogrammetric area according to the range and the spatial position of the rock mass of the observation side slope;
2.2: according to the selected measuring area, the marker post is vertically arranged on one side of the measuring area and used for calibrating the distance between any two points on the finally generated three-dimensional image;
2.3: selecting a structural surface which is exposed, has a large area and is smooth on the surface of the rock mass as a calibration point, measuring the inclination and the dip angle by using a compass, and marking the structural surface for orientation reality of an image during post-processing;
2.4: sequentially photographing a rock mass at the left and right positions right in front of the selected region by using a high-resolution camera, wherein the distance D between a lens and the measured rock mass and the distance B between two imaging positions satisfy the relation B of D/8-D/5 when the two times of photographing are carried out;
2.5: after the measurement point data are collected, the marker post is taken back, and the marker post returns to the room for further post-processing operation;
(3) analyzing and processing the structural surface data, wherein the process is as follows:
3.1: importing the left view and the right view acquired by field photogrammetry into a software analysis system;
3.2: matching the pixel points in the left and right views by adopting a series of technologies (reference calibration, pixel point matching, image deformation correction and the like) to synthesize a rock mass surface three-dimensional solid model;
3.3: according to the size of the marker post and the appearance of the calibration point measured by the compass, the orientation, the size and the distance of the three-dimensional solid model are realized;
3.4: based on a realistic entity model, a computer mouse is used for carrying out interactive operation to realize the identification and positioning of each structural plane and the acquisition of real parameters (occurrence, trace length, spacing and the like) of geometric information, and structural plane data information is derived;
(4) structural surface occurrence K-means clustering and structural surface scale statistical analysis are carried out in the following process:
4.1: determining an initial clustering center as each cluster by using 2 groups of structure surface attitude 33 degrees and 68 degrees which are determined by on-site structure surface attitude contact measurement, and obtaining 2 initial clustering centers;
4.2: calculating the distance between each sample data and the clustering center according to a similarity measurement criterion; distributing each sample data to the nearest clustering center to obtain 2 groups of data;
4.3: for each group of structural planes, solving the clustering center of each group of data by adopting a characteristic modulus analysis method, assuming that there are l data in a certain group, and solving the clustering centers of the data by adopting the following steps:
first, a matrix S is calculated using the following formula
In the formula (x)i，yi，zi) The unit normal vector of any structural plane is 1,2, …, l.
Then, the eigenvalue (τ) of the matrix S is solved1，τ2，τ3) And its corresponding feature vector (ξ)1，ξ2，ξ3)，τ1＜τ2＜τ3Feature vector ξ corresponding to the largest feature value3The average vector of the I vectors in the group is used as a new clustering center;
4.4: repeating the calculation according to 4.2-4.3 until the positions of all the clustering centers are fixed, and fixing the group distribution of the structural plane data;
4.5: converting the structural surface attitude data expressed by the unit normal vector obtained in the step 4.4 into structural surface attitude data expressed by inclination and dip angles;
4.6: carrying out statistical analysis on the trace length data corresponding to each group of structural surfaces obtained in the step 4.5, and calculating the average value m and the standard deviation sigma of the inclination angle of the structural surfaces, the steady interval [0.7m,2.1m ] of the trace length data of the first group of structural surfaces, and the steady interval [0.7m,1.7m ] of the inclination angle data of the second group of structural surfaces;
4.7: judging that the trace lengths of the initial clustering centers of the two groups of structural surfaces are in the range of the steady interval;
4.8: and according to the final structural surface grouping condition obtained in the step 4.7, respectively drawing the statistical histograms of the inclination, dip angle and trace length of the structural surfaces of the first group and the second group as shown in the figures 2 and 3. The average value of the inclination of the first group of structural surfaces is 242.1 degrees, the average value of the inclination angle is 32.7 degrees, and the average value of the track length is 1.41 m; the second set of facets had an average dip of 84.9 °, an average tilt angle of 67.8 °, and an average track length of 1.16 m.
4.9: obtaining the final structural surface trace length and dip angle statistical average value L according to 4.8mAnd BmAnd calculating the coefficient lambda of the penetration rate of the structural surface,
the fault with the structural surface penetration rate coefficient lambda larger than beta multiple is a penetration structural surface, and the value range of beta is 0.85-0.95; and the fault with the structural surface penetration coefficient lambda less than or equal to beta times is a non-penetrating structural surface. According to the formula, the penetration coefficient lambda of the first group of joints is 0.022 and is a non-penetrating structural plane; the coefficient of penetration λ of the second group of joints is 0.031, which is a non-penetrating structural plane.
