CN1087764A - Radio-frequency generator and the oscillator formed by differential amplifier - Google Patents
Radio-frequency generator and the oscillator formed by differential amplifier Download PDFInfo
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- CN1087764A CN1087764A CN 92114298 CN92114298A CN1087764A CN 1087764 A CN1087764 A CN 1087764A CN 92114298 CN92114298 CN 92114298 CN 92114298 A CN92114298 A CN 92114298A CN 1087764 A CN1087764 A CN 1087764A
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Abstract
A kind of differential amplifier (ECL line receiver ECL that contains
1) pierce circuit, can directly export the symmetrical square wave signal.This is by with ECL
1Input via two equal-sized resistance (R
1, R
2) be connected to symmetrical bias voltage (V
BB) and obtain.Feedback loop is by crystal (X
1), trimmer capacitor and resistance (R
3) constitute.Use by differential amplifier (ECL
2) harmonic synthesizer that constitutes produces input signal even-multiple frequency.Use the 3rd differential amplifier (ECL
3) and the LC network to signal shaping, so that obtain having the required square wave of ECL level.
Description
The present invention relates to a kind of radio-frequency generator spare and a kind of line receiver by ECL, i.e. oscillating circuit of ECL differential amplifier or common direct-coupled differential amplifier formation frequency multiplier circuit of having.
Constituting oscillating circuit with transistor as active element has used for a long time.Along with the appearance of integrated circuit, also made the sort of amplifier that is used for oscillator as device commonly used.Have only the electronic circuit of several types to be suitable for using at high frequency, one of them is to be made of direct coupled amplifier.One of this class A amplifier A is to constitute (ECL is an emitter coupled logic) herein by the ECL circuit, and the output signal of this class circuit is taken from the emitter of output transistor.Corresponding output also must connect an extra outside pull down resistor, and this grounding through resistance is so that emitter has the voltage of a regulation.This extra resistance is not included in the integrated circuit.
In addition, the ECL circuit has high input impedance that approximately is similar to transistor base and the low output impedance that is similar to emitter, and its representative value is 6-9 ohm.The typical gain of ECL amplifier is about 5.
In the oscillating circuit that includes the ECL line receiver, as a kind of amplifying device, the ECL differential amplifier that promptly has the differential output of a noninverting and reversed-phase output signal has been suggested.This class A amplifier A spare is commonly used to the sine wave signal from other oscillator or amplifier is transformed into the employed level of ECL circuit, or other signal is amplified to the ECL level.
Use the pierce circuit of ECL line receiver for example to be illustrated in " MECL system design handbook " the 4th edition 224-228 page or leaf in 1988 of Mo Tuoluola semiconductor manufacturing company.Produce high frequency, must adopt the high-frequency crystal that utilizes harmonic wave.They are also improper in some aspects, therefore adopt the fundamental tone crystal usually.They thus have lower frequency, this needs the frequency multiplier of a low frequency.
One is used the frequency multiplier circuit of integrated circuit differential amplifier to be published among the German prospectus DEA13930126, and sort circuit has noninverting and inverting input and output.Be added with identical direct current biasing at two inputs, the frequency that double is added to an input.Another input is connected to ground so that signal frequency is passed through a decoupling capacitor.Output is by direct interconnection, i.e. short circuit mutually, (also can be expressed as " line-or " circuit).Like this, can obtain the output signal of sinusoidal waveform.But this method that is described as exciting amplifier has only the signal of a frequency corresponding to the input signal frequency multiplication on its output.
According to the present invention, for the oscillating circuit that has differential amplifier (for example ECL line receiver) provides a kind of circuit, sort circuit is directly produced the symmetry output of square wave type and is had suitable voltage level by a step, and the signal that promptly for example has the ECL level is to be used for more circuit that constituted around the same type differential amplifier.This can obtain by the input that bias voltage is connected to symmetrically differential amplifier.
