CN108532620B - Pile casting frame applied to group pile foundation and casting method - Google Patents
Pile casting frame applied to group pile foundation and casting method Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN108532620B CN108532620B CN201810493309.7A CN201810493309A CN108532620B CN 108532620 B CN108532620 B CN 108532620B CN 201810493309 A CN201810493309 A CN 201810493309A CN 108532620 B CN108532620 B CN 108532620B
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- pile
- pile foundation
- casting frame
- longitudinal
- shaped bolt
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Active
Links
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 35
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 8
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 230000002787 reinforcement Effects 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 abstract description 10
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000000149 penetrating effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910001294 Reinforcing steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002985 plastic film Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920006255 plastic film Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910021420 polycrystalline silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010248 power generation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004080 punching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D27/00—Foundations as substructures
- E02D27/10—Deep foundations
- E02D27/12—Pile foundations
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D13/00—Accessories for placing or removing piles or bulkheads, e.g. noise attenuating chambers
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D15/00—Handling building or like materials for hydraulic engineering or foundations
- E02D15/02—Handling of bulk concrete specially for foundation or hydraulic engineering purposes
- E02D15/04—Placing concrete in mould-pipes, pile tubes, bore-holes or narrow shafts
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D2600/00—Miscellaneous
- E02D2600/20—Miscellaneous comprising details of connection between elements
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D2600/00—Miscellaneous
- E02D2600/40—Miscellaneous comprising stabilising elements
Abstract
The invention discloses a pile casting frame and a pouring method applied to a pile foundation, wherein the pile casting frame comprises a longitudinal beam (3) and a transverse beam (6) which are fixedly connected with each other, a side beam (7) for fixing a U-shaped bolt (8) is detachably arranged on the outer side of the longitudinal beam (3), two through holes (2) for accommodating the U-shaped bolt (8) are formed in the side beam (7), and at least three height adjusting mechanisms (4) which are not on the same straight line are further arranged on the pile casting frame. The pile foundation construction method has the advantages of high pile foundation construction precision, high adjustment speed, simple structure, low manufacturing cost and the like, and has wide popularization value in the construction of large-scale miniature pile group foundations for the construction of photovoltaic power stations.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a pile casting frame and a pile casting method applied to a pile group foundation, and belongs to the technical field of construction of miniature pile group foundations of photovoltaic power stations.
Background
Photovoltaic power plant support foundations typically involve large-scale micro pile group concreting. In the past, because stratum hardness is inhomogeneous, when pile foundation drilling is finished, the deviation that the pile foundation center is positioned to a certain extent (2 cm-5 cm) in the horizontal plane often appears, has influenced the accurate positioning of pile top U type bolt's horizontal position and elevation, and then has influenced the installation accuracy and the installation effectiveness of upper portion steel structure support of installing on group pile foundation. After pile foundation pouring is finished, when the upper steel structure support and the pile top U-shaped bolt are connected, the situation that the upper steel structure support cannot be connected with the U-shaped bolt due to overlarge error, so that the pile foundation is scrapped, the construction period is greatly influenced, and cost waste is caused. Therefore, how to adjust the center deviation generated by the punching of the cast-in-place pile and quickly and accurately adjust the horizontal position and the height of the U-shaped bolt connected with the support at the pile top becomes a problem to be solved.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to accurately position the horizontal position and the elevation of the U-shaped bolts on the pile foundation, the invention provides a pile casting frame applied to the pile foundation.
The utility model provides a be applied to group pile foundation's stake frame of watering, its including mutual fixed connection's longitudinal beam and transverse beam, the outside detachably of longitudinal beam is provided with the curb girder that is used for fixing U type bolt, be provided with on the curb girder and be used for holding two through-holes of U type bolt, stake frame of watering still has at least three height adjustment mechanism not on same straight line.
Further, the longitudinal beams, the transverse beams and the side beams are all made of square steel pipes.
Further, the side members are fixed to the outer sides of the longitudinal beams by bolts.
Further, the end part of the side beam is provided with an inserting piece, the longitudinal beam is provided with an inserting groove, the opening of the inserting groove is vertical upwards, and the inserting piece of the side beam is inserted into the inserting groove to realize detachable connection of the side beam and the longitudinal beam.
Further, the height adjusting mechanism comprises a nut fixed on the longitudinal beam and/or the transverse beam and a rocking handle penetrating through the nut, wherein the rocking handle is Z-shaped and is provided with external threads matched with the nut.
