CN108532651A - The device of frictional resistance inside and outside a kind of detection steel-pipe pile - Google Patents
The device of frictional resistance inside and outside a kind of detection steel-pipe pile Download PDFInfo
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- CN108532651A CN108532651A CN201810352045.3A CN201810352045A CN108532651A CN 108532651 A CN108532651 A CN 108532651A CN 201810352045 A CN201810352045 A CN 201810352045A CN 108532651 A CN108532651 A CN 108532651A
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- steel
- pipe pile
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- pile
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- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 30
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 74
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 74
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 abstract description 13
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 description 16
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 8
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical group [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 208000003443 Unconsciousness Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003292 glue Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012856 packing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000741 silica gel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002027 silica gel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D33/00—Testing foundations or foundation structures
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- Paleontology (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Piles And Underground Anchors (AREA)
- Placing Or Removing Of Piles Or Sheet Piles, Or Accessories Thereof (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of devices of frictional resistance inside and outside detection steel-pipe pile, the device includes the outer steel pipe stake (1) nested together and interior steel-pipe pile (2), and its hanging is fixed on the lower surface of stake top backing plate (4) jointly, the bottom end of outer steel pipe stake (1) is stretched out in the bottom end of interior steel-pipe pile (2), the bottom end of outer steel-pipe pile (1) and interior steel-pipe pile (2) is provided with a underseal mouth (5), the stake underseal mouth (5) includes billet (6) and flexible gasket (7)；Foil gauge (3) is posted in the outer surface of the outer surface of outer steel-pipe pile (1) and interior steel-pipe pile (2)；Protective device (8) is fixed on the outer surface of outer steel pipe stake (1)；The device of frictional resistance is applied to the inner frictional resistance suffered by pile pile and outer frictional resistance in detection steel-pipe pile pile driving process inside and outside detection steel-pipe pile provided by the invention, and the device have many advantages, such as device it is simple, it is swift to operate, using convenient, have wide application prospects in steel pipe column research.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of devices of frictional resistance inside and outside detection steel-pipe pile, belong to pile foundation application field.
Background technology
Steel-pipe pile is widely applied in engineering in recent years, native during the pile driving process since steel pipe pile bottom is open
Body pours in inside pile pipe, forms soil plug, increases the resistance of pile sinking.The correct pile drivability judged to stake of soil plug black-out effect
And bearing capacity prediction has important influence, for this problem, lot of domestic and foreign scholar has carried out a large amount of research work.Soil
Plug and is designed according to design formula since the frictional resistance force effect between pile pile inner wall and core is formed, and is to ignore soil
The inner frictional resistance of section and steel-pipe pile is filled in, bearing capacity of single pile calculated value will necessarily be caused relatively low, will often find that in Practical Project
The bearing capacity of single pile of test pile is greater than designing institute's specified value.At present, to soil plug section inner frictional resistance research not enough at
Ripe, there is an urgent need for more accurate test methods further to study.
Invention content
Technical problem：The purpose of the present invention is to provide a kind of device of frictional resistance inside and outside detection steel-pipe pile, the device energy
It is enough accurately to measure outer frictional resistance and inner frictional resistance suffered by steel-pipe pile respectively, promote the research work of steel-pipe pile soil plug section inner frictional resistance
Make.
Technical solution：The present invention provides a kind of device of frictional resistance inside and outside detection steel-pipe pile, the steel-pipe pile includes
The outer steel pipe stake nested together and interior steel-pipe pile, and outer steel pipe stake and interior steel-pipe pile hanging are fixed on stake top backing plate jointly
Lower surface, the bottom end of interior steel-pipe pile stretches out the bottom end of outer steel pipe stake, the bottom end of outer steel-pipe pile and interior steel-pipe pile is provided with stake
Underseal mouth, the stake underseal mouth includes billet and flexible gasket, and billet is fixed on the bottom end of interior steel-pipe pile, in steel pad
The gap location filling flexible gasket of plate and outer steel pipe stake bottom end；Outer surface in the outer surface of outer steel-pipe pile and interior steel-pipe pile is equal
Post foil gauge；Foil gauge outer layer positioned at outer steel pipe stake outer surface is provided with protective device.
Wherein：
The outer steel pipe stake nested together and interior steel-pipe pile refer to outer steel pipe stake and interior steel-pipe pile it is concentrically nested
Together, and the sum of the outer diameter of interior steel-pipe pile (2) and foil gauge (3) thickness be less than outer steel pipe stake (1) internal diameter.
