CN108777493B - Sensitivity matrix-based low-voltage microgrid secondary voltage control method - Google Patents

Sensitivity matrix-based low-voltage microgrid secondary voltage control method Download PDF

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CN108777493B
CN108777493B CN201810822605.7A CN201810822605A CN108777493B CN 108777493 B CN108777493 B CN 108777493B CN 201810822605 A CN201810822605 A CN 201810822605A CN 108777493 B CN108777493 B CN 108777493B
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肖宏飞
钱浩
陈鑫
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Hangzhou Dianzi University
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/38—Arrangements for parallely feeding a single network by two or more generators, converters or transformers
    • H02J3/381—Dispersed generators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/12—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks for adjusting voltage in ac networks by changing a characteristic of the network load
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
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Abstract

The invention discloses a node voltage-active power sensitivity matrix-based secondary voltage control method for a low-voltage microgrid. Selecting a PCC bus voltage in the sensitivity matrix to regulate the DG with the maximum sensitivity of the active power of each DG, and calculating a power adjustment amount pre-estimated value according to the voltage deviation and the sensitivity; and generating a DG regulation power reference value by considering the DG capacity and other constraint conditions on the basis. And after receiving the secondary voltage regulation instruction, the DG controller adjusts the output active power to a reference value. In the case of sufficient system resources, the PCC bus voltage can be accurately controlled at a target value, and other bus voltages can be controlled within an allowable range. The invention selects the most effective DG to regulate the voltage according to the sensitivity, and has stronger pertinence and better voltage regulation effect; and the total regulating power can be reduced, and the economy of the micro-grid operation is improved.

Description

Sensitivity matrix-based low-voltage microgrid secondary voltage control method
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of power information, and relates to a low-voltage microgrid secondary voltage control method based on a node voltage-active power sensitivity matrix.
Background
In recent years, large-scale power failure accidents, natural disasters and energy bottleneck problems in the global range occur successively, so that the defects of interconnected power grids are gradually exposed, and the conventional power system is urgently required to be integrated with renewable energy sources and auxiliary power grids with sustainable development capability. The distributed power generation has the characteristics of environmental friendliness, high energy utilization rate, flexible installation and the like; the microgrid is used as an effective carrier of a distributed power supply, and becomes one of effective ways for utilizing renewable energy and weakening many defects of the existing large-scale power grid.
The microgrid can be operated independently or in parallel with a public power grid. When the microgrid and the public power grid are operated in parallel, the microgrid has the basic functions of locally consuming load and relieving the power supply pressure of the public power grid, and also has the deep tasks of participating in power grid power quality control and the like. Therefore, the microgrid must rely on its own regulation capability for voltage control, otherwise the local power quality of the power grid is reduced. For a microgrid running in an isolated island, no external power supply supports the microgrid, and the quality of electric energy can be controlled only by means of self-regulation capacity. Providing a qualified and stable voltage becomes a basic task for microgrid operation.
From the view of the adjusting range and the adjusting process, the microgrid voltage control comprises primary voltage regulation and secondary voltage regulation.
The primary voltage regulation is a response process of regulating the voltage and the output power of the voltage regulating unit under a specified reference value, and the voltage is analyzed into a linear function of reactive power on the basis of more droop control at present. However, the voltage level of the actual microgrid system is low, and the resistive components of the line cannot be ignored, so that active power and reactive power cannot be decoupled; and the power actually output by the inverter cannot be distributed according to the droop coefficient due to the mismatch of the line impedance and the DG capacity.
Some prior art approaches attempt to solve the power coupling problem by introducing a virtual impedance. However, the introduction of the virtual impedance changes the system structure, increases voltage drop, and cannot realize power sharing. There are also some methods to improve the distribution of reactive power by increasing the droop coefficient, but too large droop coefficient may reduce the voltage control accuracy and even affect the stability of the system. Therefore, it is critical how to achieve power equalization and maintain voltage stability when the DG droop coefficients are not equal and the line impedance and the capacitance are not matched. In other methods, the DG power controller is redesigned to compensate the voltage drop of the line, so that the reactive power can be equally divided among DGs, and the voltage control precision of a Point of Common Coupling (PCC) can be ensured.