Based on the same inventive concept, the invention also relates to a pouring method of the group pile foundation, which adopts the pile pouring frame and specifically comprises the following steps:
a) Drilling a corresponding number of pile foundation holes according to the design requirement of the pile group foundations;
b) Placing the reinforcement cage of each pile foundation in the pile foundation hole;
c) The method comprises the steps of installing a pile pouring frame, fixing a U-shaped bolt on a side beam of the pile pouring frame, wherein the lower end of the U-shaped bolt is positioned in a pile foundation hole, and sleeving a sleeve on the periphery of the U-shaped bolt, wherein the sleeve is detachably connected with the side beam and is used as a pouring template for the part of the pile foundation above the ground; the height adjusting mechanism supports the pile casting frame and hangs the pile casting frame in the air;
d) Adjusting the pile casting frame and the reinforcement cage to ensure that the symmetry center of the U-shaped bolt, the center of the reinforcement cage and the center of the pile foundation to be cast coincide, so as to ensure that the top elevation of the pile foundation to be cast is consistent with the design requirement, and the top elevation of the pile foundation to be cast is determined by the position of the top of the sleeve;
e) Pouring concrete;
f) After the concrete pile is poured, the side beams and the longitudinal beams are separated after the concrete solidification time of more than 3 hours, and the framework formed by the transverse beams and the longitudinal beams is removed.
The invention can eliminate the influence on the position accuracy of the pile foundation when the position of the pile foundation hole deviates to a certain extent on the horizontal position, ensure the consistent height of the top of the pile foundation, accurately position the horizontal position and the height of the U-shaped bolt, ensure the pile foundation to meet the design requirement and improve the installation efficiency of the steel structure bracket above the pile foundation; the invention has the advantages of high pile foundation construction precision, high adjustment speed, simple structure, low cost and the like, and has wide popularization value in the construction of large-scale miniature pile group foundations for the construction of photovoltaic power stations.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a plan view of a pile foundation;
FIG. 2 is a top view of the pile framework of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view taken along the direction A-A in FIG. 2;
fig. 4 is an exploded view of the insert and socket of the side and longitudinal beams of fig. 3 at area B.
In the figure: 1-pile foundation; 2-through holes; 3-longitudinal beams; 4-a height adjustment mechanism; 5-angle steel; 6-transverse beams 6; 7-side beams; 8-U-shaped bolts; 9-pile foundation holes; 10-reinforcement cage; 11-ground; 12-supporting plates; 13-slots; 14-inserting sheets.
Detailed Description
The invention is described in further detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.
The embodiment relies on a certain 120MW photovoltaic power station project currently being constructed. The total loader capacity was 120MW. Each field is about 1km long in the east-west direction and about 800m wide in the north-south direction. The whole photovoltaic field region consists of 17 photovoltaic power generation units. The 124000 pieces of 325W polycrystalline silicon components of a single power station are arranged on 3100 frames of supports, 40 pieces of component supports are arranged on each photovoltaic support to form east-west spread, and the photovoltaic component panels are inclined to the right south and form an included angle of 28 degrees with the horizontal plane.
The support foundation adopts a cast-in-place pile foundation, and a single pile foundation adopts 14 pile foundations 1 (shown in figure 1) which are spread in the east-west direction to form 2 rows and 7 columns. Because of the east-west gradient existing on site, the design requirement is as follows: the center of the tops of 7 pile foundations in the same row of pile foundations is guaranteed to be positioned on the same straight line (the elevations of the tops of 2 pile foundations in the same column are consistent), the oblique line spacing between the tops of the adjacent pile foundations in the east-west direction is kept to be 3m, the horizontal projection distance of the adjacent pile foundations in the west-east direction is kept to be 3.0 x cos (alpha) m, (alpha is the east-west direction slope angle of a single pile foundation), and when the terrain is discontinuous, alpha is determined by the pile foundations in the east-west direction and the east-west direction. Pile diameter of pile foundation is 0.22 m m, hole depth is 1.4 m, pile length is 1.6 m, single pile foundation concrete square quantity is 0.061m, concrete reference number C30, reinforcing steel bars use 4T10 main bars and T6 stirrups, and pile top pre-buried U-shaped bolts are used for fixing the photovoltaic bracket. Every 14 pile foundations form a pile group foundation, and 3100 supports are totally formed, namely 43400 bored concrete pile foundations.