The stake top backing plate is doughnut-shaped steel plate, and outer diameter is not more than interior steel not less than outer diameter, its internal diameter of outer steel pipe stake
The internal diameter of pile pile.
The outer steel pipe stake and interior steel-pipe pile hanging are fixed on the fixed form of the lower surface of stake top backing plate jointly
To be welded to connect, being bolted or rivet interlacement.
The billet is doughnut-shaped steel plate, and internal diameter is consistent with interior steel-pipe pile internal diameter, and outer diameter is between outer steel pipe stake
Internal diameter and outer diameter between.
The fixed form that the billet is fixed on the bottom end of interior steel-pipe pile is to be welded to connect, be bolted or rivet
Connection.
Post foil gauge, the specific arrangement of foil gauge in the outer surface in the outer surface of outer steel-pipe pile and interior steel-pipe pile
It is as follows：There are no less than two groups of foil gauges the outer surface of outer steel-pipe pile is axially disposed, every group of foil gauge includes no less than two
Foil gauge, circumferential direction are uniformly distributed on the outer surface of outer steel pipe stake；The outer surface of interior steel-pipe pile it is axially disposed have it is many
In two groups of foil gauges, every group of foil gauge includes that no less than two foil gauges, circumferential direction is uniformly distributed in the outer surface of interior steel-pipe pile
On.
The inside and outside frictional resistance of steel-pipe pile can be conversed according to the strain value of test, conversion method is that strain value is multiplied by bullet
Property modulus is worth to axle power, and the side surface area between the difference of 2 axle powers divided by 2 points can be obtained the list on corresponding unit area
Position frictional resistance.
The foil gauge outer layer positioned at outer steel pipe stake outer surface is provided with protective device, refers to that protective device is fixed on
In outer steel pipe stake, and cover the foil gauge on outer steel pipe stake outer surface.
The fixed form that the protective device is fixed in outer steel pipe stake is to be welded to connect or be bonded.
The protective device is gusset or plastic plate.
The material of the gap location filling flexible gasket in billet Yu outer steel pipe stake bottom end, flexible gasket is silicon
Glue or rubber prevent the soil body in pile driving process from entering between interior steel-pipe pile and outer steel pipe stake, while ensureing the stake bottom of interior steel-pipe pile
It is flexible connection between the stake bottom of outer steel pipe stake, the two strain is not interfere with each other.
The device of frictional resistance is applied in detection steel-pipe pile pile driving process inside and outside a kind of detection steel-pipe pile provided by the invention
Inner frictional resistance suffered by pile pile and outer frictional resistance.
Wherein：
Inner frictional resistance suffered by pile pile and outer frictional resistance, outer steel pipe stake only outer wall in the detection steel-pipe pile pile driving process
It is contacted with foundation soil, it is the outer frictional resistance suffered by steel-pipe pile to measure frictional resistance, and interior steel-pipe pile only inner wall connects with soil plug section foundation soil
It touches, it is the inner frictional resistance suffered by steel-pipe pile to measure frictional resistance.
It is affixed on axial strain of the outer steel pipe stake surface strain piece for testing outer steel pipe stake, elasticity modulus is multiplied by and is worth to this
Point axle power, the side surface area between the difference of 2 axle powers divided by 2 points, you can calculate suffered outer in steel-pipe pile pile driving process
Frictional resistance；It is affixed on axial strain of the interior steel-pipe pile surface strain piece for testing interior steel-pipe pile, elasticity modulus is multiplied by and is worth to this
Point axle power, the side surface area between the difference of 2 axle powers divided by 2 points, you can calculate suffered interior in steel-pipe pile pile driving process
Frictional resistance.
Advantageous effect：Compared with prior art, the present invention has the following advantages：
The means of existing steel pipe pile side friction test can only all measure outer frictional resistance and inner frictional resistance suffered by steel-pipe pile
Superposition, cannot distinguish between the size of inside and outside frictional resistance, and the device proposed by the present invention for detecting frictional resistance inside and outside steel-pipe pile realizes
Inner frictional resistance and the outer frictional resistance suffered by steel-pipe pile are clearly distinguished, and simple, swift to operate with device, excellent using facilitating etc.
Point has a wide range of applications in the research work in terms of steel-pipe pile is filled in inner frictional resistance by soil.
