CN108650084B - Quantum secure direct communication method and system based on entangled photon pair - Google Patents
Quantum secure direct communication method and system based on entangled photon pair Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a quantum secure direct communication method and system based on entangled photon pairs, which comprises an entangled source, a data sending end and a data receiving end, wherein the data sending end comprises: the device comprises a first polarization beam splitter, a first Faraday rotation reflector and a controllable optical switch, wherein one output end of the controllable optical switch is connected with a second Faraday rotation reflector, and the controllable optical switch acquires transmitted quantum bits from a data source; the data receiving end comprises a second polarization beam splitter, a third polarization beam splitter and a fourth polarization beam splitter which are sequentially connected, and two output ends of the fourth polarization beam splitter are respectively connected with a single photon detector; the multiple entanglement sources generate multiple entangled photon pairs, one photon in each entangled photon pair is sent to the data sending end through the combiner, the other photon is sent to the data receiving end through the combiner, and received quantum bits are determined according to the number of photons detected by the single photon detectors. The information transmission in the invention does not directly pass through a communication line, and the information transmission safety is high.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of quantum communication, in particular to a quantum secure direct communication method and system based on entangled photon pairs.
Background
Optical communication networks have become the most important communication networks, and while providing users with a large-capacity and high-bandwidth communication method, the optical communication networks also face more and more serious network security problems, wherein how to ensure that communication information is not intercepted, copied and falsified becomes a great challenge to realize secure information communication. And by utilizing the quantum mechanical principle and various quantum characteristics, the safety of communication information can be effectively ensured by realizing quantum communication.
At present, quantum communication mainly realizes generation and distribution of quantum keys through a quantum technology, information is encrypted through the quantum keys and is transmitted through a classical information channel, and technical development and research of quantum secure direct communication are not practical. Quantum secure direct communication refers to a method for directly transmitting effective information, especially confidential information, safely and without leakage between two communication parties by using quantum state as information carrier and utilizing quantum mechanics principle and various quantum characteristics through quantum channel. The quantum secure direct communication does not need to generate a quantum key, and can directly and securely transmit confidential information, so that the communication efficiency is improved. Similar to quantum communication passwords, the safety of quantum secure direct communication is also ensured by the quantum characteristics such as uncertainty relation and irreproducibility in quantum mechanics and the relevance and non-localization of entangled photons, and the safety is realized in that an eavesdropper cannot obtain any confidential information. Unlike quantum key distribution, quantum key distribution requires that an eavesdropper be detected and the communication process be abandoned, while quantum secure direct communication transfers information and requires that the information cannot be revealed, so that the requirement of quantum secure direct communication is higher than that of quantum key distribution. Thus, the quantum secure direct communication method can be used for distribution of quantum keys, and not vice versa.
Quantum secure direct communication needs to meet two requirements: 1. after receiving the quantum state as the information carrier, the receiver can directly read the confidential information sent by the sender without exchanging additional classical auxiliary information with the sender; 2. even if the eavesdropper eavesdrops on the quantum channel, no confidential information is obtained.
The quantum security-based direct communication method mainly comprises the following steps: a Ping-Pong quantum secure direct communication protocol, a two-step quantum secure direct communication protocol, a single-photon-based QSDC protocol, and the like. However, the above communication methods all require the receiving and sending parties of data to interact with each other to measure the light quantum, and the transmission of the measurement result is completed through a classical communication channel. By adopting the methods, the data transmission process can be completed only by the mutual negotiation between the sender and the receiver.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects in the prior art, provides a quantum secure direct communication method and system based on entangled photon pairs, and solves the technical problems of low information transmission efficiency and low safety caused by the fact that quantum secure direct communication in the prior art can be completed only by mutual negotiation between a sender and a receiver.