The pile casting frame comprises a longitudinal beam 3 and a transverse beam 6 which are fixedly connected with each other, a side beam 7 for fixing a U-shaped bolt 8 is detachably arranged on the outer side of the longitudinal beam 3, two through holes 2 for accommodating the U-shaped bolt 8 are formed in the side beam 7, the number of the side beams 7 is the same as that of pile foundations to be cast, each side beam 7 is parallel to the transverse beam 6, and the pile casting frame is further provided with at least three height adjusting mechanisms 4 which are not on the same straight line and are used for adjusting the height of the pile casting frame and ensuring the height of the pile casting frame to be in a horizontal state. The longitudinal beam 3, the transverse beam 6 and the side beams 7 are all made of square steel pipes, and in order to improve the stability of the frame, angle steel 5 is welded at the joint of the longitudinal beam 3 and the transverse beam 6; the height adjusting mechanism 4 preferably comprises a nut fixed on the longitudinal beam 3 and/or the transverse beam 6 and a rocking handle penetrating through the nut, wherein the rocking handle is Z-shaped and is provided with external threads matched with the nut, the lower end of the rocking handle is abutted against the ground 11, and the height of the pile casting frame can be adjusted when the rocking is rotated; preferably, the height adjusting mechanisms 4 are provided corresponding to the number of side members. The number of the side beams 7 is the same as the number of pile foundations to be poured, U-shaped bolts 8 are fixed on each side beam 7, and when the pile pouring frame is integrally adjusted in horizontal position or elevation, the relative positions of the U-shaped bolts 8 are kept unchanged, so that the pile pouring frame can accurately ensure that the U-shaped bolts 8 of the pile group foundations meet the design requirements.
Optionally, the side beams 7 are fixed to the outer sides of the longitudinal beams 3 by bolts, for example, screw holes (not shown) are formed in both the longitudinal beams 3 and the side beams 7, and the two are fixed together by bolts.
Optionally, an insert piece 14 is disposed at an end of the side beam 7, a slot 13 is disposed on the longitudinal beam 3, an opening of the slot 13 is vertically upward, and the insert piece 14 of the side beam 7 is inserted into the slot 13 to realize detachable connection of the side beam 7 and the longitudinal beam 3. Referring to fig. 4, in order to improve the connection stability of the side beam 7 and the longitudinal beam 3, two sides of the end of the side beam 7 are respectively provided with two inserting slots 14, the longitudinal beam 3 is provided with two inserting slots 13 corresponding to the inserting slots, a bayonet for limiting the longitudinal movement of the side beam 7 is arranged between the two inserting slots 13, and a supporting plate 12 fixedly connected with the longitudinal beam 3 is also arranged below the bayonet. So set up, after concrete placement is accomplished, the vertical beam 3 of being convenient for is to vertical decurrent direction and curb girder 7 separation, has provided the convenience of dismantling.
The pile group foundation pouring method adopting the pile pouring frame mainly comprises the following steps:
a) Drilling a corresponding number of pile foundation holes 9 according to the design requirement of the pile group foundations;
b) Placing a reinforcement cage 10 of each pile foundation in the pile foundation hole 9, wherein a part of the reinforcement cage 10 is higher than the ground 11;
c) The pile casting frame is installed, the lower end of a U-shaped bolt 8,U type bolt 8 fixed on a side beam 7 of the pile casting frame is positioned in a pile foundation hole 9, a sleeve (not shown) is sleeved on the periphery of the U-shaped bolt, the sleeve is detachably connected with the side beam 7 (for example, by a rope part or a buckle and other conventional fixing modes), and the sleeve is used as a casting template of the pile foundation positioned above the ground 11; the height adjusting mechanism 4 supports the pile casting frame and hangs the pile casting frame in the air; the two screws of the U-shaped bolt 8 penetrate through the two through holes 2 of the side beam 7 and then are fixed by using fasteners such as bolts, and the threaded part of the U-shaped bolt 8 can be wrapped and protected by a plastic film;
d) Adjusting the pile casting frame and the reinforcement cage 9 to ensure that the symmetry center of the U-shaped bolt 8, the center of the reinforcement cage 9 and the center of the pile foundation to be cast coincide, so as to ensure that the top elevation of the pile foundation to be cast is consistent with the design requirement, and the top elevation of the pile foundation to be cast is determined by the position of the top of the sleeve;
e) Pouring concrete;
f) After the concrete pile is poured, the side beams 7 and the longitudinal beams 3 are separated after the concrete setting time is more than 3 hours, and the framework formed by the transverse beams 6 and the longitudinal beams 3 is removed; preferably, the concrete is set after about 5 hours and then the side beams 7 and the longitudinal beams 3 are separated; when the side beam 7 and the longitudinal beam 3 are connected in a slot and insert mode, the side beam 7 and the longitudinal beam 3 can be separated only by reducing the height of the longitudinal beam 3 through the height adjusting mechanism, the operation is very convenient, the fixed state of the side beam 7 and the U-shaped bolt is reserved, and the framework formed by the removed transverse beam 6 and the longitudinal beam 3 can be used for continuously constructing other group pile foundations after the new side beam 7 is installed, so that the construction efficiency is greatly improved.