Be used to produce the another kind of harmonic synthesizer of high frequency or the frequency that common circuit is used to produce the input signal even-multiple, it promptly is not frequency multiplication, it comprise as quote differential amplifier in the German file, for example ECL line receiver, its positive output end and negative output terminal direct interconnection as proof.This differential amplifier is encouraged by incoming wave with such method, and promptly input has suitable direct current biasing, and the waveform that is produced on the frequency multiplication of input signal has little " sinking " or " spike ".Because this waveform is highly non-sinusoidal, it will have a frequency spectrum that includes input signal even-multiple frequency, and like this, the amplitude of its first harmonic is very important and can be easily with its elimination.
Filter action can be provided by the lc circuit of the differential amplifier of supplying with another same type.If what produced originally is that then signal source also can comprise a lc circuit, to produce needed sine wave signal output such as square wave or aforesaid non-sinusoidal waveform with sagging or spike waveform.
Signal source also can comprise an aforesaid oscillator that contains the same type differential amplifier.The output signal of this oscillator is taken from an input of the differential amplifier that is included in the oscillator.
The present invention will be with way of example with reference to all embodiment of description of drawings, in the accompanying drawing:
Fig. 1 has shown the example of an ECL line receiver internal structure;
Fig. 2 has shown the voltage-voltage characteristic of an ECL line receiver;
Fig. 3 has shown an a kind of previous oscillator with crystal fundamental;
Fig. 4 has shown a kind of according to the oscillator with crystal fundamental of the present invention;
Fig. 5 has roughly shown a harmonic synthesizer that produces input sinusoidal voltage frequency even-multiple;
Fig. 6 has shown the waveform that obtains from the circuit of Fig. 5;
Fig. 7 has shown a harmonic synthesizer that produces non-sine input signal even number frequency multiplication;
Fig. 8 shown to be input as pulse voltage carry out filtering and shaping and
Fig. 9 has shown and has comprised oscillator, harmonic synthesizer, the concrete example application that 3 ECL line receiving circuits are arranged of filter and pulse shaper.
The example of an ECL line receiver has been shown among Fig. 1, the same with the explanation on the not Toro handle volume above-mentioned basically.It comprises the conventional differential amplifier seen of the left side in the drawings.It is made of two transistor Q1 and Q2, applies input voltage on its base stage.An input is called as non-inverting input D+, and another is inverting input D-.Be connected to identical big base resistance R on the base stage
P, emitter is connected to each other and receives emitter resistance R
EOr receive a constant-current source in some cases.These transistorized collector electrodes provide collector resistance R respectively
C1And R
C2From the wired emitter follower circuit of linking of collector electrode, and link the base stage of output transistor Q3 and Q4 particularly, emitter follower circuit inside is without any emitter resistance-pull down resistor-and obtain output voltage on emitter.An output just is being called as or noninverting output, and another is called negative or reversed-phase output.When reality was used, the emitter of these emitter-follower transistors Q3 and Q4 must connect suitable external pull down resistor naturally.
In simple differential amplifier, the collector electrode of transistor Q1 and Q2 is by voltage V
Ce2Drive, in the emitter follower part, the collector electrode of transistor Q3 and Q4 is by voltage V
Cc1Drive.In the differential amplifier part, the emitter of transistor Q1 and Q2 passes through resistance R
EBe connected to voltage V
EEThe standard connection of ECL circuit adopts V
CC1=V
CC2=0(terminals are received ground) and V
EE=-5V.The input of this circuit must have suitable DC level, it be by with the added bias voltage V of circuit
BBRelevant specific voltage stabilizing partly obtains, and under normal conditions is-1.29V.This bias voltage is connected to input by resistance of a size suitable, thereby makes circuit obtain a suitable working point.High-frequency signal can be connected to input by enough jumbo decoupling capacitors.
The ECL circuit also can be used with the normal conditions diverse ways and be connected, and for example all driving voltages is increased 5V.All like this emitters will be connected to ground.This connection can be described as puppet-ECL.