Claims (2)
1. A rapid and fine value-taking method for surface mine slope rock mass joint scale based on digital photogrammetry is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) measuring the geometric parameters of the field structure surface;
(2) the process of the digital photogrammetry fine measurement of the structural surface is as follows:
2.1: selecting a side slope with an exposed head surface as fresh as possible and no obstacles as a photogrammetric area according to the range and the spatial position of the rock mass of the observation side slope;
2.2: according to the selected measuring area, the marker post is vertically arranged on one side of the measuring area and used for calibrating the distance between any two points on the finally generated three-dimensional image;
2.3: selecting a structural surface which is exposed, has a large area and is smooth on the surface of the rock mass as a calibration point, measuring the inclination and the dip angle by using a compass, and marking the structural surface for orientation reality of an image during post-processing;
2.4: sequentially photographing a rock mass at the left and right positions right in front of the selected region by using a high-resolution camera, wherein the distance D between a lens and the measured rock mass and the distance B between two imaging positions satisfy the relation B of D/8-D/5 when the two times of photographing are carried out;
2.5: after the measurement point data are collected, the marker post is taken back, and the marker post returns to the room for further post-processing operation;
(3) analyzing and processing the structural surface data, wherein the process is as follows:
3.1: importing the left view and the right view acquired by field photogrammetry into a software analysis system;
3.2: matching the pixel points in the left and right views to synthesize a rock mass surface three-dimensional solid model;
3.3: according to the size of the marker post and the appearance of the calibration point measured by the compass, the orientation, the size and the distance of the three-dimensional solid model are realized;
3.4: based on a realistic entity model, a computer mouse is used for carrying out interactive operation to realize the identification and positioning of each structural plane and the acquisition of real parameters of geometric information, wherein the real parameters of the geometric information comprise the occurrence, the trace length and the distance, and structural plane data information is derived;
(4) structural surface occurrence K-means clustering and structural surface scale statistical analysis;
in the step (4), the structural surface occurrence K-means clustering and structural surface scale statistical analysis process comprises the following steps:
4.1: k groups of structural plane trends A determined by on-site structural plane attitude contact measurement0 *Angle of inclination B0 *Determining an initial clustering center as each cluster to obtain K initial clustering centers;
4.2: calculating the distance between each sample data and the clustering center according to a similarity measurement criterion; distributing each sample data to the nearest clustering center to obtain K groups of data;
4.3: for each group of structural planes, solving the clustering center of each group of data by adopting a characteristic modulus analysis method, assuming that there are l data in a certain group, and solving the clustering centers of the data by adopting the following steps:
first, a matrix S is calculated using the following formula
In the formula (x)j，yj，zj) Is a unit normal vector of an arbitrary structural plane, j is 1,2, …, l;
then, the eigenvalue (τ) of the matrix S is solved1，τ2，τ3) And its corresponding feature vector (ξ)1，ξ2，ξ3)，τ1＜τ2＜τ3Feature vector ξ corresponding to the largest feature value3The average vector of the I vectors in the group is used as a new clustering center;
4.4: repeating the calculation according to 4.2-4.3 until the positions of all the clustering centers are fixed, and fixing the group distribution of the structural plane data;
4.5: converting the structural surface attitude data expressed by the unit normal vector obtained in the step 4.4 into structural surface attitude data expressed by inclination and dip angles;
4.6: performing statistical analysis on the trace length data corresponding to each group of structural surfaces obtained in the step 4.5, calculating the average value m and the standard deviation sigma of the trace length of the structural surfaces, and calculating the steady interval [ m-sigma, m + sigma ] of the trace length data;
4.7: judging the trace length L corresponding to the initial clustering center of the K groups of structural surfaces0 *Whether it falls within the robust interval [ m- σ, m + σ ]]In the range, if the structural plane cluster analysis is in the range, the structural plane cluster analysis is completed; if the initial clustering number K is not in the range, the initial clustering number K is not estimated correctly, the value of K needs to be modified, and a new clustering number K is added1，K1And (4.1) carrying in the K +1, and clustering again according to 4.1-4.6 until the trace length L of the initial clustering center0 *Falls within the robust interval [ m- σ, m + σ ]]Within the range;
4.8: calculating probability distribution of structural surface tendency, inclination angle and trace length according to the final structural surface grouping condition obtained in step 4.7;
4.9: obtaining the final structural surface trace length and dip angle statistical average value L according to 4.8mAnd BmAnd calculating the coefficient lambda of the penetration rate of the structural surface,
wherein H is the height of the side slope;
the fault with the structural surface penetration coefficient lambda larger than beta is a penetrating structural surface, and the value range of beta is 0.85-0.95; and the fault with the structural surface penetration coefficient lambda less than or equal to beta is a non-penetrating structural surface.
2. The method for rapidly and finely taking the value of the surface mine slope rock mass joint scale based on the digital photogrammetry as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the step (1), the process of measuring the geometrical parameters of the site structural plane is as follows:
1.1: determining a slope research range to be researched through slope grading analysis of the surface mine, measuring the height H of a slope, and observing the general characteristics of rock mass structural plane development in the research range;
1.2: according to the observed general characteristics of structural surface development, the k-degree of slope rock mass is preliminarily judged0The group structure surface is formed by measuring the occurrence and the track length of each group structure surface by adopting a geological compass, a steel tape or a laser range finder, wherein the occurrence comprises a tendency A0And an inclination angle B0At least 9 measuring point data are obtained;
1.3: for the structural plane with the inclination angle less than or equal to 80 degrees, the attitude data of each group of structural planes is eliminated with the maximum 2 values and the minimum 2 values according to the inclination angle of the structural plane, and the arithmetic mean value of the rest 5 attitude and track length data, namely the tendency A, is calculated0 *Angle of inclination B0 *Length of trace L0 *Tendency to A0 *Angle of inclination B0 *The occurrence of the general rule of the structural plane is regarded as representing the trace length L0 *The trace length is regarded as representing the general rule of the group of structural surfaces;
for the structural planes with the inclination angle larger than 80 degrees, classifying and removing abnormal data of each group of structural plane attitude data according to the structural plane inclination and the attitude data concentration principle, and calculating the arithmetic mean value of the rest 5 attitude and track length data, namely the inclination A0 *Angle of inclination B0 *Length of trace L0 *Tendency to A0 *Angle of inclination B0 *The occurrence of the general rule of the structural plane is regarded as representing the trace length L0 *The trace length is considered to represent the overall regularity of the set of structural planes.
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