Description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the sectional view of the device of frictional resistance inside and outside a kind of detection steel-pipe pile proposed by the present invention；
Fig. 2 be it is proposed by the present invention it is a kind of detection steel-pipe pile inside and outside frictional resistance device in steel-pipe pile connection diagram；
Fig. 3 is the device China and foreign countries steel-pipe pile elevation of frictional resistance inside and outside a kind of detection steel-pipe pile proposed by the present invention；
Fig. 4 be it is proposed by the present invention it is a kind of detection steel-pipe pile inside and outside frictional resistance device in interior steel-pipe pile elevation；
Fig. 5 be it is proposed by the present invention it is a kind of detection steel-pipe pile inside and outside frictional resistance device in stake top backing plate stereoscopic schematic diagram；
Fig. 6 be it is proposed by the present invention it is a kind of detection steel-pipe pile inside and outside frictional resistance device in stake underseal mouth stereoscopic schematic diagram；
Have in figure：Outer steel pipe stake 1, interior steel-pipe pile 2, foil gauge 3, stake top backing plate 4, stake underseal mouth 5, billet 6, flexibility are close
Packing 7, protective device 8, ground 9 and soil plug section 10.
Specific implementation mode
The present invention will be further described with reference to the accompanying drawings and detailed description.
As shown in figures 1 to 6, it is a kind of detection steel-pipe pile inside and outside frictional resistance device, the steel-pipe pile include it is concentrically nested
Outer steel pipe stake 1 together and interior steel-pipe pile 2, outer steel pipe stake 1 are mutually not in contact with each other with 2 side wall of interior steel-pipe pile, and outer steel pipe stake 1 and interior
2 hanging of steel-pipe pile is welded on the lower surface of stake top backing plate 4 jointly, it is ensured that does not occur between outer steel pipe stake 1 and interior steel-pipe pile 2
Horizontal relative displacement, the bottom end of outer steel pipe stake 1 is stretched out in the bottom end of interior steel-pipe pile 2, in the bottom end of outer steel-pipe pile 1 and interior steel-pipe pile 2
It is provided with a underseal mouth 5, the stake underseal mouth 5 includes billet 6 and flexible gasket 7, and billet 6 is welded in interior steel-pipe pile
2 bottom end, there are certain intervals between outer steel pipe stake 1 and billet 6, ensure outer steel pipe stake 1 and the strain of interior steel-pipe pile 2 mutually not
Interference；Gap location filling flexible gasket 7 in billet 6 Yu 1 bottom end of outer steel pipe stake, when preventing pile sinking the soil body by gap into
Enter between outer steel pipe stake 1 and interior steel-pipe pile 2, the effect of billet 6 is that flexible gasket 7 is protected not to be damaged in pile sinking；
Foil gauge 3, and the outer diameter of interior steel-pipe pile 2 and foil gauge 3 are posted in the outer surface of the outer surface of outer steel-pipe pile 1 and interior steel-pipe pile 2
The sum of thickness is less than the internal diameter of outer steel pipe stake 1；Foil gauge 3 is answered for the axial direction of test outer steel pipe stake 1 and interior steel-pipe pile 2 respectively
Become, the circumferential direction of foil gauge 3 is adjusted with axial arranged according to requirement of experiment；3 outer layer of foil gauge positioned at 1 outer surface of outer steel pipe stake is solid
Surely it is provided with 8 gusset of protective device, the foil gauge 3 of 1 outer surface of outer steel pipe stake is protected not to be damaged in pile sinking.
Stake top backing plate 4 is doughnut-shaped steel plate, and outer diameter is not more than interior steel-pipe pile 2 not less than outer diameter, its internal diameter of outer steel pipe stake 1
Internal diameter.
Billet 6 is doughnut-shaped steel plate, and internal diameter is consistent with 2 internal diameter of interior steel-pipe pile, and outer diameter is between 1 internal diameter of outer steel pipe stake
Between outer diameter.
Flexible gasket 7 is filled in using flexible materials such as silica gel or rubber between 1 bottom of billet 6 and outer steel pipe stake
Gap, prevent the soil body in pile driving process from entering between outer and inner tube stake, at the same ensure outer and inner tube stake stake bottom be flexible connection,
The two strain is not interfere with each other.
The device of frictional resistance is applied in detection steel-pipe pile pile driving process inside and outside a kind of detection steel-pipe pile proposed by the present invention
Inner frictional resistance suffered by pile pile and outer frictional resistance, during the pile driving process, the only outer wall of outer steel pipe stake 1 are contacted with 9 soil of ground, are measured and are rubbed
Resistance is the outer frictional resistance suffered by steel-pipe pile, and the only inner wall of interior steel-pipe pile 2 is contacted with soil plug section 10, measures frictional resistance as steel-pipe pile institute
The inner frictional resistance received.
