CN108696350A - 可调节的物理不可克隆函数 - Google Patents

可调节的物理不可克隆函数 Download PDF

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CN108696350A
CN108696350A CN201810297044.3A CN201810297044A CN108696350A CN 108696350 A CN108696350 A CN 108696350A CN 201810297044 A CN201810297044 A CN 201810297044A CN 108696350 A CN108696350 A CN 108696350A
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O.维勒斯
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04LTRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L9/00Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
    • H04L9/32Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols including means for verifying the identity or authority of a user of the system or for message authentication, e.g. authorization, entity authentication, data integrity or data verification, non-repudiation, key authentication or verification of credentials
    • H04L9/3271Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols including means for verifying the identity or authority of a user of the system or for message authentication, e.g. authorization, entity authentication, data integrity or data verification, non-repudiation, key authentication or verification of credentials using challenge-response
    • H04L9/3278Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols including means for verifying the identity or authority of a user of the system or for message authentication, e.g. authorization, entity authentication, data integrity or data verification, non-repudiation, key authentication or verification of credentials using challenge-response using physically unclonable functions [PUF]
    • HELECTRICITY
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    • H04L9/00Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
    • H04L9/08Key distribution or management, e.g. generation, sharing or updating, of cryptographic keys or passwords
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    • H04L9/0866Generation of secret information including derivation or calculation of cryptographic keys or passwords involving user or device identifiers, e.g. serial number, physical or biometrical information, DNA, hand-signature or measurable physical characteristics
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    • B81BMICROSTRUCTURAL DEVICES OR SYSTEMS, e.g. MICROMECHANICAL DEVICES
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    • B81B7/0012Protection against reverse engineering, unauthorised use, use in unintended manner, wrong insertion or pin assignment
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    • G06F21/71Protecting specific internal or peripheral components, in which the protection of a component leads to protection of the entire computer to assure secure computing or processing of information
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    • GPHYSICS
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    • G06FELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
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    • G06F21/70Protecting specific internal or peripheral components, in which the protection of a component leads to protection of the entire computer
    • G06F21/71Protecting specific internal or peripheral components, in which the protection of a component leads to protection of the entire computer to assure secure computing or processing of information
    • G06F21/73Protecting specific internal or peripheral components, in which the protection of a component leads to protection of the entire computer to assure secure computing or processing of information by creating or determining hardware identification, e.g. serial numbers
    • GPHYSICS
    • G06COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06FELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F5/00Methods or arrangements for data conversion without changing the order or content of the data handled
    • GPHYSICS
    • G09EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09CCIPHERING OR DECIPHERING APPARATUS FOR CRYPTOGRAPHIC OR OTHER PURPOSES INVOLVING THE NEED FOR SECRECY
    • G09C1/00Apparatus or methods whereby a given sequence of signs, e.g. an intelligible text, is transformed into an unintelligible sequence of signs by transposing the signs or groups of signs or by replacing them by others according to a predetermined system

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Abstract

本发明涉及可调节的物理不可克隆函数。本发明涉及一种由作为物理不可克隆函数的微机电系统(11a、12a)以及可控制的调节环节(11b、12b)构成的装置(11、12),作为对挑战的反应,所述微机电系统按照映射规则来输出应答,所述调节环节被设立为:按照控制指令来调节影响所述映射规则的周围环境参数。