In the secondary voltage regulation, a microgrid central controller/central manager uniformly sets a power or voltage reference value of a regulation unit and recovers the deviation left after primary regulation. However, the initial idea of the microgrid droop control is to simulate the primary characteristics of a rotating motor in a power system, so that a DG automatically tracks the change of the system frequency and voltage to adjust the power output, and mainly responds to the rapid load fluctuation. The second adjustment period is relatively long, and is intended to recover the pressure difference and frequency difference left after the first adjustment, and the recovery process needs to consider other problems, such as: how to select a voltage-regulating power supply, how to reduce the standby capacity of a system in operation, how to improve the utilization rate of the existing equipment and the like. The secondary voltage regulation process should be designed to take into account the technical and economic properties of the microgrid operation, so that the secondary regulation by utilizing the droop coefficient or the DG capacity is not suitable according to the idea of carrying out the primary regulation.
In order to solve this problem, a relatively new search has been made in the prior art, and the reactive power adjustment amount of the power supply is determined based on the sensitivity of the ac bus voltage to the reactive load and the DG bus voltage. The control strategy can select the most sensitive power supply to regulate the voltage, and reduce the reactive power reserve of the microgrid. But a specific calculation method of the sensitivity is not described; and the low-voltage microgrid circuit parameters are resistive, the voltage and the active power are in a strong coupling relation, and the voltage regulation is carried out by utilizing the reactive power supply, so that an unreasonable assumption on a model obviously exists.
In summary, the existing microgrid secondary voltage control method mainly has the following two problems:
the voltage grade of the actual microgrid system is low, and the resistive components of the circuit cannot be ignored. In order to continue using a traditional droop control strategy, the existing research artificially adds virtual impedance, couples voltage into a function of reactive power, increases voltage loss and reduces system stability; and the physical characteristics of the mathematical model (sensitivity) and the actual microgrid system (resistance) are inconsistent, so that unreasonable assumptions on the model exist.
And continuing the idea of primary regulation, and determining the power regulation quantity of the voltage regulation unit according to the capacity or droop coefficient of the voltage regulation unit in secondary voltage regulation. The equal proportion distribution is suitable for meeting the conventional thinking mode and is suitable for one-time regulation; but the technical and economic properties of the microgrid cannot be considered, and the microgrid is not suitable for secondary regulation of voltage.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a secondary voltage control strategy suitable for a low-voltage microgrid aiming at two problems of establishing an unreasonable mathematical model of reactive power-voltage coupling characteristics by introducing virtual impedance and proportionally distributing DG (distributed generation) to regulate power according to an equal strategy in secondary voltage regulation. Under the condition that system resources are sufficient, the PCC bus voltage can be accurately controlled to a target value, and other bus voltages are controlled within a reasonable range. The most effective DG is selected to regulate the voltage according to the mode, so that the total regulation power can be reduced, and the running economy of the microgrid is improved.
The specific technical scheme is as follows:
a low-voltage microgrid secondary voltage control method based on a sensitivity matrix is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step 1: establishing a mathematical model of the low-voltage microgrid system;
step 2: and (3) judging voltage deviation: calculating the voltage deviation of the PCC bus, and if the voltage deviation of the PCC bus is smaller than a threshold value, not starting secondary voltage adjustment; otherwise, starting a secondary voltage adjusting program;
and step 3: at node voltage-active power sensitivity matrix J-1Selecting the DG with the maximum sensitivity, and calculating a power adjustment amount estimated value;
and 4, step 4: calculating a power reference value of the DG in secondary voltage regulation according to the DG power estimated value, the DG capacity and other constraint conditions;
and 5: sending each power reference value to a DG controller, and adjusting the active power output by the DG controller to a command value by the DG controller; and (4) updating the current sensitivity matrix, repeating the processes from (2) to (4), and restoring the PCC voltage to the rated value when the DG capacity is sufficient to realize no-difference regulation.
Further, the power adjustment amount of the selected DG is:
Figure BDA0001741049980000031
where k is the sensitivity of the DG bus voltage to the node power.
