CN108667087B - 过电压保护设备 - Google Patents

过电压保护设备 Download PDF

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CN108667087B
CN108667087B CN201710946260.1A CN201710946260A CN108667087B CN 108667087 B CN108667087 B CN 108667087B CN 201710946260 A CN201710946260 A CN 201710946260A CN 108667087 B CN108667087 B CN 108667087B
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P·拉比耶
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02JCIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
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    • H02J7/0034Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries with safety or protection devices or circuits using reverse polarity correcting or protecting circuits
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02JCIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0029Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries with safety or protection devices or circuits
    • H02J7/00308Overvoltage protection
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60LPROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
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    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60LPROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L3/00Electric devices on electrically-propelled vehicles for safety purposes; Monitoring operating variables, e.g. speed, deceleration or energy consumption
    • B60L3/0023Detecting, eliminating, remedying or compensating for drive train abnormalities, e.g. failures within the drive train
    • B60L3/0046Detecting, eliminating, remedying or compensating for drive train abnormalities, e.g. failures within the drive train relating to electric energy storage systems, e.g. batteries or capacitors
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
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    • H01L27/02Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate including semiconductor components specially adapted for rectifying, oscillating, amplifying or switching and having potential barriers; including integrated passive circuit elements having potential barriers
    • H01L27/0203Particular design considerations for integrated circuits
    • H01L27/0248Particular design considerations for integrated circuits for electrical or thermal protection, e.g. electrostatic discharge [ESD] protection
    • H01L27/0251Particular design considerations for integrated circuits for electrical or thermal protection, e.g. electrostatic discharge [ESD] protection for MOS devices
    • H01L27/0255Particular design considerations for integrated circuits for electrical or thermal protection, e.g. electrostatic discharge [ESD] protection for MOS devices using diodes as protective elements
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    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
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    • H01L27/0203Particular design considerations for integrated circuits
    • H01L27/0248Particular design considerations for integrated circuits for electrical or thermal protection, e.g. electrostatic discharge [ESD] protection
    • H01L27/0251Particular design considerations for integrated circuits for electrical or thermal protection, e.g. electrostatic discharge [ESD] protection for MOS devices
    • H01L27/0259Particular design considerations for integrated circuits for electrical or thermal protection, e.g. electrostatic discharge [ESD] protection for MOS devices using bipolar transistors as protective elements
    • H01L27/0262Particular design considerations for integrated circuits for electrical or thermal protection, e.g. electrostatic discharge [ESD] protection for MOS devices using bipolar transistors as protective elements including a PNP transistor and a NPN transistor, wherein each of said transistors has its base coupled to the collector of the other transistor, e.g. silicon controlled rectifier [SCR] devices
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02HEMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H7/00Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions
    • H02H7/18Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions for batteries; for accumulators
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02HEMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H9/00Emergency protective circuit arrangements for limiting excess current or voltage without disconnection
    • H02H9/04Emergency protective circuit arrangements for limiting excess current or voltage without disconnection responsive to excess voltage
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02HEMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H9/00Emergency protective circuit arrangements for limiting excess current or voltage without disconnection
    • H02H9/04Emergency protective circuit arrangements for limiting excess current or voltage without disconnection responsive to excess voltage
    • H02H9/041Emergency protective circuit arrangements for limiting excess current or voltage without disconnection responsive to excess voltage using a short-circuiting device

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Abstract

本文公开了过电压保护设备。在一些实施例中,一种设备包括:具有高于或等于电源电压的击穿电压的双向二极管;以及具有高于或等于电源电压的击穿电压的单向二极管,双向二极管和单向二极管串联。二极管中的一个二极管是雪崩二极管,另一个二极管是肖克利二极管。

