CN108537465A - The method for calculating Water Requirement in urban rivers and lakes - Google Patents
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Abstract
The present invention relates to a kind of methods of Water Requirement in calculating urban rivers and lakes, belong to river channel ecology Treatment process field, can be applied in water environment treatment, ecological, environmental protective field.Depending on city water system of the present invention builds the demand of weir engineering during making, by forming certain Width of Regime Channels and storage capacity after hammed water, characteristic of river course is mainly reflected in the problems such as concentration of channel area is small, river water is insufficient, water resource spatial and temporal distributions are uneven, water pollution bearing capacity is low, ecological environment frailty.From the angle of ecological environment, river channel ecology environmental Water Requirement refers to the required minimum amount of river channel ecology system and the minimum base flow that the ecosystem can accommodate under this water for river training eco-environmental quality or when safeguarding that eco-environmental quality is unlikely to further decrease.In general, the present invention, in conjunction with current water environment River Construction mould, further ensures that there is certain tiny flow quantity in river on the basis of ensuring that river evaporation leakage ensures.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of methods of Water Requirement in calculating urban rivers and lakes, belong to river channel ecology Treatment process neck
Domain can apply in water environment treatment, ecological, environmental protective field.
Background technology
Water is the source that tellurian is depended on for existence, is the basis of life system.UNESCO in 1988
(UNESO) and World Meteorological Organization (WMO) define water resource be " water as resource should be for utilize or may be sharp
With, have sufficient amount and reliable quality, and can be meet somewhere water demand and can long run supply water source." (1) mistake
People are gone only to focus on domestic water, the exploitation and research of industrial water, now with the deep and ecology of sustainable development tourism
The needs of environmental construction, water demand for natural service research are received significant attention in world many countries, have become the current ecological, hydrology
Learn the advanced problems with science of water resources research.Therefore, the water demand for natural service estimation under present situation and planning state is carried out, water conservancy is conducive to
Planning is conducive to eco-environmental control and management, is more advantageous to distributing rationally for water resource.
The research work of water demand of ecological environment is carried out in foreign countries earliest, and the U.S. is early in 1908 just to water demand for natural service
Amount studied, it is proposed that the concept of watershed management, it is believed that basin water environment is an entirety, and successively propose about
A variety of methods that minimum ecological flux of river is calculated, such as 7Q10 methods, Tennant methods, wetted perimeter method, R2CROSS methods etc..In 20th century
The U.S. of leaf, with the continuous improvement of a large amount of reservoirs built with water resource economics, HR department starts to close
The reduction in fishing ground is noted, and has gradually carried out some and has been ground about the relationship between fish growth, breeding and its yield and river discharge
Study carefully, to propose the concept of river minimum environment (or biology) flow.Britain sets up water resource office from the 1960s, and 70
Age further carries out centralized management, sets up national water council, is carried out to surface water in each basin Bureau of Water Resources compass of competency
With the unified management of underground water, water supply and draining, water quality and water, coordinate water resource in interdepartmental distribution.France
Relevant research has also been carried out in 20 th century laters, has promulgated water law within 1992：Ensure the minimum biological flow in river.In fishery
The bottom of minimal environmental discharge in the river that construction of hydro project construction and operation management should be guaranteed that is defined in method and rural method
Limit, minimal environmental discharge or minimum biological flow are that is, the ecological water quantity having been generally acknowledged that at present.1940, U.S. Fisheries
The minimum ecological discharge that river is safeguarded with conservation of wildlife organization prescribed, later with the appearance of river pollution problem, river
Flow the demand of ecological recovery protection and water resources management, concept, the class of J.Sheail and P.H.Gleick et al. to water demand for natural service
Not, water demand for natural service range etc. is inquired into.1996, Gleick clearly provided basic water demand for natural service (Basic eco
Logical water requirement) conceptual framework, that is, provide certain mass and a certain number of water to Natural habitat,
In the hope of minimizing change the process of natural ecological system, and protects species diversity and ecological integrity.Australia is " low
Ground river system environmental Water Requirement " is used as 1996-1997 years r and D Program projects；Ministry of environment of Britain 2001《Towards
Following water resource》In report, water-use for environment and society to future 25 years Britain are analyzed with water needs, it is proposed that 30
A action scheme measure.It is expected that in following decades, the Eco-environmental Water Demand in worldwide will obviously increase.