Further, the sensitivity of the DG bus voltage to the node power is obtained by:
and fourthly, calculating the sensitivity of the bus voltage-active power.
From the node power balance characteristic, the DG output power is equal to the sum of the power absorbed by the bus load and the power injected into the line, i.e. the power injected into the line
Figure BDA0001741049980000032
In the formula, PiIs the output power of DG, PL,iLoad power, P, for bus iijThe output power, which is DG, flows into the portion of line i-j. The power of the lines i-j can be further expressed as
Pij＝ViVj(Gij cosθij+Bij sinθij) (3)
In the formula, Vi、VjIs the voltage amplitude, θ, of the bus i, jijIs the phase angle difference, theta under normal conditionsij≈0；Gij、BijThe line conductance and susceptance. The load power of node i can be expressed as
Figure BDA0001741049980000033
Wherein the active power component of the load is
Figure BDA0001741049980000041
The influence of the node voltage variation on the node injection power is calculated according to equation (2), namely:
Figure BDA0001741049980000042
by substituting the formulae (3) and (5) for the formula (6)
Figure BDA0001741049980000043
The formula (7) is applicable to networks with any resistance-inductance ratio, and has universality;
further considering the high inductance ratio characteristic of the ac line of the low-voltage microgrid, equation (7) can be approximated
Figure BDA0001741049980000044
Rewriting equation (8) to a matrix form includes:
Figure BDA0001741049980000045
the above formula is an active power-voltage sensitivity matrix, the physical meaning of the matrix is the increment of active power caused by voltage change of a unit bus, and each element of the matrix can be analyzed and expressed;
further inverting J to obtain a bus voltage-active power sensitivity matrix:
Figure BDA0001741049980000046
J-1each element of the matrix is the sensitivity of each bus voltage to different DG output active power, wherein the sensitivity of the PCC bus voltage to the DG active power is included.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic view of a microgrid structure;
FIG. 2 is a flow chart of secondary voltage control according to the present invention;
FIGS. 3(a) and 3(b) are simulation results of the control strategy used in the present invention;
fig. 4(a) and 4(b) are simulation results of secondary voltage regulation control performed by the droop system;
Detailed Description
The invention is further described below with reference to the accompanying drawings.
As shown in fig. 1, a model of the microgrid system under study is established.
The high-impedance characteristic of the low-voltage microgrid is considered in the process, and the virtual impedance is not added. The microgrid system mainly comprises a photovoltaic power generation unit, a storage battery and a load. The photovoltaic units are simulated by ideal voltage sources, pass through an inverter and a filter, and are connected to the PCC by an alternating current cable, such as DG 1-DG 3 in the figure. The storage battery is connected to the PCC through the DC/AC converter and the alternating current cable. For the load, different buses need to be connected in by effectively dividing according to the position and the property of the load and the requirement on the quality of electric energy, so that the pressure of voltage adjustment in operation is reduced. A general load insensitive to voltage fluctuation is connected to a DG unit alternating current bus with a short distance. Sensitive load (L5 in the figure) has higher requirement on voltage control accuracy and is connected to the PCC bus. According to the mode, the load is connected, the voltage limiter of the DG can control the voltage of the bus where the voltage limiter is located in an effective interval, the voltage of the common load can be automatically controlled, and extra voltage control measures are not needed to be taken by the microgrid system. The voltage regulation center of gravity of the system falls on the PCC with the sensitive load.
And secondly, judging the bus voltage.
Calculating the voltage deviation of the PCC bus, and if the voltage deviation is smaller than a threshold value, not starting secondary voltage adjustment; otherwise, starting the secondary voltage adjusting program.
And thirdly, selecting the most effective DG in the secondary adjustment to regulate the voltage.
The selection basis is to judge according to the bus voltage-active power sensitivity. If the value is larger, it means that a larger voltage regulation amount can be obtained with a smaller regulated power, and it should be considered to select such DG for secondary voltage regulation first. The power adjustment for the selected DG is:
Figure BDA0001741049980000051
where k is the sensitivity of the DG bus voltage to the node power. The method for calculating the power adjustment quantity by utilizing sensitivity analysis is visual and quick, and the key point is the calculation of the node voltage-active power sensitivity.