It is affixed on axial strain of the 1 surface strain piece 3 of outer steel pipe stake for testing outer steel pipe stake 1, being multiplied by elasticity modulus is worth
To the axle power, the side surface area between the difference of 2 axle powers divided by 2 points, you can calculate suffered in steel-pipe pile pile driving process
Outer frictional resistance；It is affixed on axial strain of the 2 surface strain piece 3 of interior steel-pipe pile for testing interior steel-pipe pile 2, is multiplied by elastic mould value
Obtain the axle power, the side surface area between the difference of 2 axle powers divided by, you can calculate institute in steel-pipe pile pile driving process at 2 points
The inner frictional resistance received.
It should be pointed out that for those skilled in the art, without departing from the principle of the present invention,
Several improvements and modifications can also be made, these improvements and modifications also should be regarded as protection scope of the present invention.In the present embodiment not
The available prior art of specific each component part is realized.
Claims (10)
1. the device of frictional resistance inside and outside a kind of detection steel-pipe pile, it is characterised in that：The steel-pipe pile includes nesting together
Outer steel pipe stake (1) and interior steel-pipe pile (2), and outer steel pipe stake (1) and interior steel-pipe pile (2) hanging are fixed on stake top backing plate jointly
(4) lower surface, the bottom end of outer steel pipe stake (1) is stretched out in the bottom end of interior steel-pipe pile (2), in outer steel-pipe pile (1) and interior steel-pipe pile (2)
Bottom end be provided with a underseal mouth (5), the stake underseal mouth (5) includes billet (6) and flexible gasket (7), billet
(6) it is fixed on the bottom end of interior steel-pipe pile (2), in the gap location filling flexible gasket of billet (6) and outer steel pipe stake (1) bottom end
(7)；Foil gauge (3) is posted in the outer surface of the outer surface of outer steel-pipe pile (1) and interior steel-pipe pile (2)；Positioned at outer steel pipe stake (1)
Foil gauge (3) outer layer of outer surface is provided with protective device (8).
2. the device of frictional resistance inside and outside a kind of detection steel-pipe pile as described in claim 1, it is characterised in that：Described is nested in
Outer steel pipe stake (1) and interior steel-pipe pile (2) together refers to that outer steel pipe stake (1) and interior steel-pipe pile (2) are concentrically nested together and interior
The sum of outer diameter and foil gauge (3) thickness of steel-pipe pile (2) are less than the internal diameter of outer steel pipe stake (1).
3. the device of frictional resistance inside and outside a kind of detection steel-pipe pile as described in claim 1, it is characterised in that：The stake top pad
Plate (4) is doughnut-shaped steel plate, and outer diameter is not more than the internal diameter of interior steel-pipe pile (2) not less than outer diameter, its internal diameter of outer steel pipe stake (1).
4. the device of frictional resistance inside and outside a kind of detection steel-pipe pile as described in claim 1, it is characterised in that：The outer steel pipe
Stake (1) and interior steel-pipe pile (2) hanging be fixed on jointly stake top backing plate (4) lower surface fixed form for be welded to connect,
It is bolted or rivet interlacement.
5. the device of frictional resistance inside and outside a kind of detection steel-pipe pile as described in claim 1, it is characterised in that：The billet
(6) it is doughnut-shaped steel plate, internal diameter is consistent with interior steel-pipe pile (2) internal diameter, internal diameter and outer diameter of the outer diameter between outer steel pipe stake (1)
Between.
6. the device of frictional resistance inside and outside a kind of detection steel-pipe pile as described in claim 1, it is characterised in that：The billet
(6) fixed form for being fixed on the bottom end of interior steel-pipe pile (2) is to be welded to connect, be bolted or rivet interlacement.
7. the device of frictional resistance inside and outside a kind of detection steel-pipe pile as described in claim 1, it is characterised in that：It is described in outer steel pipe
Foil gauge (3) is posted in the outer surface of stake (1) and the outer surface of interior steel-pipe pile (2), and the specific arrangement of foil gauge (3) is as follows：
The outer surface of outer steel pipe stake (1) is axially disposed to have no less than two groups of foil gauges (3), every group of foil gauge to include no less than two and answer
Become piece (3), circumferential direction is uniformly distributed on the outer surface of outer steel pipe stake (1)；It is axially disposed in the outer surface of interior steel-pipe pile (2)
It includes that no less than two foil gauges (3), circumferential direction is uniformly distributed in interior steel to have no less than two groups of foil gauges (3), every group of foil gauge
On the outer surface of pile pile (2).