Fig. 2 has shown the voltage characteristic under the ECL line receiver all temps of type shown in Fig. 1.Here can regard as input approximately-1.4 and-active zone is arranged between the 1.2V, be the center with bias voltage-1.3V, the rated value at this center is-1.29V.Output voltage is with in the middle of identical method is placed in, but has a bigger logic swing, and will approximately-1.75 and-move between the 0.9V, the corresponding gain of this value is greater than 4.
Fig. 3 shows a VCXO that is similar to the oscillating circuit of mentioning in the above-mentioned handbook.In this oscillating circuit, an ECL line receiver ECL1 has been installed.In the feedback line between its positive output end and non-inverting input, a crystal is connected with variable capacitance diode with variable capacitor.The capacity of this variable capacitance diode becomes by added DC voltage change.This circuit also contains a decoupling capacitor, and this electric capacity equals zero to its practical impedance of frequency of being considered.The other parts that producing in the circuit vibrates is connected comprise that a resistance that is connected between the used ECL line receiver positive and negative input passes through the negative input end of a decoupling capacitor ground connection.This circuit just can obtain vibration in the following manner with suitably big or small described element,, exports square wave on used ECL line receiver output that is.In order to amplify and shaping, can further send into ECL line receiver ECL2 and ECL3 to this signal.
On variable capacitance diode D1, be added with control voltage V
RA part, with the line of variable capacitance diode one end by a big grounding through resistance.The other end of variable capacitance diode is connected to control voltage V by another big resistance
RBecause the decoupling capacitor of being mentioned on feedback line, also owing to other electric capacity and crystal in the circuit, disconnects this circuit of direct current, so added control voltage will partly be added on the variable capacitance diode.Its capacitance can be by described control voltage V
RVariation and become.
About the direct current biasing of ECL line receiver ECL1, its non-inverting input is linked bias voltage V by described resistance
BBSo inverting input will be directly connected to this voltage.The output of ECL line receiver ECL1 is also by emitter resistance or pull down resistor R
PBe connected to constant voltage V
EE, for example in the standard connection, V
EEEqual-5V.
On the right side of Fig. 3, comprise the circuit of ECL2 and two ECL line receivers of ECL3, be used for amplifying and shaping, from the resulting signal of oscillating circuit that constitutes around ECL line receiver ECL1, obtain square wave in such a way, that is, make it have the level that is suitable for ECL.
Fig. 4 shows according to oscillating circuit of the present invention, and wherein the biasing of input is symmetrically arranged.This simple oscillating circuit includes a crystal X on feedback line
t, a capacitor C
SWith a resistance R
3This feedback loop as above be connected between the non-inverting input and positive output end of ECL line receiver.The positive input terminal of ECL line receiver also passes through resistance R
1With decoupling capacitor C
3Be connected to ground or constant emitter drive voltage V
EE, capacitor C like this
3With the short circuit frequency of oscillation.As for direct current supply, then be provided with in such a way, promptly two of the ECL line receiver inputs pass through resistance R
1And R
2Be connected to bias voltage V
BB, resistance R
1And R
2Size is identical.Like this, the ECL line receiver obtains the symmetry biasing, and the square-wave pulse ratio that it obtained is 50%.In addition, produce the output of this signal by pull down resistor R
4Be connected to ground or be connected to constant emission pole tension V
EE
The negative input end of ECL line receiver can pass through capacitor C
2Decoupling is to ground or constant emission utmost point driving voltage V
EE, but it makes circuit have too big stability, thereby can not starting of oscillation, this is because capacitor C
2Make circuit lack very much interference.Resistance R on feedback line
3, it is worth usually in 10-500 ohmage magnitude, and can prevent that circuit oscillation is on incorrect frequency.This can explain that promptly the electric capacity of this resistance on feedback line plays the effect of a low pass filter with such fact.
Can directly obtain to have the square wave of ECL level by the solution method of Fig. 4 circuit, and, need more ECL line receivers further to carry out shaping pulse or amplification without any need for as previous circuit among Fig. 3.And obtain to can be used for importing the sinusoidal signal of other circuit at the input of ECL line receiver, as will being described in more detail below.