And fourthly, calculating the sensitivity of the bus voltage-active power.
The sensitivity of DG output active power to each bus voltage cannot be directly analyzed, and the problem cannot be solved by the existing method at present. Therefore, the node voltage-active power sensitivity matrix is firstly constructed and calculated, then the sensitivity matrix of the active power to each bus voltage is obtained by inverting the node voltage-active power sensitivity matrix, and each element in the inverse matrix is the bus voltage-active power sensitivity.
From the node power balance characteristic, the DG output power is equal to the sum of the power absorbed by the bus load and the power injected into the line, i.e. the power injected into the line
Figure BDA0001741049980000061
In the formula, PiIs the output power of DG, PL,iLoad power, P, for bus iijThe output power, which is DG, flows into the portion of line i-j. The power of the lines i-j can be further expressed as
Pij＝ViVj(Gij cosθij+Bij sinθij) (3)
In the formula, Vi、VjIs the voltage amplitude, θ, of the bus i, jijIs the phase angle difference, theta under normal conditionsij≈0；Gij、BijThe line conductance and susceptance. The load power of node i can be expressed as
Figure BDA0001741049980000062
Wherein the active power component of the load is
Figure BDA0001741049980000063
The influence of the node voltage variation on the node injection power is calculated according to equation (2), namely:
Figure BDA0001741049980000064
by substituting the formulae (3) and (5) for the formula (6)
Figure BDA0001741049980000065
The formula (7) is applicable to networks with any resistance-inductance ratio, and has universality. If the high inductance ratio characteristic of the low-voltage microgrid AC line is further considered, the equation (7) can be approximated
Figure BDA0001741049980000066
Rewriting equation (8) to a matrix form includes:
Figure BDA0001741049980000071
the above formula is an active power-voltage sensitivity matrix, the physical meaning of which is the increment of active power caused by voltage change of a unit bus, and each element of the matrix can be analytically expressed.
Further inverting J to obtain a bus voltage-active power sensitivity matrix:
Figure BDA0001741049980000072
J-1each element of the matrix is the sensitivity of each bus voltage to different DG output active power, wherein the sensitivity of the PCC bus voltage to the DG active power is included.
Calculating a power estimated value:
and selecting the DG with the maximum sensitivity, and calculating a DG power adjustment amount estimated value according to the formula (1).
Calculation of reference power value
And checking according to DG power estimated value, DG actual capacity and upper and lower limit constraints of bus voltage. If the power estimation value state does not have the out-of-limit condition, the power estimation value state is used as a reference value of DG regulated power; otherwise, correcting the estimated value until the system has no out-of-limit condition, and taking the new corrected power value as the DG power reference value participating in secondary voltage regulation.
And seventhly, sending the power reference value to the selected DG controller, and adjusting the output active power to the reference value after the DG controller receives the secondary voltage regulation instruction. Repeating the processes of the two to the sixth, and gradually selecting the DGs to adjust the power until the PCC voltage reaches the target value.
The micro grid system shown in fig. 1 is taken as an example to perform secondary voltage adjustment, so as to illustrate the effect of the method.
During initial operation, the system load is large, the storage battery is in a discharging state, the storage battery is used as a main control unit and is controlled by a constant voltage, and the voltage is maintained at 380V. DG1, DG2 and DG3 are used as slave control units and controlled by constant power, and the active outputs are 100kW, 90kW and 60kW respectively. The PCC voltage is 379V, and the three DG bus voltages are all within the allowable range (5%), as before 1s in FIG. 3. (the lower corner 5 in the figure indicates the PCC bus and the voltage of DG4 is unchanged and is not shown in the figure). Let the allowable deviation of the PCC bus voltage be 1% UNI.e. ═ 3.8V.
When the load L5 is changed from 2 omega to 1.2 omega at 1s, the active power shortage of the microgrid occurs, and the system starts primary voltage regulation. The voltage of the bus of the storage battery can be stabilized at 380V by adopting constant voltage control, and the DGs controlled by the other three constant powers maintain the output power unchanged. The voltage of all buses except the storage battery bus is reduced, and the PCC voltage is reduced to 373.7V which is larger than the PCC voltage. And 3s, starting a secondary voltage adjusting program. The results are shown in FIG. 3. Under the same operating condition, the voltage is regulated according to the method of determining the regulated power by using the droop coefficient in the existing research, the result is shown as the attached figure 4, and the DG regulated power under the two methods is shown as the table 1.