More advanced level is had reached to the research of water demand of ecological environment both at home and abroad now, computational methods are various
And it is more mature, but there are many type of water demand of ecological environment at present, including Urban Eco-Environmental Water Demand, Wetland Environment need
Water, river basin ecological environmental Water Requirement etc., different types should be corresponding with different research methods, only distinguishing to be subject to pair
It waits for shoot the arrow at the target, accurately Guiding Practice.Water Requirement is the component part of ecological environment water demand in river, refers to dimension
It is water necessary to river channel ecology system health, has to the maintenance of the structure of river ecosystem, function, form important
Meaning.From structure function, river channel ecology needs the organic whole that water is made of polytomy variable, including river base flow
Amount, river sediment transport need water, under ooze with evaporation need water, purification need water, riverside zone wetland that water, ecoscape is needed to need each structure such as water
Function water requirement.There are many evaluation method of its water requirement, have in terms of stressing hydrology, also have in terms of stressing hydraulics or ecological
Method in terms of.Main method include it is most common have Tennant methods, aquatic organism base flow method, variable range method, 7Q10 methods,
Annual minima method, flow duration curve analytic approach, wetted perimeter method etc..
It with the rise that urban water system is connected to, is gradually expanded in the trend of urban formation Landscape River, is carrying out city river
In the process of construction of road ecoscape, the facilities such as setting drop weir, sluice, groynes on the one hand can be considered to form hammed water lattice
Office, forms good ecoscape effect, on the other hand, since original charge for remittance pattern is often broken in water system connection so that river
Road can not be calculated according to natural river course to analyze.Especially when city river small scale catchment area is small, according to the hydrology
Computational methods are learned, the result very little obtained is analyzed according to run-off, does not have the desired effect of ecoscape；Simultaneously according to water
Mechanics Calculation method, the environment water volume in river often calculate it is larger, can not be real in the case of current water scarcity
It obtains water supply and meets.
Invention content
The technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to：In conjunction with current water environment River Construction pattern, provides and a kind of meeting city
City develops, while utilizing the method for Water Requirement in the calculating urban rivers and lakes of appropriateness to water resource.
The technical solution adopted in the present invention is to solve above-mentioned technical problem：Calculate Water Requirement in urban rivers and lakes
Method includes the following steps：
One, evaporation capacity calculates：
By typically evaporating rainfall in collecting zone, calculate the water surface area formed after river hammed water, with day,
The moon is unit, calculates daily or evaporation capacity monthly and rainfall, finally presses formula WEvaporation=F* Σ (Ej-Pj) calculate evaporation
Amount；
Wherein, WEvaporationFor river and lake water surface evaporation, measurement unit is ten thousand m3；
F is river and lake water surface area, and measurement unit is ten thousand m2；
E is river evaporation capacity month by month, measurement unit mm；
P is river rainfall month by month, measurement unit mm；
Two, leakage calculates：
Leakage is using library damage method or leakage calculating method is calculated month by month；
Wherein damage method in library is：By formula WLeakage=V × α calculates leakage；
WLeakageFor river and lake water surface leakage, measurement unit is ten thousand m3；
V is river and lake storage capacity, and measurement unit is ten thousand m3；
α is that coefficient is damaged in library month by month in river；In conjunction with Design of Reservoirs requirement, the value of α is taken as 1%~5%；
Leakage calculating method is month by month：Take daily infiltration coefficient as design parameter value, in conjunction with water surface area, by formula
WLeakage=I × F × 365 calculates leakage；
WLeakageFor river and lake water surface leakage, measurement unit is ten thousand m3；