Description

可调节的物理不可克隆函数
技术领域
本发明涉及一种具有微机电系统作为物理不可克隆函数的装置。
背景技术
所谓的物理不可克隆函数(英文physical unclonable function,PUF)是实体单元,所述实体单元借助于映射规则来将挑战(challenge)映射到应答(response)上,其中该映射规则基于单元的物理特性。PUF通常分析单元的制造波动并且据此生成单独的应答。所述单独的应答在不同的单元之间有变化并且因而可以被用于标识单元和/或被用于生成(密码)密钥。
PUF的示例是硅物理随机函数(Silicon Physical Random Function,SPUF),所述硅物理随机函数分析在集成电路中的晶体管和导线的延迟的变化,以便标识芯片。仲裁器PUF(Arbiter PUF)使用仲裁器(例如D-触发器(D-Flipflop)),以便识别在两个相同的初试路程中的区别。在涂层PUF中,检测并且分析集成电路的涂层的局部电阻,以便标识芯片。
从US 2015/0200775 A1公知基于微机电系统(MEMS)的PUF。
借助于PUF可以生成密码密钥,用于对数据进行加密或者用于在不同的计算单元之间安全地交换数据或用于在不同的计算单元之间安全地通信。由PUF生成的密钥的优点尤其是:不必存储该密钥(这是安全性易受影响的),而是可以在需要时通过实施PUF来生成该密钥。这对于如下情况是特别有利的,在所述情况下,必须使多个构造相同的单元适应个别需要,诸如在数据传输方面适应个别需要,当前的示例是所谓的“物联网(Internet ofThings,IoT)”。
发明内容
按照本发明,提出了具有专利独立权利要求的特征的一种由作为物理不可克隆函数的微机电系统和用于改变函数的映射规则的可控制的调节环节构成的装置、一种由多个这种装置构成的组件和一种由控制单元和至少一个这种装置构成的系统。有利的设计方案是从属权利要求以及随后的描述的主题。
本发明基于如下措施:将MEMS用作PUF并且在此借助于相对应的可控制的调节环节来改变在挑战与应答(challenge-response)之间的映射规则。因此,通过对调节环节的经改变的操控可以生成对同一挑战的不同的应答。
诸如在开头提到的US 2015/0200775 A1中描述的那样,微机电系统可以被用作PUF,其中映射规则基于机械特性和/或电特性,诸如谐振频率、弹性常数关于谐振频率的刚度、系统的电容或由于形状改变而引起的电容改变、释放电压、扳动电压之差、电阻、电感等等。这些机械特性和/或电特性受到周围环境参数、如尤其是温度和压强影响,使得这些特性以及借此映射规则同样可以通过有针对性地改变周围环境参数、尤其是通过作为调节环节的加热和/或冷却元件来有针对性地改变周围环境参数来被改变。
这也解决了传统的PUF的问题,所述传统的PUF通常只能生成对挑战的少量不同的应答,大多数只能生成一个对挑战的应答。后来,利用按照本发明的解决方案,在需要时尤其是也可以根据不同的应答生成多个不同的密码密钥。这能够实现对密码密钥的重新配置,这提高了PUF的价值。视调节环节的设计方案而定,该调节环节有利地也可以被用于破坏PUF,例如通过高热量来破坏PUF。以这种方式可以持久地防止读出被加密的信息。破坏微机电系统的另一有利的可能性在于利用所谓的吸合效应(Pull-In-Effekt)。在此,相邻的导电结构(电极)被加载高电压,使得这些相邻的导电结构由于静电引力而吸引和接触,这导致了微机电结构的破坏。
优选地,按照本发明的装置被用于生成明确的应答,接着根据所述明确的应答来生成标识特征和/或密码密钥。按照本发明的系统、例如以片上系统(System-on-a-Chip,SoC)的形式的系统具有至少一个按照本发明的装置以及控制单元,所述控制单元被设立用于生成针对调节环节的控制指令。这呈现出对各种各样的应用情况的随时可使用的解决方案,尤其是用于密码和/或在能联网的设备中的应用的随时可使用的解决方案。
优选地,整个装置布置在外壳中,所述外壳优选地由陶瓷材料、诸如二氧化硅形成。以这种方式可以减少或者完全避免由于外部干扰、例如也包括以相邻的装置的形式的外部干扰引起的对映射规则的影响。有利地,以正常的MEMS工艺来制造该结构是可能的。这里通常具有两个硅晶片,一个硅晶片提供有功能能力的结构以及一个帽晶片在端部在所限定的状态下使空穴封闭。在这种情况下,在Si晶片上/在Si晶片中生成涂层用于热绝缘可以作为附加的工艺步骤来连接。仍然保留了传统的MEMS工艺,Si技术形成所述传统的MEMS工艺的基础。
有利地,该装置也具有测量环节,用于测量影响映射规则的周围环境参数,诸如温度和/或压强。对周围环境参数的测量尤其可以被用于调节该周围环境参数。以这种方式能特别精确地调节周围环境参数。然而,原则上也可能的并且被想到的是:尤其是在由多个按照本发明的装置构成的组件的情况下就纯控制而言(也就是说在没有测量值的反馈的情况下)分别调节周围环境参数并且基于彼此间的比较或比例来分析应答。以这种方式可以消除对多个装置起相同作用的干扰,诸如周围环境温度和/或周围环境压强。
本发明的其它优点和设计方案从描述以及随附的附图中得到。
本发明依据实施例在附图中示意性地示出并且在下文参考该附图予以描述。
附图说明
图1以截面图示出了按照本发明的系统的具有两个装置和一个控制单元的优选的实施方式。
具体实施方式
在图1中,按照本发明的优选的实施方式的系统以截面图示意性地示出并且用1来表示。系统1具有由两个装置11、12构成的组件10并且具有控制单元2。控制单元2与组件10以传输信号的方式连接。
装置11、12中的每个装置都具有微机电系统(MEMS)11a、12a作为物理不可克隆函数(PUF),具有这里被构造为加热元件11b、12b的调节环节,而且按照本发明的所示出的优选的实施方式,也具有这里被构造为温度传感器11c、12c的测量环节。此外,还具有由二氧化硅组成的外壳11d、12d,所述外壳在所示出的示例中连在一起地来构造。
PUF 11a、12a被设立为:按照基于MEMS的机械特性和/或电特性的映射规则来将挑战映射到应答上。机械特性例如可包括谐振频率或弹性常数,电特性例如可包括电容、电感和/或电阻。应着重指出的是:然而这些特性应仅仅示例性地并且非封闭式地来理解,其中关于其它细节参阅在开头提到的US 2015/0200775 A1。
控制单元2尤其被设立为:给装置11、12加载尤其是以挑战信号的形式的挑战并且检测尤其是以应答信号的形式的应答。
MEMS的机械特性和/或电特性取决于不同的周围环境参数,如尤其是取决于周围环境温度和/或周围环境压强。现在,在本发明的优选的实施方式的范围内规定:借助于这里被构造为加热元件的调节环节来影响或调节这些周围环境参数中的一个或多个、这里例如是周围环境温度。为了调节温度,设置已经提到的温度传感器11c、12c。因此,控制单元2优选地被设立为:将在外壳11d、12d之内的温度调节到额定值,以便由此改变PUF 11a、12a的相应的映射规则。
外壳11d、12d基本上用于避免对系统的外部干扰,但是也用于避免相邻的装置11、12的相互影响。
使用这种装置11、12或这种系统1是特别有利的,因为可调节的PUF可以被用于借助于对周围环境参数的相对应的调节来生成对于同一挑战的不同的应答。接着,这些不同的应答尤其可以被用于生成不同的密码密钥,这与例如只能提供一个应答的传统的系统相比明显提高了本发明的应用可能性。
按照本发明的优选的实施方式,对PUF 11a、12a进行破坏也是可能的,尤其是在利用所谓的吸合效应的情况下和/或通过使用调节环节、例如通过相对应地高的温度来对PUF11a、12a进行破坏也是可能的。对PUF进行破坏对应于不可撤回的删除、例如对所有从中获得的密码密钥的不可撤回的删除。如果密码密钥被删除,那么利用该密钥来加密的数据也不再可能被解密。因此,可以简单并且快速地安全地删除大数据量。