The ECL circuit is generally used for high frequency, and this class fundamental crystal oscillator shown in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 generally is used to the frequency range of 10-25MHz.But, in many application scenarios, need higher frequency, and use the frequency doubling device of some type possibly.By the square wave that provides on the oscillator ECL line receiver output, comprise the odd number frequency multiplication or the odd harmonic of wave of oscillation fundamental frequency, these harmonic waves can leach and amplify with conventional method, so that the square wave with higher frequency to be provided.
Illustrated among Fig. 5 by a device frequency multiplication frequency multiplication is provided, and when sine wave to ECL line receiver, produced the even-multiple frequency of fundamental frequency usually.Here, two outputs of ECL line receiver are connected to " line-or-connect ", and its common port is in due form by an emitter resistance R
5Link constant voltage (for example) or a constant emitter voltage V
EEIf the input signal from sine wave source has enough amplitudes, the voltage that then obtains on output has comprised a quite constant voltage, interrupt when " sinking " that this voltage occurs bearing in the input signal changed polarity, that is, on this sagging frequency that appears at corresponding to the input signal frequency multiplication.
This output signal of having amplified has been shown among Fig. 6.Dotted line is the curve corresponding to differential amplifier hypothesis of a constant amplification quantity when saturated, and this constant amplification quantity is that the straight line portion mid point that curve tilts from Fig. 2 obtains.Two dotted line sine curves of among Fig. 6 this intersect each other in about the 1.3V that represents differential amplifier positive and negative output output signal.The signal of solid line representative actual output from the outlet terminal.The saturation level of the corresponding ECL line receiver of the voltage level of the straight portion that it has.The top horizontal component of curve in this straight portion corresponding diagram 2 is approximately-0.9V when obtaining this voltage from Fig. 2.Have saggingly between two straight portion, this sink and to follow curve of output of hypothesis, and the therefore top of corresponding diagram 2 medium dip curved portion, that is, this part be positioned at these these curved portion intersection points of figure central authorities above.
In order to produce waveform shown in Figure 6, contrast Fig. 2, the sinusoidal input signal of ECL line receiver 0.3V that will have an appointment at least usually, the peak that preferably is at least 0.5V is to peak voltage.
Because the waveform of output voltage has seriously departed from pure sinusoid shape, its radio-frequency component will include the frequency multiplication of described " sinking " frequency, so it will contain the even-multiple frequency corresponding to the input sinusoidal signal frequency.
In order to obtain a suitable sinusoidal signal, its input with Fig. 5 circuit can be connected in parallel or at simple filter circuit of its input configuration, this latter event is shown in Fig. 7 at the input of Fig. 5 circuit.Here imported a high-frequency signal, it is sinusoidal wave that this signal needs not to be, and passes through capacitor C
1Be added to an ECL line receiver just or non-inverting input.Be equipped with the variable inductance L that is connected in parallel at described ECL line receiver between the anti-phase and non-inverting input
FAnd capacitor C
FInverting input is in addition by decoupling capacitor C
6Decoupling is to ground or to constant emission utmost point driving voltage V
EEDirect voltage control level on the inverting input of described ECL line receiver is by bias voltage V
BBProvide, also can increase a resistance (not drawing), non-inverting input is from bias voltage V
BBPass through inductance L
F, the common resistance of this inductance is very low.When this lc circuit adopts suitable element and component values, when the pure sinusoid voltage that frequency equals the odd multiple number of frequency of input pulse signal fundamental frequency or fundamental frequency is sent on the ECL line receiver, then this line receiver is the same with Fig. 5, with a frequency multiplication is provided the signal with " embossed shape ".
A harmonic component filtering to be amplified and is transformed into the ECL level, can adopt the circuit of Fig. 8, except the output of ECL line receiver does not interconnect but two or only one, link ground by emitter resistance or link beyond the constant emission pole tension V in mode as mentioned above, this circuit circuit with Fig. 7 substantially is identical.These square waves can provide partly the fundamental frequency by input voltage, partly by the determined frequency of LC filter element that places ECL line receiver input.