I is the measurement unit mm/d per per day leakage；
F is river and lake water surface area, and measurement unit is ten thousand m2；
Three, Dryweather flow calculates：
Dryweather flow is calculated using waterfall waterpower calculating method or drop sluice power calculating method；
Four, Water Requirement calculates：
By formula WNeed water=WBase flow+WEvaporation+WLeakageCalculate Water Requirement in river and lake；
Wherein WNeed waterFor Water Requirement in river and lake；Measurement unit is ten thousand m3；
WEvaporationFor the river and lake water surface evaporation that step 1 is calculated, measurement unit is ten thousand m3；
WLeakageFor the river and lake water surface leakage that step 2 is calculated, measurement unit is ten thousand m3；
WBase flowFor the river and lake water surface Dryweather flow that step 3 is calculated, measurement unit is ten thousand m3。
It is further：Waterfall waterpower calculating method is calculated with suspension type waterfall, is included the following steps：
The drop-out time of the calculating of drop-out time, waterfall is
In formula, t is the drop-out time of waterfall, measurement unit s；
H is the falling height of waterfall, measurement unit m；
G is acceleration of gravity, value 9.8m/S2；
The calculating of waterfall volume, water volume needed for the waterfall of every meter of width are
V=α bh；
In formula, V is the water body volume of every meter of width of suspension type waterfall, measurement unit m3/m；
B is the thickness of waterfall body, measurement unit m；According to waterfall scale, different waterfall body thickness is chosen, the value of b is
Between 0.01m~0.2m；
H is the falling height of waterfall, measurement unit m；
α is safety coefficient, and according to the water loss of falling process, the value of α is 1.05~1.1；The value of safety coefficient α
It is determined according to waterfall scale, cataract capping, cascade removes the limit；
The waterfall design flow of the calculating of waterfall flow, every meter of width is
Q=VB/t；
In formula, Q is the waterfall design flow of every meter of width, measurement unit m3/s；
V is the water body volume of every meter of width of suspension type waterfall, measurement unit m3/m；
B is waterfall width, measurement unit m；
T is the drop-out time of waterfall, measurement unit s；
Waterfall annual flow calculates, and river and lake water surface Dryweather flow is calculated；
WBase flow=Q × 365 × 24 × 3600；
In formula, WBase flowFor river and lake water surface Dryweather flow, measurement unit is ten thousand m3；
Q is the waterfall design flow of every meter of width, measurement unit m3/s。
It is further：Drop sluice power calculating method is calculated according to broad-crested weir；Weir head value be 0.01m~
0.2m；
Lock flow is
In formula, Q is lock flow, measurement unit m3/s；
H0To be included in gross head on the upstream weir of approach velocity, measurement unit m；
σ is to flood coefficient, when free discharge, floods coefficient and takes 1.0；
B is lock hole clear span or downflow weir width, measurement unit m；
ε is side constriction coefficient；
M is discharge coefficient；
G is acceleration of gravity, value 9.8m/S2；
According to formula WBase flowRiver and lake water surface Dryweather flow is calculated in=Q × 365 × 24 × 3600；
In formula, WBase flowFor river and lake water surface Dryweather flow, measurement unit is ten thousand m3；
Q is lock flow, measurement unit m3/s。
The beneficial effects of the invention are as follows：1) solve the problems, such as that the calculating of sloot Water Requirement, Water Requirement are protected
Hinder certainly
The evaporation of body leaks, while also improving water-based mobility.
2) solve the problems, such as that the small river channel ecology water of catchment area calculates, it is ensured that the river water storage amount of calculating can expire
Sufficient Urban Ecology Landscape demand, while also can economic utilization water resource.
3) it builds this part in water requirement for urban landscape waterfall and provides calculating idea and method.
4) construction of current urban water system connection, the calculating of Water Requirement is combined increasingly to pursue economical rationality, ecology
Water requirement estimation too small and the requirement that mostly cannot be satisfied city and social development is crossed, the present invention can be achieved raw in water system connection
The reasonable computation of state water requirement.