In the description of the present invention, it should be understood that the terms "center," "longitudinal," "transverse," "upper," "lower," "vertical," "horizontal," "top," "bottom," "inner," "outer," and the like indicate or are based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the drawings, merely to facilitate description of the invention and simplify the description, and do not indicate or imply that the devices or elements referred to must have a particular orientation, be constructed and operated in a particular orientation, and thus should not be construed as limiting the invention.
The present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiments, which are merely illustrative and not restrictive, and many forms may be made by those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the spirit of the invention and the scope of the appended claims, which are all within the scope of the invention.
Claims (3)
1. Pile casting frame for group pile foundations, comprising a longitudinal beam (3) and a transverse beam (6) fixedly connected with each other, characterized in that: the outer side of the longitudinal beam (3) is detachably provided with a side beam (7) for fixing a U-shaped bolt (8), the side beam (7) is provided with two through holes (2) for accommodating the U-shaped bolt (8), and the pile casting frame is also provided with at least three height adjusting mechanisms (4) which are not on the same straight line;
the end part of the side beam (7) is provided with an inserting piece (14), the longitudinal beam (3) is provided with an inserting groove (14), the opening of the inserting groove (14) is vertically upwards, and the inserting piece (14) of the side beam (7) is inserted into the inserting groove (13) to realize the detachable connection of the side beam (7) and the longitudinal beam (3);
the longitudinal beam (3), the transverse beam (6) and the side beams (7) are all made of square steel pipes.
2. A pile casting frame for a pile foundation according to claim 1, characterised in that the height adjustment mechanism (4) comprises a nut fixed to the longitudinal and/or transverse beams and a rocking handle passing through the nut, the rocking handle being zigzag-shaped and provided with external threads cooperating with the nut.
3. A method for casting a pile foundation, which adopts the pile casting frame as claimed in claim 1 or 2, and is characterized by comprising the following steps:
a) Drilling a corresponding number of pile foundation holes (9) according to the design requirement of the pile group foundations;
b) Placing a reinforcement cage (10) of each pile foundation (1) in the pile foundation hole (9);
c) A pile casting frame is installed, a U-shaped bolt (8) is fixed on a side beam (7) of the pile casting frame, the lower end of the U-shaped bolt (8) is positioned in a pile foundation hole (9), a sleeve is sleeved on the periphery of the U-shaped bolt (8), the sleeve is detachably connected with the side beam (7), and the sleeve is used as a casting template of a part of a pile foundation above the ground; the height adjusting mechanism (4) supports the pile casting frame and hangs the pile casting frame in the air;
d) Adjusting the pile casting frame and the reinforcement cage (10) to ensure that the symmetry center of the U-shaped bolt (8), the center of the reinforcement cage (10) and the center of the pile foundation to be cast coincide, so as to ensure that the top elevation of the pile foundation to be cast is consistent with the design requirement, and the top elevation of the pile foundation to be cast is determined by the position of the top of the sleeve;
e) Pouring concrete;
f) After the concrete pile is poured, the side beams (7) and the longitudinal beams (3) are separated after the concrete solidification time of more than 3 hours, and the framework formed by the transverse beams (6) and the longitudinal beams (3) is removed.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201810493309.7A CN108532620B (en) | 2018-05-22 | 2018-05-22 | Pile casting frame applied to group pile foundation and casting method |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201810493309.7A CN108532620B (en) | 2018-05-22 | 2018-05-22 | Pile casting frame applied to group pile foundation and casting method |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN108532620A CN108532620A (en) | 2018-09-14 |