In order to solve the technical problems, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows: the quantum secure direct communication method based on the entangled photon pair comprises the following steps:
preparing a plurality of entangled photon pairs with mutually orthogonal polarization states, sorting one photon in each entangled photon pair, and sending the photon to a data sending end through a first combiner, and sending the other photon to a data receiving end through a second combiner;
the data sending end selects a beam of photons from the received photon beam through the first polarization beam splitter, and the beam is set as S1 hair；
The data receiving end selects a beam of photons from the received photon beam through a second polarization beam splitter, and the beam is set as S1 harvestingPhoton beam S1 hairAnd a photon beam S1 harvestingIs in an entangled state;
data transmitting terminal will S1 hairThe polarization direction is rotated by 90 DEG to be S2 pieces of hairAnd then S is2 pieces of hairTransmitting to the controllable optical switch, reading the bits to be transmitted from the data source by the controllable optical switch, and controlling the switch switching position according to the bits to be transmitted to enable S2 pieces of hairKeeping the polarization state unchanged or rotating the polarization state by 90 degrees;
the data receiving end passes through the third polarization beam splitter from the photon beam S1 harvestingA beam of photons is selected and set as S2 receivePhoton beam S2 pieces of hairAnd a photon beam S2 receiveIs in an entangled state; passing the photon beam S through a fourth polarization beam splitter2 receiveIs divided into two beams, which are respectively set as
And
counting and comparing two photon beams in the same time period
And
the number of photons, and the bits sent by the data sending end are determined according to the detected number of photons.
Further, the time for the data receiving end to receive the photons sent by the second wave combiner lags behind the time for the data sending end to receive the photons sent by the first wave combiner.
Further, the method for determining the bits sent by the data sending end according to the detected number of photons is as follows:
if a photon beam is detected
The number of medium single photons is greater than that of photon beams
1.5 times the number of medium single photons, or photon beam
The number of medium single photons is greater than that of photon beams
The number of the medium single photons is 1.5 times, the data transmitting terminal S is determined2 pieces of hairKeeping the polarization state unchanged or rotating the polarization state by 90 degrees, thereby obtaining the switching position of the controllable optical switch and further determining the data transmissionBits sent by the end;
if a photon beam is detected
The number of medium single photons is not more than photon beam
1.5 times the number of medium single photons, or photon beam
The number of medium single photons is not more than photon beam
The number of the medium single photons is 1.5 times, and the medium single photons are ignored as error codes.
The invention also provides a quantum secure direct communication system based on entangled photon pairs, comprising:
a plurality of entanglement sources: the method is used for preparing a plurality of entangled photon pairs with mutually orthogonal polarization states;
a first multiplexer: the photon sorting device is used for sorting photons from a plurality of entangled photon pairs and transmitting the photons to a data transmitting terminal;
a second multiplexer: the photon sorting device is used for sorting photons from a plurality of entangled photon pairs and transmitting the photons to a data receiving end;
a data sending end: the device comprises a first polarization beam splitter, a first Faraday rotation reflector, a controllable optical switch, a second Faraday rotation reflector and a data source;
the first polarization beam splitter selects one beam from the photon beams output by the first combiner to transmit the selected beam to the first Faraday rotation reflector, the first Faraday rotation reflector rotates the polarization state of the received photon beam by 90 degrees and then transmits the rotated photon beam to the controllable optical switch, the controllable optical switch reads bits to be sent from the data source, and the switching position of the switch is controlled according to the bits to be sent, so that the photon beam received by the controllable optical switch keeps the polarization state unchanged or rotates by 90 degrees through the polarization state of the second Faraday rotation reflector;
a data receiving end: the polarization beam splitter comprises a second polarization beam splitter, a third polarization beam splitter and a fourth polarization beam splitter which are connected in sequence, wherein two output ends of the fourth polarization beam splitter are respectively connected with a single photon detector;
the second polarization beam splitter selects one beam from the photon beams output by the second combiner and transmits the selected beam to the third polarization beam splitter, the third polarization beam splitter selects one beam from the received photon beams and transmits the selected beam to the fourth polarization beam splitter, the fourth polarization beam splitter divides the received photon beams into two beams and transmits the two beams to the two single photon detectors respectively, and the bit sent by the data sending end is determined according to the number of photons detected by the two single photon detectors;
wherein: the photon beam received by the first Faraday rotation reflector and the photon beam received by the third polarization beam splitter are in an entangled state; the photon beam received by the controllable optical switch and the photon beam received by the fourth polarization beam splitter are in an entangled state.