Depending on city water system of the present invention builds the demand of weir engineering during making, certain steady by being formed after hammed water
Determine river width and storage capacity, characteristic of river course is mainly reflected in that concentration of channel area is small, river water is insufficient, water resource spatial and temporal distributions
Uneven, the problems such as water pollution bearing capacity is low, ecological environment frailty.From the angle of ecological environment, river channel ecology environment needs
Water refers to river channel ecology system for river training eco-environmental quality or when safeguarding that eco-environmental quality is unlikely to further decrease
Required minimum amount of uniting and the minimum base flow that the ecosystem can accommodate under this water.In general, the present invention exists
On the basis of ensuring that river evaporation leakage ensures, further ensure that there is certain tiny flow quantity in river.
Description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the calculation process schematic diagram of the present invention；
Fig. 2 is the weir-type structural schematic diagram in dropping sluice power calculating method in the present invention.
Specific implementation mode
The invention will be further described with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments.
As shown in Figure 1, the present invention includes the following steps：
One, evaporation capacity calculates：
By typically evaporating rainfall in collecting zone, calculate the water surface area formed after river hammed water, with day,
The moon is unit, calculates daily or evaporation capacity monthly and rainfall, finally presses formula WEvaporation=F* Σ (Ej-Pj) calculate evaporation
Amount；
Wherein, WEvaporationFor river and lake water surface evaporation, measurement unit is ten thousand m3；
F is river and lake water surface area, and measurement unit is ten thousand m2；
E is river evaporation capacity month by month, measurement unit mm；
P is river rainfall month by month, measurement unit mm.
Two, leakage calculates：
Leakage is using library damage method or leakage calculating method is calculated month by month；
Wherein damage method in library is：By formula WLeakage=V × α calculates leakage；
WLeakageFor river and lake water surface leakage, measurement unit is ten thousand m3；
V is river and lake storage capacity, and measurement unit is ten thousand m3；
α is that coefficient is damaged in library month by month in river；In conjunction with Design of Reservoirs requirement, the value of α is taken as 1%~5%；
Leakage calculating method is month by month：Take daily infiltration coefficient as design parameter value, in conjunction with water surface area, by formula
WLeakage=I × F × 365 calculates leakage；
WLeakageFor river and lake water surface leakage, measurement unit is ten thousand m3；
I is the measurement unit mm/d per per day leakage；
F is river and lake water surface area, and measurement unit is ten thousand m2。
Three, Dryweather flow calculates：
Dryweather flow is calculated using waterfall waterpower calculating method or drop sluice power calculating method.
In conjunction with River Landscape weir sluice construction, after by hammed water, river forms water fall effect at drop, according to waterfall
Cloth hydraulic calculation method, waterfall scale depend primarily on the drop (falling height), waterfall width and waterfall figure shape of waterfall.Due to
Waterfall is mostly based on suspension type in Practical Project, when calculating water requirement mostly based on the calculating of suspension type waterfall.