At last, figure 9 illustrates a voltage controlled oscillator embodiment, this oscillator is provided with the harmonic synthesizer of the even number frequency multiplication of fundamental frequency.Obtain the output frequency of 81.92MHz in this circuit, promptly use 4 frequencys multiplication of crystal fundamental 20.47MHz, used crystal model is the NDK-51 type.The ECL circuit is encapsulated in the capsule, and model is for accurately comprising the Mo Tuoluola MC10H116 of three ECL line receivers.This ECL line receiver circuit is connected to " puppet-ECL " of grounded emitter.Bias voltage V
BB=-1.29V, this voltage is also taken from identical capsule, the voltage of being got with+the 5V collector voltage is relevant.The connection of each pin numbering is shown in Zhu Tuzhong.Shown resistance (resembling among Fig. 3) does not have used unit, but usually in ohm level.The inductance of filter segment label 4N is included in chart board (Pattern board) and goes up the 4 circle leads that directly form conductive pattern, and can calculate inductance value and be about 75nH.
Can see that in addition model is that the control voltage of the variable capacitance diode D1 of BB909A is anti-phase connection, or with Fig. 3 in connection relatively polarity is opposite.This can save among Fig. 3 for the needed big relatively capacitor C of short-circuit signal frequency ', the resistance (R among Fig. 3 on this electric capacity and the control incoming line
2) can play a low pass filter, thus do not allow the frequency of oscillator is done too fast control.
Take among the figure sinusoidal signal of ECL line receiver input in the leftmost base frequency oscillation device, be added to the ECL line receiver in the figure central authorities harmonic synthesizer, to produce the even number frequency multiplication of fundamental frequency.
In addition, this circuit is to be made of the circuit of composition diagram 4,7 and 8.Can see in rightmost in the drawings final filtering and the level controlled step that the output of ECL line receiver is provided with the polyphone terminal output of serial resistance as output signal.
Claims (13)
1, a kind of device that produces high frequency electrical signal comprises:
A signal source provides the periodic electric signal of the sinusoid with first frequency;
One first differential amplifier has output noninverting and inverting input and positive and negative, and when connecting as general differential amplifier, the signal on the negative output terminal is defeated by the signal on the positive output end usually;
An electrical cnnector is received the input of this first differential amplifier to described signal source, so described sinusoidal voltage just is added to first differential amplifier;
One the interconnective electrical cnnector of positive and negative output of first differential amplifier, and described output is grounded or connects first constant voltage by a load resistance;
It is characterized in that:
Described sinusoidal electric signals source is arranged to provide the described sinusoidal signal with certain voltage level, make from the signal of described first differential amplifier output, when its output does not interconnect, basic cycle of the sinusoidal signal of being imported part will be by saturated, and output obtains a pulse voltage with radio-frequency component of described first frequency even number frequency multiplication when interconnecting.
2, according to the device of claim 1, it is characterized in that:
The interconnective output of described first differential amplifier is connected to an input of one second differential amplifier by a filter circuit, thereby obtains square wave on its output by grounding through resistance.
3, according to the device of claim 2, it is characterized in that:
Filter circuit is by an inductance and the LC mode filter that electric capacity is formed.
4, according to the device of claim 2-3, it is characterized in that:
Filter circuit comprises:
The capacitor that polyphone connects, the one end is connected to the output of first differential amplifier, and output interconnects, the other end of capacitor be connected to this second differential amplifier described input and
A capacitor and an inductance are connected across two inputs of this second differential amplifier in parallel.
5, according to the device of claim 1-4, it is characterized in that:
Described sine signal source comprises the source and the filter circuit that leaches required sine-shaped signal that produce cyclical signal.
6, according to the device of claim 1-5, it is characterized in that:
Described sine signal source comprises an oscillator, and itself comprises oscillator:
The 3rd differential amplifier,
A piezoelectric crystal,
A positive feedback loop comprises that one is linked the circuit of an one output to an input of described the 3rd differential amplifier, and this circuit itself comprises described crystal and adjustable condenser that polyphone connects again.