Further, the first multiplexer transmits the photons selected from the plurality of entangled photon pairs to the data transmitting terminal through a first single mode fiber channel;
the second multiplexer transmits the photons selected from the plurality of entangled photon pairs to the data receiving end through a second single-mode fiber channel;
the length of the second single mode fiber channel is greater than the length of the first single mode fiber channel.
Preferably, the first polarization beam splitter and the first faraday rotation mirror are connected through polarization-maintaining optical fibers, and the first faraday rotation mirror and the controllable optical switch are connected through polarization-maintaining optical fibers.
Further, the data sending end further comprises a first laser terminator and a second laser terminator, wherein the first polarization beam splitter transmits the selected photon beam which is not transmitted to the first faraday rotation mirror to the first laser terminator;
one output end of the controllable optical switch is connected to the second laser terminator, and the other output end is connected to the second laser terminator through the second Faraday rotation mirror.
Further, the data receiving end further comprises a third laser terminator, and the second polarization beam splitter transmits the selected photon beam which is not transmitted to the third polarization beam splitter to the third laser terminator; and the third polarization beam splitter transmits the selected photon beam which is not transmitted to the fourth polarization beam splitter to the third laser terminator.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
the invention can directly measure the state (partial normal) of the light quantum through the data receiving party to obtain the transmitted data information; meanwhile, the measurement result of the receiver is not required to be told to the sender in other communication modes; the confidentiality of the transmitted data is determined by the internal structures of the equipment of the receiving party and the sending party, so that the difficulty of attacking the transmitted information by an attacker is increased; the invention can realize direct secret communication on the conventional optical fiber communication link; but also for the transmission of encryption keys.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of an entangled photon pair-based quantum secure direct communication system provided by the present invention;
fig. 2 is a flow chart of a quantum secure direct communication method based on entangled photon pairs provided by the present invention.
Detailed Description
The invention can adopt a conventional optical communication line, uses the entanglement sources to prepare entangled photon pairs with mutually orthogonal polarization states, respectively prepares entangled photon pairs with different polarization state combinations by a plurality of entanglement sources, and transmits one group of the photon pairs to a data transmitting end through an optical fiber and transmits the other group of the photon pairs to a data receiving end through the optical fiber by a combiner. Ensuring that the optical fiber of the data receiving end is slightly longer than the optical fiber of the data transmitting end, and the data transmitting end selects photons in a certain polarization direction through a polarization beam splitter and keeps the polarization direction of the photons by using a polarization-maintaining optical fiber; and the data receiving end selects the entangled photons selected by the data transmitting end through a polarization beam splitter orthogonal to the data transmitting end. The data transmitting end uses a Faraday rotation reflector to rotate the polarization direction of photons by 90 degrees, and the polarization direction is kept unchanged through a polarization-maintaining optical fiber; and the data receiving end selects the entangled photons again through the polarization beam splitter again so as to ensure that the photons used for loading the data are entangled. The optical switch of the sending end switches the position of the switch according to binary data to be sent at intervals, so that photons are transmitted on different paths, and the polarization direction of the photons is deflected by 90 degrees or is kept unchanged; the receiving end uses a polarization beam splitter to send photons with different polarization directions (the polarization directions deflect by 90 degrees or keep unchanged) to corresponding single photon detectors, each single photon detector detects the number of two beams of input photons, the numbers of the photons detected by the two single photon detectors in a period of time are counted and compared, if the detected photon numbers are not different greatly, the number of the photons is ignored as an error code, if the number of the photons detected by one single photon detector is counted to be more than 50% larger than that of the photons detected by the other single photon detector, the operation of the corresponding sending end of the single photon detector on entangled photons is determined to be that the polarization directions deflect by 90 degrees or keep unchanged, and then the position of a change-over switch and binary data sent by the sending end can be obtained.
The invention is further described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. The following examples are only for illustrating the technical solutions of the present invention more clearly, and the protection scope of the present invention is not limited thereby.
As shown in fig. 1, the structural schematic diagram of the quantum secure direct communication system based on entangled photon pairs provided by the present invention includes a plurality of entangled sources, a first combiner, a second combiner, a data transmitting end, and a data receiving end, where the plurality of entangled sources are used to prepare a plurality of entangled photon pairs with mutually orthogonal polarization states, the first combiner distributes one photon in each entangled photon pair to the data transmitting end through a first single-mode fiber channel, and the second combiner distributes the other photon in each entangled photon pair to the data receiving end through a second single-mode fiber channel, and in order to make the data receiving end receive photons after the data transmitting end, the length of the second single-mode fiber channel should be greater than the length of the first single-mode fiber channel.
The data transmitting end comprises: the device comprises a first polarization beam splitter, a first laser terminator, a first Faraday rotation reflector, a controllable optical switch, a second Faraday rotation reflector, a second laser terminator and a data source. The input end of the first polarization beam splitter is connected with the output end of the first wave combiner through an optical fiber, one output end of the first polarization beam splitter is connected with the input end of the first laser terminator, and the other output end of the first polarization beam splitter is connected with the input end of the first Faraday rotation reflector through a polarization-maintaining optical fiber; the output end of the first Faraday rotation reflector is connected with the input end of the controllable optical switch through the polarization-maintaining optical fiber, one switch contact of the controllable optical switch is connected with the input end of the second laser terminator, and the other switch contact is connected with the input end of the second laser terminator through the second Faraday rotation reflector. The controllable optical switch acquires the bits to be transmitted from the data source.
For a data sending end, the first polarization beam splitter selects one beam from the photon beams output by the first combiner to transmit to the first faraday rotating reflector, the first faraday rotating reflector rotates the polarization state of the received photon beam by 90 degrees and then transmits to the controllable optical switch, the controllable optical switch reads bits to be sent from a data source, and the switching position of the switch is controlled according to the bits to be sent, so that the photon beam received by the controllable optical switch keeps the polarization state unchanged or rotates by 90 degrees through the polarization state of the second faraday rotating reflector.
The data receiving end comprises: the laser system comprises a second polarization beam splitter, a third polarization beam splitter, a fourth polarization beam splitter, a third laser terminator and two single photon detectors. The input end of the second polarization beam splitter is connected with the output end of the second wave combiner through an optical fiber; one output end of the second polarization beam splitter is connected with the input end of the third polarization beam splitter, and the other output end of the second polarization beam splitter is connected with the input end of the third laser terminator; one output end of the third polarization beam splitter is connected with the input end of the fourth polarization beam splitter, and the other output end of the third polarization beam splitter is connected with the input end of the third laser terminator; two output ends of the fourth polarization beam splitter are respectively connected with a single photon detector.
For the data receiving end, the second polarization beam splitter selects one beam from the photon beams output by the second combiner and transmits the selected beam to the third polarization beam splitter, the third polarization beam splitter selects one beam from the received photon beams and transmits the selected beam to the fourth polarization beam splitter, the fourth polarization beam splitter divides the received photon beams into two beams and transmits the two beams to the two single photon detectors respectively, and the bit sent by the data sending end is determined according to the number of photons detected by the two single photon detectors.
Wherein: the photon beam received by the first Faraday rotation reflector and the photon beam received by the third polarization beam splitter are in an entangled state; the photon beam received by the controllable optical switch and the photon beam received by the fourth polarization beam splitter are in an entangled state.
The invention also provides a quantum secure direct communication method based on entangled photon pairs, which is realized by adopting the communication system and comprises the following steps:
preparing a plurality of entangled photon pairs with mutually orthogonal polarization states, sorting one photon in each entangled photon pair, and sending the photon to a data sending end through a first combiner, and sending the other photon to a data receiving end through a second combiner; the time of the data receiving end receiving the photons sent by the second wave combiner lags behind the time of the data sending end receiving the photons sent by the first wave combiner.
The data sending end selects a beam of photons from the received photon beam through the first polarization beam splitter, and the beam is set as S1 hair；
The data receiving end selects a beam of photons from the received photon beam through a second polarization beam splitter, and the beam is set as S1 harvestingPhoton beam S1 hairAnd a photon beam S1 harvestingIs in an entangled state;
data transmitting terminal will S1 hairThe polarization direction is rotated by 90 DEG to be S2 pieces of hairAnd then S is2 pieces of hairTransmitting to a controllable optical switch; the data receiving end passes through the third polarization beam splitter from the photon beam S1 harvestingA beam of photons is selected and set as S2 receivePhoton beam S2 pieces of hairAnd a photon beam S2 receiveIs in an entangled state;
the controllable optical switch reads the bits to be transmitted from the data source, and the switch switching position is controlled according to the bits to be transmitted, so that S2 pieces of hairKeeping the polarization state unchanged or rotating the polarization state by 90 degrees;
the data receiving end transmits the photon beam S through a fourth polarization beam splitter2 receiveIs divided into two beams, which are respectively set as
And
counting and comparing two photon beams in the same time period
And
the number of photons, the bits sent by the data sending end are determined according to the detected number of photons, and the specific method is as follows:
if a photon beam is detected
The number of medium single photons is greater than that of photon beams
1.5 times the number of medium single photons, or photon beam
The number of medium single photons is greater than that of photon beams
The number of the medium single photons is 1.5 times, the data transmitting terminal S is determined2 pieces of hairKeeping the polarization state unchanged or rotating the polarization state by 90 degrees, thereby obtaining the switching position of the controllable optical switch and further determining the bit sent by the data sending end;
if a photon beam is detected
The number of medium single photons is not more than photon beam
1.5 times the number of medium single photons, or photon beam
The number of medium single photons is not more than photon beam
The number of the medium single photons is 1.5 times, and the medium single photons are ignored as error codes.
The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and it should be noted that, for those skilled in the art, several modifications and variations can be made without departing from the technical principle of the present invention, and these modifications and variations should also be regarded as the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (7)
1. The quantum secure direct communication method based on the entangled photon pair is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
preparing a plurality of entangled photon pairs with mutually orthogonal polarization states, sorting one photon in each entangled photon pair, and sending the photon to a data sending end through a first combiner, and sending the other photon to a data receiving end through a second combiner;
the data sending end selects a beam of photons from the received photon beam through the first polarization beam splitter, and the beam is set as S1 hair；
The data receiving end selects a beam of photons from the received photon beam through a second polarization beam splitter, and the beam is set as S1 harvestingPhoton beam S1 hairAnd a photon beam S1 harvestingIs in an entangled state;
data transmitting terminal will S1 hairThe polarization direction is rotated by 90 DEG to be S2 pieces of hairAnd then S is2 pieces of hairTransmitting to the controllable optical switch, reading the bits to be transmitted from the data source by the controllable optical switch, and controlling the switch switching position according to the bits to be transmitted to enable S2 pieces of hairKeeping the polarization state unchanged or rotating the polarization state by 90 degrees;
the data receiving end passes through the third polarization beam splitter from the photon beam S1 harvestingA beam of photons is selected and set as S2 receivePhoton beam S2 pieces of hairAnd a photon beam S2 receiveIs in an entangled state;
passing the photon beam S through a fourth polarization beam splitter2 receiveIs divided into two beams, which are respectively set as
And
counting and comparing two photon beams in the same time period
And
determining the bit sent by the data sending end according to the detected photon number;
the method for the data receiving end to determine the bits sent by the data sending end according to the detected photon number is as follows:
if a photon beam is detected
The number of medium single photons is greater than that of photon beams
1.5 times the number of medium single photons, or photon beam
The number of medium single photons is greater than that of photon beams
The number of the medium single photons is 1.5 times, the data transmitting terminal S is determined2 pieces of hairKeeping the polarization state unchanged or rotating the polarization state by 90 degrees, thereby obtaining the switching position of the controllable optical switch and further determining the bit sent by the data sending end;
if a photon beam is detected
The number of medium single photons is not more than photon beam
1.5 times the number of medium single photons, or photon beam
The number of medium single photons is not more than photon beam
The number of the medium single photons is 1.5 times, and the medium single photons are ignored as error codes.
2. The quantum secure direct communication method based on the entangled photon pair according to claim 1, wherein the time for the data receiving end to receive the photons transmitted by the second combiner is delayed from the time for the data transmitting end to receive the photons transmitted by the first combiner.