Waterfall waterpower calculating method is calculated with suspension type waterfall, is included the following steps：
The drop-out time of the calculating of drop-out time, waterfall is
In formula, t is the drop-out time of waterfall, measurement unit s；
H is the falling height of waterfall, measurement unit m；
G is acceleration of gravity, value 9.8m/S2；
The calculating of waterfall volume, water volume needed for the waterfall of every meter of width are
V=α bh；
In formula, V is the water body volume of every meter of width of suspension type waterfall, measurement unit m3/m；
B is the thickness of waterfall body, measurement unit m；According to waterfall scale, different waterfall body thickness is chosen, the value of b is
Between 0.01m~0.2m；
H is the falling height of waterfall, measurement unit m；
α is safety coefficient, and according to the water loss of falling process, the value of α is 1.05~1.1；The value of safety coefficient α
It is determined according to waterfall scale, cataract capping, cascade removes the limit；
The calculating of waterfall flow, to keep waterfall completely beautiful, the flow of waterfall must satisfy reaches every meter in drop-out time
Width water body volume is V (m3/ m), the waterfall design flow of every meter of width is
Q=VB/t；
In formula, Q is the waterfall design flow of every meter of width, measurement unit m3/s；
V is the water body volume of every meter of width of suspension type waterfall, measurement unit m3/m；
B is waterfall width, measurement unit m；
T is the drop-out time of waterfall, measurement unit s；
Waterfall annual flow calculates, and river and lake water surface Dryweather flow is calculated；
WBase flow=Q × 365 × 24 × 3600；
In formula, WBase flowFor river and lake water surface Dryweather flow, measurement unit is ten thousand m3；
Q is the waterfall design flow of every meter of width, measurement unit m3/s。
Weir flow and lock hole go out stream and belong to rapidly avried flow, are all the water movements formed by gravity after banked-up water level,
Its energy loss is based on local head loss.Weir and lock are all to belong to control building, for controlling water level and flow.Weir flow
Top do not controlled by gate, flow Free Surface is continuous and derivable；And lock hole go out to flow it is exactly the opposite, due to by gate
Control, Free Surface are blocked by gate.Weir flow and lock hole go out stream this species diversity cause they water stream characteristics, discharge capacity and
Rule is different from.As shown in Fig. 2, weir can be divided into three classes according to the ratio of the width δ of weir crest and head on weirs H：
When δ/H ＜ 0.67 are sharp-crested weir, sharp-crested weir has stable stage discharge relation, is usually used in the measurement of flow；
When 0.67 ＜ δ/H ＜ 2.5 are practical weir, water blocking and discharge structure for key water control project；
When 2.5 ＜ δ/H ＜ 10 be broad-crested weir, extensively have general application in canal system.
In view of in actual conditions, in the majority with broad-crested weir, this considers according to broad-crested weir calculating, weir head H values
For
0.01m~0.2m；Lock flow is
In formula, Q is lock flow, measurement unit m3/s；
H0To be included in gross head on the upstream weir of approach velocity, measurement unit m；
σ is to flood coefficient, when free discharge, floods coefficient and takes 1.0；
B is lock hole clear span or downflow weir width, measurement unit m；
ε is side constriction coefficient；
M is discharge coefficient；
G is acceleration of gravity, value 9.8m/S2；
According to formula WBase flowRiver and lake water surface Dryweather flow is calculated in=Q × 365 × 24 × 3600；
In formula, WBase flowFor river and lake water surface Dryweather flow, measurement unit is ten thousand m3；
Q is lock flow, measurement unit m3/s。
Four, Water Requirement calculates：
By formula WNeed water=WBase flow+WEvaporation+WLeakageCalculate Water Requirement in river and lake；
Wherein WNeed waterFor Water Requirement in river and lake；Measurement unit is ten thousand m3；
WEvaporationFor the river and lake water surface evaporation that step 1 is calculated, measurement unit is ten thousand m3；
WLeakageFor the river and lake water surface leakage that step 2 is calculated, measurement unit is ten thousand m3；
WBase flowFor the river and lake water surface Dryweather flow that step 3 is calculated, measurement unit is ten thousand m3。
Claims (4)
1. the method for calculating Water Requirement in urban rivers and lakes, which is characterized in that include the following steps：
One, evaporation capacity calculates：
By typically evaporating rainfall in collecting zone, the water surface area formed after river hammed water is calculated, is with day, the moon
Unit calculates daily or evaporation capacity monthly and rainfall, finally presses formula WEvaporation=F* Σ (Ej-Pj) calculate evaporation capacity；
Wherein, WEvaporationFor river and lake water surface evaporation, measurement unit is ten thousand m3；