8. the device of frictional resistance inside and outside a kind of detection steel-pipe pile as described in claim 1, it is characterised in that：Described being located at is outer
Foil gauge (3) outer layer of steel-pipe pile (1) outer surface is provided with protective device (8), refers to that protective device (8) is fixed on outer steel pipe stake
(1) on, and the foil gauge (3) on outer steel pipe stake (1) outer surface is covered.
9. the device of frictional resistance inside and outside a kind of detection steel-pipe pile as claimed in claim 8, it is characterised in that：The protection dress
It is to be welded to connect or be bonded to set the fixed form that (8) are fixed in outer steel pipe stake (1).
10. the device of frictional resistance inside and outside a kind of detection steel-pipe pile as described in claim 1, it is characterised in that：The protection
Device (8) is gusset or plastic plate.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201810352045.3A CN108532651A (en) | 2018-04-19 | 2018-04-19 | The device of frictional resistance inside and outside a kind of detection steel-pipe pile |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201810352045.3A CN108532651A (en) | 2018-04-19 | 2018-04-19 | The device of frictional resistance inside and outside a kind of detection steel-pipe pile |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN108532651A true CN108532651A (en) | 2018-09-14 |
Family
ID=63477676
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201810352045.3A Pending CN108532651A (en) | 2018-04-19 | 2018-04-19 | The device of frictional resistance inside and outside a kind of detection steel-pipe pile |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN108532651A (en) |
Cited By (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN109537645A (en) * | 2018-12-05 | 2019-03-29 | 天津大学 | A kind of steel-pipe pile inner frictional resistance test device and test method |
| CN109653262A (en) * | 2019-01-22 | 2019-04-19 | 浙江大学 | A kind of multilayer sleeve opening pile can be used for measuring a resistance and the internal soil plug of assessment |
| CN109930633A (en) * | 2019-03-15 | 2019-06-25 | 天津大学 | Indoor model stake, pilot system and the method for outer frictional resistance distribution in a kind of measurement large diameter steel pipe pile |
| CN111189774A (en) * | 2020-02-18 | 2020-05-22 | 中国电建集团华东勘测设计研究院有限公司 | Device and method for measuring inner side friction resistance of steel pipe pile |
| JP2021071042A (en) * | 2019-10-29 | 2021-05-06 | 浙江大学Ｚｈｅｊｉａｎｇ Ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ | Self-driven sensor and measurement device usable for real-time measurement of side face resistance and end resistance of marine pipe pile |
| CN115233747A (en) * | 2022-07-13 | 2022-10-25 | 青岛理工大学 | Device and method for testing stress of micro steel pipe pile in miscellaneous filled stratum |
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| CN208280194U (en) * | 2018-04-19 | 2018-12-25 | 东南大学 | The device of frictional resistance inside and outside a kind of detection steel-pipe pile |
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Cited By (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN109537645A (en) * | 2018-12-05 | 2019-03-29 | 天津大学 | A kind of steel-pipe pile inner frictional resistance test device and test method |
| CN109653262A (en) * | 2019-01-22 | 2019-04-19 | 浙江大学 | A kind of multilayer sleeve opening pile can be used for measuring a resistance and the internal soil plug of assessment |
| CN109930633A (en) * | 2019-03-15 | 2019-06-25 | 天津大学 | Indoor model stake, pilot system and the method for outer frictional resistance distribution in a kind of measurement large diameter steel pipe pile |
| JP2021071042A (en) * | 2019-10-29 | 2021-05-06 | 浙江大学Ｚｈｅｊｉａｎｇ Ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ | Self-driven sensor and measurement device usable for real-time measurement of side face resistance and end resistance of marine pipe pile |
| CN111189774A (en) * | 2020-02-18 | 2020-05-22 | 中国电建集团华东勘测设计研究院有限公司 | Device and method for measuring inner side friction resistance of steel pipe pile |
| CN115233747A (en) * | 2022-07-13 | 2022-10-25 | 青岛理工大学 | Device and method for testing stress of micro steel pipe pile in miscellaneous filled stratum |
| CN115233747B (en) * | 2022-07-13 | 2024-02-27 | 青岛理工大学 | Device and method for testing stress of miniature steel pipe pile in miscellaneous fill stratum |
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Application publication date: 20180914 |
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