Description

过电压保护设备
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求于2017年3月27日提交的法国申请No.1752516的优先权,该申请由此通过引用并入本文。
技术领域
本申请总体上涉及电子设备,并且在特定实施例中涉及过电压保护设备。
背景技术
车辆是经受很多中断的环境。因此,车辆的电子电路必须被最为特别地保护以防止过电压。过电压保护设备是一种当其端子两端的电压超过一定阈值(通常称为击穿电压)时被启用的部件。例如,雪崩二极管或肖克利(Shockley)二极管可以构成基本的过电压保护设备。
车辆的电源通常由为汽车电池递送标称电压VBat(例如等于12V)的电池组成。因此,过电压保护设备被设计为在过电压的值在绝对值方面高于由电池递送的最大标称电压VBat的情况下被触发。
当车辆的电池不再具有足以启动它的电荷时,可以将电池与用于同一类型的车辆的另一电池、用于另一类型的车辆的电池或者能够递送高于由车辆电池递送的标称电压VBat的电压的电池充电器并联连接。根据车辆的类型,电压VBat可以采取例如等于6、12、24或48V的值。由于卡车电池通常递送等于汽车电压两倍的电压VBatExt,将卡车电池连接到汽车电池将有触发针对汽车电池电压VBat被校准的过电压保护设备这一风险。
然而,出于测试和维护原因,电池的极性被有意地反转。在这种情况下,需要能够承受与车辆电池电压相反的电压相等的电压-VBat的保护。
发明内容
因此,在本领域需要一种保护设备,其保护车辆的电子电路以防止过电压,但是允许连接到递送高于电压VBat的电压VBatExt的电源,并且允许车辆的电池以相反的配置连接。
因此,一些实施例包括适于保护链接到电源线的部件的过电压保护设备。
一个实施例设想一种设备,其用于防范具有高于VBatExt的值的正的过电压并且防范具有低于-VBat的值的负的过电压。
设想一种用于保护旨在接收电源电压的电路的设备,该设备包括:具有高于或等于电源电压的击穿电压的双向二极管;以及具有高于或等于电源电压的击穿电压的单向二极管,双向二极管和单向二极管串联,该二极管中的一个二极管是雪崩二极管,另一个二极管是肖克利二极管。
根据一个实施例,雪崩二极管是单向的,并且肖克利二极管是双向的。
根据一个实施例,雪崩二极管是双向的,并且肖克利二极管是单向的并且与整流二极管反并联连接。
根据一个实施例,电源电压在6到48V之间。
根据一个实施例,待保护的电路包括车辆的电路,并且电源电压是车辆电池的标称电压。
根据一个实施例,待保护的电路包括电子、逻辑和/或模拟电路。
附图说明
这些特征和优点以及其他特征和优点将在参考附图给出的特定实施例的以下非限制性描述中进行详细描述,在附图中:
图1A是过电压保护设备的一个实施例的电路图;
图1B示出了图1A的设备的电压电流特性;
图2A是过电压保护设备的另一实施例的电路图;以及
图2B示出了图2A的设备的电压电流特性。
具体实施方式
相同的元件在各图中用相同的附图标记表示。为了清楚起见,仅对所描述的实施例的理解有用的元件被示出并且被详细描述。
除非另有说明,否则表述“大约”表示在10%以内,优选地在5%以内。
图1A示出了适于保护汽车的电子电路免于具有高于卡车电池的标称电压的值的正的过电压并且免于具有在绝对值方面高于汽车电池的标称电压的值的负的过电压的保护设备的一个实施例。
图1A是示出连接在待保护设备Di的节点A与节点B之间的保护设备10的电路图。设备Di包括例如电子、逻辑和/或模拟电路。设备10包括在节点A与B之间串联的单向雪崩二极管12和双向肖克利二极管14。雪崩二极管12的阳极链接到节点A,其阴极链接到肖克利二极管14的端子之一。设备Di通过其端子A和B连接到递送标称电压VBat的电池。作为变型,雪崩二极管12的阳极可以链接到双向肖克利二极管14的端子之一,并且其阴极可以链接到节点B。