F is river and lake water surface area, and measurement unit is ten thousand m2；
E is river evaporation capacity month by month, measurement unit mm；
P is river rainfall month by month, measurement unit mm；
Two, leakage calculates：
Leakage is using library damage method or leakage calculating method is calculated month by month；
Wherein damage method in library is：By formula WLeakage=V × α calculates leakage；
WLeakageFor river and lake water surface leakage, measurement unit is ten thousand m3；
V is river and lake storage capacity, and measurement unit is ten thousand m3；
α is that coefficient is damaged in library month by month in river；In conjunction with Design of Reservoirs requirement, the value of α is taken as 1%~5%；
Leakage calculating method is month by month：Take daily infiltration coefficient as design parameter value, in conjunction with water surface area, by formula WLeakage=I
× F × 365 calculates leakage；
WLeakageFor river and lake water surface leakage, measurement unit is ten thousand m3；
I is the measurement unit mm/d per per day leakage；
F is river and lake water surface area, and measurement unit is ten thousand m2；
Three, Dryweather flow calculates：
Dryweather flow is calculated using waterfall waterpower calculating method or drop sluice power calculating method；
Four, Water Requirement calculates：
By formula WNeed water=WBase flow+WEvaporation+WLeakageCalculate Water Requirement in river and lake；
Wherein WNeed waterFor Water Requirement in river and lake；Measurement unit is ten thousand m3；
WEvaporationFor the river and lake water surface evaporation that step 1 is calculated, measurement unit is ten thousand m3；
WLeakageFor the river and lake water surface leakage that step 2 is calculated, measurement unit is ten thousand m3；
WBase flowFor the river and lake water surface Dryweather flow that step 3 is calculated, measurement unit is ten thousand m3。
2. the method for calculating Water Requirement in urban rivers and lakes as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that
Waterfall waterpower calculating method is calculated with suspension type waterfall, is included the following steps：
The drop-out time of the calculating of drop-out time, waterfall is
In formula, t is the drop-out time of waterfall, measurement unit s；
H is the falling height of waterfall, measurement unit m；
G is acceleration of gravity, value 9.8m/S2；
The calculating of waterfall volume, water volume needed for the waterfall of every meter of width are
V=α bh；
In formula, V is the water body volume of every meter of width of suspension type waterfall, measurement unit m3/m；
B is the thickness of waterfall body, measurement unit m；According to waterfall scale, different waterfall body thickness is chosen, the value of b is 0.01m
Between~0.2m；
H is the falling height of waterfall, measurement unit m；
α is safety coefficient, and according to the water loss of falling process, the value of α is 1.05~1.1；
The waterfall design flow of the calculating of waterfall flow, every meter of width is
Q=VB/t；
In formula, Q is the waterfall design flow of every meter of width, measurement unit m3/s；
V is the water body volume of every meter of width of suspension type waterfall, measurement unit m3/m；
B is waterfall width, measurement unit m；
T is the drop-out time of waterfall, measurement unit s；
Waterfall annual flow calculates, and river and lake water surface Dryweather flow is calculated；
WBase flow=Q × 365 × 24 × 3600；
In formula, WBase flowFor river and lake water surface Dryweather flow, measurement unit is ten thousand m3；
Q is the waterfall design flow of every meter of width, measurement unit m3/s。
3. the method for calculating Water Requirement in urban rivers and lakes as claimed in claim 2, which is characterized in that the meter of waterfall volume
In calculation, the value of safety coefficient α determines that cataract capping, cascade is removed the limit according to waterfall scale.
4. the method for calculating Water Requirement in urban rivers and lakes as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that
Drop sluice power calculating method is calculated according to broad-crested weir；Weir head value is 0.01m~0.2m；Lock flow is
In formula, Q is lock flow, measurement unit m3/s；
H0To be included in gross head on the upstream weir of approach velocity, measurement unit m；
σ is to flood coefficient, when free discharge, floods coefficient and takes 1.0；
B is lock hole clear span or downflow weir width, measurement unit m；
ε is side constriction coefficient；
M is discharge coefficient；
G is acceleration of gravity, value 9.8m/S2；
According to formula WBase flowRiver and lake water surface Dryweather flow is calculated in=Q × 365 × 24 × 3600；
In formula, WBase flowFor river and lake water surface Dryweather flow, measurement unit is ten thousand m3；
Q is lock flow, measurement unit m3/s。
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