, a circuit comprises first resistance and by a decoupling capacitor described input is received ground or received first constant voltage;
, a circuit, another input of the 3rd differential amplifier by described decoupling capacitor also ground connection or receive first constant voltage,
, a circuit, the described output of the 3rd differential amplifier by a drop-down grounding through resistance or receive second constant voltage.
7, according to the device of claim 6, it is characterized in that:
The input that is included in the 3rd differential amplifier in the described oscillator is connected to the circuit of the interconnective first differential amplifier input of output.
8, according to the device of claim 6-7, it is characterized in that:
The described circuit that another input of the 3rd differential amplifier is connected to described decoupling capacitor comprise one second resistance and
The resistance value of described second resistance is substantially equal to the resistance value of first resistance.
9, device according to Claim 8 is characterized in that:
First and second resistance are linked constant bias to the tie point of described decoupling capacitor by the 3rd resistance.
10, according to the device of claim 6-9, it is characterized in that:
Described feedback line comprises a resistance, and the described capacitor in this resistance and the circuit constitutes the low pass filter of a definite oscillator oscillatory regime.
11, oscillator comprises:
Differential amplifier with output of noninverting and inverting input and positive and negative, the signal on the negative output terminal is defeated by the signal on the positive output end usually;
A piezoelectric crystal
A positive feedback circuit comprises the circuit that an input of described differential amplifier is connected to an one output, and this circuit itself comprises a described crystal and an adjustable condenser that is connected in series,
, a circuit, comprise first resistance and by decoupling capacitor described input end grounding or connect first constant voltage,
Described output by pull down resistor ground connection or connect second constant voltage and
Thereby, and this circuit is connected to ground or constant voltage from described input when the numerical value of suitably selecting element in the feedback line, the square wave that obtains on described output has by these and is arranged on the frequency that the component values in described two circuits is determined,
It is characterized in that:
Another input of differential amplifier is also connected to described decoupling capacitor by the circuit that comprises second resistance,
The resistance of second resistance equals the resistance of first resistance substantially.
12, according to the oscillator of claim 11, it is characterized in that:
First and second resistance are connected to constant bias voltage to the tie point of described decoupling capacitor by the 3rd resistance.
13, according to the oscillator of claim 11 or 12, it is characterized in that:
Described feedback line comprises a resistance, and the described electric capacity of this resistance in circuit has constituted the low pass filter of oscillatory regime in the definite circuit.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN 92114298 CN1087764A (en) | 1992-12-03 | 1992-12-03 | Radio-frequency generator and the oscillator formed by differential amplifier |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN 92114298 CN1087764A (en) | 1992-12-03 | 1992-12-03 | Radio-frequency generator and the oscillator formed by differential amplifier |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN1087764A true CN1087764A (en) | 1994-06-08 |
Family
ID=4946887
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN 92114298 Pending CN1087764A (en) | 1992-12-03 | 1992-12-03 | Radio-frequency generator and the oscillator formed by differential amplifier |
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| CN (1) | CN1087764A (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN103138679A (en) * | 2011-11-24 | 2013-06-05 | 杭州中科微电子有限公司 | Inductor-capacitor (LC) oscillator with basically constant variable capacitance in oscillation period |
| CN107508556A (en) * | 2017-08-28 | 2017-12-22 | 河海大学 | A kind of DE classes frequency multiplier and design method |
-
1992
- 1992-12-03 CN CN 92114298 patent/CN1087764A/en active Pending
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN103138679A (en) * | 2011-11-24 | 2013-06-05 | 杭州中科微电子有限公司 | Inductor-capacitor (LC) oscillator with basically constant variable capacitance in oscillation period |
| CN103138679B (en) * | 2011-11-24 | 2016-01-13 | 杭州中科微电子有限公司 | The substantially invariable LC oscillator of variable capacitance in a kind of cycle of oscillation |
| CN107508556A (en) * | 2017-08-28 | 2017-12-22 | 河海大学 | A kind of DE classes frequency multiplier and design method |
| CN107508556B (en) * | 2017-08-28 | 2020-11-10 | 河海大学 | Design method of DE frequency multiplier |
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