| CN108532620B true CN108532620B (en) | 2024-01-30 |
Family
ID=63472424
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201810493309.7A Active CN108532620B (en) | 2018-05-22 | 2018-05-22 | Pile casting frame applied to group pile foundation and casting method |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN108532620B (en) |
Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN105040719A (en) * | 2015-07-09 | 2015-11-11 | 上海电力设计院有限公司 | Construction positioning device for photovoltaic pile foundation and construction method for photovoltaic pile foundation |
| CN106049957A (en) * | 2015-04-07 | 2016-10-26 | 斯坦陵布什大学 | Frame supported height adjustable pylon |
| CN106168034A (en) * | 2015-09-30 | 2016-11-30 | 洛阳武轩重工机械有限公司 | A kind of retaining wall plate |
| CN206987384U (en) * | 2017-06-21 | 2018-02-09 | 国建新能源科技有限公司 | A kind of building site auxiliary construction device |
| CN208441121U (en) * | 2018-05-22 | 2019-01-29 | 中国电建集团中南勘测设计研究院有限公司 | It is a kind of to pour pile framing applied to multi-column pier foundation |
-
2018
- 2018-05-22 CN CN201810493309.7A patent/CN108532620B/en active Active
Patent Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN106049957A (en) * | 2015-04-07 | 2016-10-26 | 斯坦陵布什大学 | Frame supported height adjustable pylon |
| CN105040719A (en) * | 2015-07-09 | 2015-11-11 | 上海电力设计院有限公司 | Construction positioning device for photovoltaic pile foundation and construction method for photovoltaic pile foundation |
| CN106168034A (en) * | 2015-09-30 | 2016-11-30 | 洛阳武轩重工机械有限公司 | A kind of retaining wall plate |
| CN206987384U (en) * | 2017-06-21 | 2018-02-09 | 国建新能源科技有限公司 | A kind of building site auxiliary construction device |
| CN208441121U (en) * | 2018-05-22 | 2019-01-29 | 中国电建集团中南勘测设计研究院有限公司 | It is a kind of to pour pile framing applied to multi-column pier foundation |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN108532620A (en) | 2018-09-14 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| CN104196235B (en) | A kind of movable stencil supports truss and constructional method thereof | |
| CN106758787B (en) | A kind of Precast Pier Columns mounting and positioning device | |
| EP3327214A1 (en) | Framework structure and construction method for same | |
| US20140215953A1 (en) | Solar panel mounting stand installation method, pile and solar panel mounting stand | |
| WO2013040495A1 (en) | Concrete forming systems and methods | |
| CN108532620B (en) | Pile casting frame applied to group pile foundation and casting method | |
| JP5753811B2 (en) | Solar panel mount and its construction method | |
| CN212771968U (en) | Full-prefabricated assembled bridge bearing platform positioning system | |
| CN208441121U (en) | It is a kind of to pour pile framing applied to multi-column pier foundation | |
| CN109518942B (en) | Tool-based bracket system for controlling precision of two-dimensional component and application method thereof | |
| CN206360377U (en) | The mounting structure of precast concrete wall column | |
| CN110629782B (en) | Adjusting method of anchor bolt offline assembly device | |
| CN107882056A (en) | A kind of foundation bolt positioning device and installation method | |
| JP6139831B2 (en) | Installation structure and construction method of solar panel mount | |
| JP2006322154A (en) | Foundation construction method of building | |
| CN103031892A (en) | Steel truss brace and manufacturing method for steel truss platform | |
| CN106930406B (en) | A kind of preparation method of Anchor Bolts in Steel Column Bases positioning structure | |
| CN109763510A (en) | A kind of precast construction and construction method of bridge substructure construction | |
| CN205476528U (en) | Precast pile device of taking one's place fast | |
| CN209760786U (en) | instrumentization support system for controlling precision of two-dimensional component | |
| CN203008232U (en) | Steel truss strut | |
| CN209466454U (en) | A kind of vertical muscle protective frame of PC component | |
| KR20110103773A (en) | Improved support system | |
| CN206554273U (en) | A kind of pre-assembled Anchor Bolts in Steel Column Bases structure | |
| CN206655064U (en) | Type steel support column and overhead rail system for overhead rail system |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant |