CN215072436U - Quantum digital signature system - Google Patents
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- CN215072436U CN215072436U CN202121626534.7U CN202121626534U CN215072436U CN 215072436 U CN215072436 U CN 215072436U CN 202121626534 U CN202121626534 U CN 202121626534U CN 215072436 U CN215072436 U CN 215072436U
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Abstract
A quantum digital signature system comprises a sender Alice of a message, a message receiver Bob and a receiver Charlie, wherein the sender Alice sends the message to the receiver Bob and the receiver Charlie by combining a digital signature, the receiver Bob serves as an authenticator of the message and forwards the information sent by the sender Alice to the receiver Charlie, and the receiver Charlie is completely the same as the receiver Bob in structure. Compared with the prior art, the quantum digital signature system can improve the light energy utilization rate to 100 percent, namely, the QKD system finished code rate is improved to 2 times of the original scheme; the transmitting end interferometer is simple in structure, is composed of only one polarization beam splitter and one phase modulator, is easy to manufacture, and is convenient to manufacture in batches because the structure of the receiving end interferometer is completely the same as that of the transmitting end interferometer.
Description
Technical Field
The utility model relates to a quantum digital signature technical field, in particular to quantum digital signature system.
Background
Digital signatures are widely used in many fields, such as e-mail, financial transactions, etc., and are considered as one of the most basic and practical utility models of modern cryptography. Digital signatures are commonly used to ensure that information is signed by a legitimate user under the condition that the identity is authenticated, while ensuring that the information is transferable, non-forgeable, and non-repudiatable. However, the digital signature protocols commonly used at present adopt a public key system, and the security of the digital signature protocols depends on the assumption of computational complexity of a specific problem. With the advent of quantum computers, the security of classical digital signatures faces a severe challenge. Fortunately, the Quantum Digital Signature (QDS) protocol provides information-theoretic security based on the principles of quantum mechanics.
The quantum digital signature protocol removes the requirement of the original protocol on a secure quantum channel, and is divided into two stages of distribution and signature, wherein the distribution stage adopts a Key Generation Protocol (KGP) which is the same as the QKD to generate an initial key, but post-processing processes such as error correction and secret amplification are not required. In the QDS protocol, except that the KGP stage is a quantum process, the communication of the other stages is a classical process. The quantum digital signature protocol can directly utilize existing quantum key distribution systems and does not require a secure quantum channel. In a field application scenario, however, a commonly used optical fiber channel has effects such as birefringence, and the influence of channel polarization disturbance on a system cannot be ignored. A scheme based on polarization coding is proposed in patent CN204993393U, and an active polarization feedback system is required, which increases the complexity and instability of the system.
SUMMERY OF THE UTILITY MODEL
Aiming at the defects in the prior art, in order to improve the practicability of the system, a quantum digital signature scheme based on a phase coding BB84 quantum key distribution system is provided, the final interference result of the system is not affected by the change of the polarization state of photons caused by channel disturbance, and the stability of the system can be ensured:
the technical scheme of the utility model is realized like this:
a quantum digital signature system comprises a sender Alice of a message, a receiver Bob of the message and a receiver Charlie, wherein the sender Alice sends the message to the receiver Bob and the receiver Charlie by combining with a digital signature, the receiver Bob is used as an authenticator of the message and forwards the information sent by the sender Alice to the receiver Charlie,
the receiver Bob comprises a Laser, an optical intensity modulator IM, an unequal arm MZ interferometer and an adjustable attenuator EVOA, wherein the Laser is sequentially connected with the optical intensity modulator IM, the unequal arm MZ interferometer and the adjustable attenuator EVOA;
the receiver Charlie is completely the same as the receiver Bob in composition;
the sender Alice comprises two circulators CIR, an unequal arm MZ interferometer the same as the receiver Bob, two polarization beam splitters PBS and four single-photon detectors, the two circulators CIR are a first circulator CIR and a second circulator CIR, the two polarization beam splitters PBS are a first polarization beam splitter PBS and a second polarization beam splitter PBS, the four single-photon detectors are a first single-photon detector, a second single-photon detector, a third single-photon detector and a fourth single-photon detector, the two ports of the first circulator CIR are connected with the first single-photon detector, the three ports of the first circulator CIR are connected with the PBS port of the first polarization beam splitter, the three ports of the second circulator CIR are connected with the third single-photon detector, the two ports of the second circulator CIR are connected with the two ports of the first polarization beam splitter PBS, and the three ports of the first polarization beam splitter and the four ports of the first polarizer are respectively correspondingly connected with one input end and one output end of the unequal arm MZ interferometer The other input end and the other output end of the unequal arm MZ interferometer are respectively and correspondingly connected with one port of a second polarization beam splitter PBS and two ports of the second polarization beam splitter PBS, the three ports of the second polarization beam splitter PBS are connected with a second single photon detector, and the four ports of the second polarization beam splitter PBS are connected with a fourth single photon detector;
the receiver Bob has its adjustable attenuator EVOA output connected to a first circulator CIR port via a fiber channel QC, and the receiver Charlie has its adjustable attenuator EVOA output connected to a second circulator CIR port via a fiber channel QC.
Preferably, the unequal-arm MZ interferometer includes two polarization-maintaining beam splitters BS and a phase modulator PM, the two polarization-maintaining beam splitters BS are a first polarization-maintaining beam splitter BS and a second polarization-maintaining beam splitter BS, two output ends of the first polarization-maintaining beam splitter BS are respectively connected to two input ends of the second polarization-maintaining beam splitter BS through a long arm and a short arm, and the long arm is connected to the phase modulator PM.
Preferably, the optical fiber channel QC is a polarization maintaining optical fiber.
Compared with the prior art, the utility model discloses there is following beneficial effect:
1. the optical scheme of the utility model is suitable for a three-party signature system, the interferometers required by three parties have simple and completely same structure, are convenient for mass production, and can be replaced by an integrated optical chip;
2. due to the combined use of the depolarizer and the polarization beam splitter, the polarization change of the channel can be resisted, so that the stability of the system is greatly improved.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic block diagram of the quantum digital signature system of the present invention.
In the figure: alice100, a first circulator CIR110, a second circulator CIR120, a first polarization beam splitter PBS130, a second polarization beam splitter PBS140, a first single-photon detector 150, a second single-photon detector 160, a third single-photon detector 170, a fourth single-photon detector 180, a receiver Bob200, a Laser210, a light intensity modulator IM220, an unequal arm MZ interferometer 230, a phase modulator PM231, a first polarization beam splitter BS232, a second polarization beam splitter BS233, an adjustable attenuator EVOA240, and a receiver Charlie 300.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described more fully and clearly with reference to the accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification.
As shown in fig. 1, a quantum digital signature system comprises a sender Alice100 of a message, a message receiver Bob200 and a receiver Charlie300, wherein the sender Alice100 sends a message combined with a digital signature to the receiver Bob200 and the receiver Charlie300, the receiver Bob200 serves as an authenticator of the message, forwards information sent by the sender Alice100 to the receiver Charlie300,
the receiver Bob200 comprises a Laser210, an optical intensity modulator IM220, an unequal arm MZ interferometer 230 and an adjustable attenuator EVOA240, wherein the Laser210 is connected with the optical intensity modulator IM220, the unequal arm MZ interferometer 230 and the adjustable attenuator EVOA240 in sequence;
the receiver Charlie300 is identical in construction to the receiver Bob 200;
the sender Alice100 comprises two circulators CIR, an unequal arm MZ interferometer 230 which is the same as the receiver Bob200, two polarization beam splitters PBS and four single-photon detectors, the two circulators CIR are a first circulator CIR110 and a second circulator CIR120, the two polarization beam splitters PBS are a first polarization beam splitter PBS130 and a second polarization beam splitter PBS140, the four single-photon detectors are a first single-photon detector 150, a second single-photon detector 160, a third single-photon detector 170 and a fourth single-photon detector 180, the first single-photon detector 150 is connected with a port of the first circulator CIR110, a port of the first polarization beam splitter PBS130 is connected with a port of the first circulator CIR110, a port of the second circulator CIR120 is connected with a port of the third single-photon detector 170, a port of the second circulator CIR120 is connected with a port of the first polarization beam splitter PBS130, and a port of the first polarization beam splitter PBS130 and a port of the fourth MZ interferometer 230 are respectively connected with the unequal arm MZ interferometer 230 correspondingly The other input end and the output end of the unequal-arm MZ interferometer 230 are respectively and correspondingly connected with one port of a second polarization beam splitter PBS140 and two ports of the second polarization beam splitter PBS140, the three ports of the second polarization beam splitter PBS140 are connected with a second single-photon detector 160, and the four ports of the second polarization beam splitter PBS140 are connected with a fourth single-photon detector 180;
the output of the adjustable attenuator EVOA240 of the receiver Bob200 is connected to a port of the first circulator CIR110 via a fiber channel QC, and the output of the adjustable attenuator EVOA240 of the receiver Charlie300 is connected to a port of the second circulator CIR120 via a fiber channel QC.
The unequal arm MZ interferometer 230 includes two polarization maintaining beam splitters BS and a phase modulator PM231, the two polarization maintaining beam splitters BS are a first polarization maintaining beam splitter BS232 and a second polarization maintaining beam splitter BS233, two output ends of the first polarization maintaining beam splitter BS232 are respectively connected to two input ends of the second polarization maintaining beam splitter BS233 through a long arm and a short arm, and the long arm is connected to the phase modulator PM 231.
The optical fiber channel QC is a polarization maintaining optical fiber.
The following names of the respective components are expressed in english, and the anti-channel polarization disturbance characteristics of the scheme are described below by taking the KGP process between Bob and Alice as an example. Bob's Laser generates phase randomized coherent state pulses, which modulate the intensity of the pulses by IM, generating pulses for the signal state, the decoy state, and the vacuum state. The optical pulses enter an unequal-arm Mach-Zehnder interferometer (AMZI) composed of 2 BSs and one PM for phase encoding, and are then attenuated to single-photon order by the EVOA. Quantum states emitted from Bob can be written as
Wherein
Represents the phase difference between two time modes of photon long arm (L) and short arm (S) introduced by PM, | alpha2μ is the average photon number of the signal state pulse. The laser, the fibers between the IM and the AMZI and inside the AMZI are all polarization maintaining fibers, so that two time modes of quantum states emitted from Bob can be ensured to have the same polarization state.
After transmission in the optical fiber channel, due to the birefringence effect, the polarization state of photons reaching the Alice end randomly changes due to channel disturbance. The quantum state incident on Alice's end can be written as:
since the polarization state of the photons incident on the Alice side is arbitrary, E can be written asin＝|α|cosθ|H>+eiβ|α|sinθ|V>Where H and V represent the horizontal and vertical polarization components, respectively, theta is the angle of the polarization ellipse projection, and beta is the phase difference between the two components. After entering an Alice end, photons first reach the polarization beam splitter PBS1 through the CIR1 along a path a, an incident photon polarization state is divided into two components H and V, which are respectively transmitted along paths c and d along the slow axis of the polarization maintaining fiber, and the corresponding quantum states are:
the amplitudes of the two states are respectively | alphac|2＝|α|2cos2Theta and | alphad|2＝|α|2sin2θ，|αc|2+|αd|2μ. The two quantum states then enter an AMZI from two opposite directions, respectively, and interfere at the BS of the AMZI. For quantum state | Ψc>The interference result can be written as
Wherein,
the subscripts d and f indicate that the two interference results propagate along paths d and f, respectively, as the phase difference between Alice's PM and Bob's PM. Similarly, quantum state | Ψ can be obtainedd>The interference results of (1):
where subscripts c and e indicate that the two interference results propagate along paths c and e, respectively. Interference result of path c
Interference result with path d
Arriving at PBS1 at the same time is combined into one pulse output from path a, then enters via CIR1 and is detected by SPD 1. Due to | αc|2+|αd|2＝|α|2It can be seen that the resultant pulse of the two quantum states detected by SPD1 is equivalent to a pulse for a quantum state
Can be written as
By the same token, the interference result of path e
Interference result with path f
Arriving PBS2 at the same time is combined into a pulse incoming path g, which is eventually detected by SPD1 as:
according to the two-dimensional surface, the detection results of the two single photon detectors are only related to the average photon number of incident light and the phase difference between Bob and Alice, are not related to the polarization states of the incident light and cannot change along with the change of the two polarization components. Meanwhile, the incident light pulse is firstly divided into two polarization components which are interfered by the AMZI and then combined, the loss is equivalent to that one pulse integrally passes through the AMZI, and the interference result is completely the same as that of the traditional method that the receiving end is a single AMZI and the polarization state of the incident light is calibrated.
For the process between Charlie and Alice, similar to the previous process, except that the photons exiting from the Charlie end enter Alice end and propagate along the fast axis of the polarization maintaining fiber in paths c, d, e, f and inside the interferometer. And due to the characteristics of the 4-port polarization beam splitter, the interference results returned along the fast axes of the c and d paths are synthesized by the PBS1 and then output from the path b, enter the SPD3 through the CIR2, and the interference results propagated along the fast axes of the e and f paths are synthesized by the PBS2 and then enter the path h, and finally are detected by the SPD 4.
The fiber lengths of paths "c-f" are of equal length and the PMs are all located in the middle of the AMZI long arm.
The workflow of the quantum key distribution system is summarized as follows:
the quantum digital signature protocol is divided into two stages: a distribution phase and a message phase. In the distribution stage, Alice performs independent KGP processes with Bob and Charlie, respectively, to generate associated key strings, respectively. Specifically, in our protocol, Bob and Charlie independently send quantum states to Alice, and Alice measures the received quantum states. In the message phase, Alice acts as the sender, performing classical message sending and signing to Bob and Charlie. The specific process is as follows:
1. a distribution stage:
(1) for each classical bit m (m-0/1) to be signed, Bob (or Charlie) randomly prepares 4 BB84 states (Z group: { 0; pi } and X group: { pi/2; 3 pi/2 }) onto coherent state pulses, and prepares the signal state (average photon number u) by an intensity modulator1) A decoy state (average photon number u)2) And vacuum state (average photon number u)3) The pulse is then sent to Alice over an unsecured quantum channel. And Alice randomly selects the X base or the Z base to measure the received photons.
(2) Bob (or Charlie) and Alice do the pair-base operation over the classical channel while publishing the decoy-state information. They retain the results of the radix consensus and generate a post-screening key of length L + k.
(3) Bob (or Charlie) and Alice randomly extract a small part of key bits (with length of k) from the bits of the X base for error estimation, and the part of key is marked as
The upper limit of the bit error rate is estimated by considering the finite length effect
After they discard the key bits for error estimation, the length of each reserved bit is L, which is respectively recorded as
And
(
and
)。
(4) bob (Charlie) randomly selects half (length L/2) from the key BA m and sends the half to Charlie (Bob) through a private secure channel, and the half is marked as
And retaining the remaining half of the key
Thus, the key bits held by Bob and Charlie are
And
i.e. Bob and Charlie both have each half the key of the other.
Message phase
(1) Alice signs and messages (m; Sig)m) To a message receiver (Bob), wherein
(2) Bob keys itself
In (1)
And
secret keys Sig respectively transmitted from AlicemCompare and record the number of inconsistent bits if
Respectively with SigmThe number of inconsistent bits is less than Sa(L/2), Bob accepts the signature message, where Sa< 0.5 is a set safety threshold. Otherwise, Bob rejects the message.
(3) Bob signs the message (m; Sig)m) Forward to Charlie.