TABLE 1 comparison of the method of the invention with existing methods
Figure BDA0001741049980000081
It can be found that under the condition of sufficient system standby, the PCC bus voltage can be well controlled by the two methods, but in the power sharing method, three DGs act simultaneously, the power regulating amounts are respectively 17.8kW, 18.9kW and 15.4kW, and the total regulating power is 52.1 kW. And the sensitivity method provided by the invention only has DG3 action, the regulated power is 44.8kW, and the resource regulation rate is reduced by 14%. From a macroscopic point of view, all the regulated powers are charged with the DG with the highest sensitivity, which is the most resource-saving, and besides, the options are not the best solution. Therefore, the DG is selected by adopting a sensitivity method to carry out secondary voltage control, and the voltage regulating effect is better.

Claims (2)

1. A low-voltage microgrid secondary voltage control method based on a sensitivity matrix is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step 1: establishing a mathematical model of the low-voltage microgrid system;
step 2: and (3) judging voltage deviation: calculating the voltage deviation of the PCC bus, and if the voltage deviation of the PCC bus is smaller than a threshold value, not starting secondary voltage adjustment; otherwise, starting a secondary voltage adjusting program;
and step 3: at-node voltage-active power sensitivity matrix J-1Selecting the DG with the maximum sensitivity, and calculating a power adjustment amount estimated value;
and 4, step 4: calculating a power reference value of the DG in secondary voltage regulation according to the DG power estimated value, the DG capacity and other constraint conditions;
and 5: sending each power reference value to a DG controller, and adjusting the active power output by the DG controller to a command value by the DG controller; updating the current sensitivity matrix, repeating the processes from (2) to (4), and recovering the PCC voltage to a rated value when the DG capacity is sufficient to realize no-difference regulation;
the power adjustment for the selected DG is:
Figure FDA0002546617700000011
where k is the sensitivity of the DG bus voltage to the node power.
2. The sensitivity matrix-based low-voltage microgrid secondary voltage control method of claim 1,
the sensitivity of the DG bus voltage to the node power is obtained by the following steps:
calculating the sensitivity of the bus voltage-active power;
from the node power balance characteristic, the DG output power is equal to the sum of the power absorbed by the bus load and the power injected into the line, i.e. the power injected into the line
Figure FDA0002546617700000012
In the formula, PiIs the output power of DG, PL,iLoad power, P, for bus iijIs the portion of the DG output power flowing into line i-j, which may be further expressed as
Pij＝ViVj(Gij cosθij+Bij sinθij) (3)
In the formula, Vi、VjIs the voltage amplitude, θ, of the bus i, jijIs the phase angle difference, theta under normal conditionsij≈0；Gij、BijThe load power of the node i can be expressed as
Figure FDA0002546617700000013
Wherein the active power component of the load is
Figure FDA0002546617700000021
The influence of the node voltage variation on the node injection power is calculated according to equation (2), namely:
Figure FDA0002546617700000022
by substituting the formulae (3) and (5) for the formula (6)
Figure FDA0002546617700000023
The formula (7) is applicable to networks with any resistance-inductance ratio, and has universality;
further considering the high inductance ratio characteristic of the ac line of the low-voltage microgrid, equation (7) can be approximated
Figure FDA0002546617700000024
Rewriting equation (8) to a matrix form includes:
Figure FDA0002546617700000025
the above formula is an active power-voltage sensitivity matrix, the physical meaning of the matrix is the increment of active power caused by voltage change of a unit bus, and each element of the matrix can be analyzed and expressed;
inverting J to obtain a bus voltage-active power sensitivity matrix:
Figure FDA0002546617700000026
J-1each element of the matrix is the sensitivity of each bus voltage to different DG output active power, wherein the sensitivity of the PCC bus voltage to the DG active power is included.
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