图1B示出了设备10的电流电压特性。雪崩二极管具有高于汽车电池的标称电压VBat的雪崩电压VCL。对于具有12V的标称电压VBat的汽车电池,雪崩电压VCL为例如大约13V。肖克利二极管14具有高于由汽车电池递送的标称电压VBat的正的击穿电压VBR和等于正的击穿电压的相反数的负的击穿电压-VBR。对于递送12V的标称电压VBat的汽车电池,正的击穿电压VBR和负的击穿电压-VBR为例如14V和-14V。因此,保护设备10具有等于雪崩二极管12的雪崩电压VCL与肖克利二极管14的正的击穿电压VBR之和的正的击穿电压。设备10具有等于肖克利二极管14的负的击穿电压-VBR的负的击穿电压。
因此,对于具有高于卡车电池的标称电压VBatExt的值的正的过电压,以及对于具有在绝对值方面高于汽车的标称电压VBat的值的负的过电压,设备10被触发。
图2A示出了适于保护汽车的电子电路免于具有高于卡车电池的电压VBatExt的值的正的过电压并且免于具有在绝对值方面高于汽车电池的电压Vbat的值的负的过电压的保护设备的另一实施例。
图2A是连接在待保护设备Di的节点C与节点D之间的保护设备20的电路图。保护设备20包括在节点C与节点D之间串联的双向雪崩二极管22和单向肖克利二极管24。肖克利二极管24的阳极连接到节点D,其阴极连接到雪崩二极管22。设备20还包括与肖克利二极管24反并联连接的二极管26。设备Di通过其端子C和D连接到递送电压VBat的电池。作为变型,肖克利二极管24的阳极可以链接到雪崩二极管22的端子之一,并且其阴极可以链接到节点C。
图2B示出了设备20的电压电流特性。雪崩二极管22具有高于车辆电池的标称电压VBat的正的雪崩电压VCL和等于正的雪崩电压的相反数的负的雪崩电压-VCL。对于12V的标称电压VBat,正的雪崩电压VCL和负的雪崩电压-VCL为例如大约13V和-13V。肖克利二极管24具有高于车辆电池的标称电压VBat的击穿电压VBR。对于具有12V标称电压的车辆电池,击穿电压VBR为例如大约14V。二极管26是具有大约0.6V的正向电压降VF的整流二极管。设备20具有等于雪崩二极管22的正的雪崩电压VCL与肖克利二极管24的击穿电压VBR之和的正的击穿电压。此外,由于雪崩二极管22是双向的,设备20具有等于二极管22的负的雪崩电压-VCL与二极管26的正向电压降VF之和的负的击穿电压。
因此,对于具有高于卡车电池的标称电压的值的正的过电压,以及对于具有在绝对值方面高于汽车的标称电压的值的负的过电压,设备20被触发。
如图1B和图2B所示,对于正的过电压,设备10和设备20的电气行为是相同的。然而,对于负的过电压,参考图1B描述的设备10的行为是肖克利二极管的行为,并且参考图2B描述的设备20的行为是雪崩二极管的行为。在汽车的情况下,作为雪崩二极管来操作不是缺点,因为一般来说,在汽车中发生的负的过电压是低能量的。
此外,如果车辆电池的连接被反转,则它将电压-VBat递送到保护设备10、保护设备20和待保护设备Di。由于保护设备10、保护设备20仅针对具有小于-VBat的值的负的过电压而被触发,电池不会被短路,并且因此不会被损坏。
已经描述了具体实施例。各种变型和修改对于本领域技术人员将是显而易见的。特别地,该过电压保护设备可以在任何环境中使用,而不仅仅是车辆的使用。
以上已经描述了具有各种变型的各种实施例。应当注意,本领域技术人员可以组合这些各种实施例和变型的各种元素,而不需要运用创造性技能。