3. A quantum secure direct communication system based on entangled photon pairs, comprising
A plurality of entanglement sources: the method is used for preparing a plurality of entangled photon pairs with mutually orthogonal polarization states;
a first multiplexer: the photon sorting device is used for sorting photons from a plurality of entangled photon pairs and transmitting the photons to a data transmitting terminal;
a second multiplexer: the photon sorting device is used for sorting photons from a plurality of entangled photon pairs and transmitting the photons to a data receiving end;
a data sending end: the device comprises a first polarization beam splitter, a first Faraday rotation reflector, a controllable optical switch, a second Faraday rotation reflector and a data source;
the first polarization beam splitter selects one beam from the photon beams output by the first combiner to transmit the selected beam to the first Faraday rotation reflector, the first Faraday rotation reflector rotates the polarization state of the received photon beam by 90 degrees and then transmits the rotated photon beam to the controllable optical switch, the controllable optical switch reads bits to be sent from the data source, and the switching position of the switch is controlled according to the bits to be sent, so that the photon beam received by the controllable optical switch keeps the polarization state unchanged or rotates by 90 degrees through the polarization state of the second Faraday rotation reflector;
a data receiving end: the polarization beam splitter comprises a second polarization beam splitter, a third polarization beam splitter and a fourth polarization beam splitter which are connected in sequence, wherein two output ends of the fourth polarization beam splitter are respectively connected with a single photon detector;
the second polarization beam splitter selects one beam from the photon beams output by the second combiner and transmits the selected beam to the third polarization beam splitter, the third polarization beam splitter selects one beam from the received photon beams and transmits the selected beam to the fourth polarization beam splitter, the fourth polarization beam splitter divides the received photon beams into two beams and transmits the two beams to the two single photon detectors respectively, and the bit sent by the data sending end is determined according to the number of photons detected by the two single photon detectors;
the method for the data receiving end to determine the bits sent by the data sending end according to the detected photon number is as follows:
if a photon beam is detected
The number of medium single photons is greater than that of photon beams
1.5 times the number of medium single photons, or photon beam
The number of medium single photons is greater than that of photon beams
The number of the medium single photons is 1.5 times, the data transmitting terminal S is determined2 pieces of hairKeeping the polarization state unchanged or rotating the polarization state by 90 degrees, thereby obtaining the switching position of the controllable optical switch and further determining the bit sent by the data sending end;
if a photon beam is detected
The number of medium single photons is not more than photon beam
1.5 times the number of medium single photons, or photon beam
The number of medium single photons is not more than photon beam
The number of the medium single photons is 1.5 times, and the medium single photons are ignored as error codes;
wherein: the photon beam received by the first Faraday rotation reflector and the photon beam received by the third polarization beam splitter are in an entangled state; the photon beam received by the controllable optical switch and the photon beam received by the fourth polarization beam splitter are in an entangled state.
4. The entangled-photon-pair-based quantum secure direct communication system according to claim 3, wherein the first combiner transmits photons sorted from the plurality of entangled-photon pairs to the data transmitting end through a first single-mode fiber channel;
the second multiplexer transmits the photons selected from the plurality of entangled photon pairs to the data receiving end through a second single-mode fiber channel;
the length of the second single mode fiber channel is greater than the length of the first single mode fiber channel.
5. The quantum secure direct communication system based on the entangled photon pair according to claim 3, wherein the first polarization beam splitter and the first Faraday rotation mirror, and the first Faraday rotation mirror and the controllable optical switch are respectively connected by polarization-maintaining optical fibers.
6. The entangled-photon-pair-based quantum secure direct communication system according to claim 3, wherein the data transmitting end further comprises a first laser terminator, a second laser terminator, and the first polarization beam splitter transmits the sorted photon beam that is not transmitted to the first Faraday rotation mirror to the first laser terminator;
one output end of the controllable optical switch is connected to the second laser terminator, and the other output end is connected to the second laser terminator through the second Faraday rotation mirror.
7. The entangled-photon-pair-based quantum secure direct communication system according to claim 3, wherein the data receiving end further comprises a third laser terminator, and the second polarization beam splitter transmits the sorted photon beam that is not transmitted to the third polarization beam splitter to the third laser terminator; and the third polarization beam splitter transmits the selected photon beam which is not transmitted to the fourth polarization beam splitter to the third laser terminator.
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