Claims (10)

1.一种由作为物理不可克隆函数的微机电系统(11a、12a)以及可控制的调节环节(11b、12b)构成的装置(11、12),作为对挑战的反应,所述微机电系统按照映射规则来输出应答,所述调节环节被设立为:按照控制指令来调节影响所述映射规则的周围环境参数。
2.根据权利要求1所述的装置,所述装置布置在外壳(11d、12d)中。
3.根据权利要求2所述的装置,其中所述外壳(11d、12d)由陶瓷材料形成。
4.根据上述权利要求之一所述的装置,所述装置具有测量环节(11c、12c),用于测量影响所述映射规则的周围环境参数。
5.根据上述权利要求之一所述的装置,其中影响所述映射规则的周围环境参数是周围环境温度和/或周围环境压强。
6.根据上述权利要求之一所述的装置,其中所述调节环节(11b、12b)具有加热和/或冷却元件。
7.一种组件(10),其具有多个根据上述权利要求之一所述的装置(11、12)。
8.一种由控制单元(2)和至少一个根据权利要求1至6之一所述的装置(11、12)构成的系统(1),所述控制单元被设立为生成针对调节环节(11b、12b)的控制指令。
9.根据至少回引权利要求3的权利要求8所述的系统(1),其中所述控制单元(2)被设立为调节周围环境参数。
10.根据权利要求8或9所述的系统(1),其中所述控制单元(2)被设立为:给所述装置(11、12)加载挑战并且检测所述装置(11、12)的应答。
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