Claims (14)

1.一种保护设备,被配置为耦合到电路并且被配置为接收在所述保护设备的正端子和负端子之间的电源电压,所述保护设备包括:
双向肖克利二极管,被直接连接到所述负端子,并且具有高于或等于所述电源电压的击穿电压;以及
单向雪崩二极管,与所述双向肖克利二极管串联耦合并具有直接连接到所述正端子的阴极,所述单向雪崩二极管具有高于或等于所述电源电压的击穿电压,其中所述双向肖克利二极管的正击穿电压和负击穿电压具有高于所述电源电压和高于所述单向雪崩二极管的击穿电压的幅度的相同幅度,使得在所述正端子和所述负端子之间的正击穿电压高于所述电源电压的两倍并且在所述正端子和所述负端子之间的负击穿电压在幅度上高于反相的电源电压并在幅度上低于所述正击穿电压。
2.根据权利要求1所述的保护设备,其中所述电源电压在6V到48V之间。
3.根据权利要求1所述的保护设备,其中所述电路包括车辆的电路,其中,所述电源电压是所述车辆的电池的标称电压。
4.根据权利要求1所述的保护设备,其中所述电路包括数字或模拟电路。
5.一种系统,包括:
正电池端子和负电池端子,被配置为接收电源电压;
电路,耦合到所述正电池端子和所述负电池端子;以及
保护设备,耦合在所述正电池端子和所述负电池端子的两端,其中所述保护设备包括:
双向雪崩二极管,具有高于所述电源电压的击穿电压,以及
单向肖克利二极管,具有耦合至所述双向雪崩二极管的阳极和直接连接至所述负电池端子的阴极,所述单向肖克利二极管具有高于所述电源电压并高于所述双向雪崩二极管的击穿电压的击穿电压;以及
整流二极管,具有与所述单向肖克利二极管的阴极直接相连的阳极和与所述单向肖克利二极管的阳极直接相连并与所述双向雪崩二极管直接相连的阴极,其中,在所述正电池端子和所述负电池端子之间的正击穿电压高于电源电压的两倍,并且在所述正电池端子和所述负电池端子之间的负击穿电压在幅度上高于反相电源电压并在幅度上低于所述正击穿电压。
6.根据权利要求5所述的系统,还包括耦合到所述正电池端子和所述负电池端子。
7.根据权利要求5所述的系统,其中所述单向肖克利二极管的阳极直接连接到所述双向雪崩二极管。
8.根据权利要求5所述的系统,其中所述单向肖克利二极管具有14V的击穿电压,所述双向雪崩二极管具有13V的正的雪崩电压和-13V的负的雪崩电压,并且所述整流二极管具有0.6V的正向电压降。
9.一种用于保护电路的方法,所述方法包括:
接收耦合到所述电路的正电池端子和负电池端子两端的电源电压;
当所述电源电压为正并且高于第一阈值时,其中所述第一阈值高于所述电源电压的两倍,打开耦合在所述正电池端子和所述负电池端子两端的保护设备,其中所述保护设备包括:
双向肖克利二极管,被直接连接到所述负电池端子,并且具有大于所述电源电压的正击穿电压和在幅度上等于所述正击穿电压的负击穿电压,以及
单向雪崩二极管,与所述双向肖克利二极管串联耦合,并且具有被直接连接到所述正电池端子的阴极,所述单向雪崩二极管具有高于所述电源电压并且低于所述双向肖克利二极管的正击穿电压的击穿电压;以及
当所述电源电压为负并且在幅度上高于第二阈值时,所述第二阈值在幅度上高于反相电源电压并在幅度上低于所述第一阈值,打开所述保护设备,其中打开所述保护设备包括传导电流通过所述保护设备。
10.根据权利要求9所述的方法,其中所述第一阈值对应于所述双向肖克利二极管的正击穿电压加上所述单向雪崩二极管的击穿电压。
11.根据权利要求10所述的方法,其中
所述第二阈值对应于所述双向肖克利二极管的负击穿电压。
12.根据权利要求11所述的方法,其中所述第一阈值为27V并且所述第二阈值为-14V。
13.根据权利要求9所述的方法,其中所述第一阈值为27V并且所述第二阈值为-13.6V。
14.根据权利要求9所述的方法,其中所述单向雪崩二极管的阳极直接连接到所述双向肖克利二极管。
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