(4) Charlie uses its own key
Sig forwarded by BobmComparing and recording the inconsistent bit numbers, if the inconsistent bit numbers of the two parts are less than Sv(L/2), Charlie accepts this signature message, where SvIs a set safety threshold value and satisfies 0 < Sa＜SvIs less than 0.5. Otherwise, Charlie rejects the message.
The structure and the principle of the utility model are integrated, the quantum digital signature system of the utility model can improve the utilization rate of light energy to 100 percent, namely, the code rate of the QKD system is improved to 2 times of the original scheme; the transmitting end interferometer is simple in structure, is composed of only one polarization beam splitter and one phase modulator, is easy to manufacture, and is convenient to manufacture in batches because the structure of the receiving end interferometer is completely the same as that of the transmitting end interferometer.
Claims (3)
1. A quantum digital signature system, comprising a sender Alice of a message, a receiver Bob of the message and a receiver Charlie, wherein the sender Alice sends a message to the receiver Bob and the receiver Charlie in combination with a digital signature, the receiver Bob acts as an authenticator of the message and forwards the information sent by the sender Alice to the receiver Charlie,
the receiver Bob comprises a Laser, an optical intensity modulator IM, an unequal arm MZ interferometer and an adjustable attenuator EVOA, wherein the Laser is sequentially connected with the optical intensity modulator IM, the unequal arm MZ interferometer and the adjustable attenuator EVOA;
the receiver Charlie is completely the same as the receiver Bob in composition;
the sender Alice comprises two circulators CIR, an unequal arm MZ interferometer the same as the receiver Bob, two polarization beam splitters PBS and four single-photon detectors, the two circulators CIR are a first circulator CIR and a second circulator CIR, the two polarization beam splitters PBS are a first polarization beam splitter PBS and a second polarization beam splitter PBS, the four single-photon detectors are a first single-photon detector, a second single-photon detector, a third single-photon detector and a fourth single-photon detector, the two ports of the first circulator CIR are connected with the first single-photon detector, the three ports of the first circulator CIR are connected with the PBS port of the first polarization beam splitter, the three ports of the second circulator CIR are connected with the third single-photon detector, the two ports of the second circulator CIR are connected with the two ports of the first polarization beam splitter PBS, and the three ports of the first polarization beam splitter and the four ports of the first polarizer are respectively correspondingly connected with one input end and one output end of the unequal arm MZ interferometer The other input end and the other output end of the unequal arm MZ interferometer are respectively and correspondingly connected with one port of a second polarization beam splitter PBS and two ports of the second polarization beam splitter PBS, the three ports of the second polarization beam splitter PBS are connected with a second single photon detector, and the four ports of the second polarization beam splitter PBS are connected with a fourth single photon detector;
the receiver Bob has its adjustable attenuator EVOA output connected to a first circulator CIR port via a fiber channel QC, and the receiver Charlie has its adjustable attenuator EVOA output connected to a second circulator CIR port via a fiber channel QC.
2. The quantum digital signature system of claim 1, wherein the unequal arm MZ interferometer comprises two polarization maintaining beam splitters BS and a phase modulator PM, the two polarization maintaining beam splitters BS are a first polarization maintaining beam splitter BS and a second polarization maintaining beam splitter BS, two output ends of the first polarization maintaining beam splitter BS are respectively connected with two input ends of the second polarization maintaining beam splitter BS through a long arm and a short arm, and the phase modulator PM is connected with the long arm.
3. The quantum digital signature system of claim 1 or 2, wherein the fibre channel QC is polarization maintaining fibre.
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Effective date of registration: 20240831 Address after: Room 330, Building 2, Hefei Innovation Institute, No. 2666 Xiyou Road, High tech Zone, Hefei City, Anhui Province, 230094 Patentee after: Hefei Longchi Quantum Technology Co.,Ltd. Country or region after: China Address before: 100068 room 8416, no.88-1, South Third Ring Road West, jijiamiao, Fengtai District, Beijing Patentee before: Shendun xunbo (Beijing) Quantum Technology Development Co.,Ltd. Country or region before: China |