CN108521138B - Method for evaluating overall immunity of direct-current system to alternating-current fault commutation failure - Google Patents

Method for evaluating overall immunity of direct-current system to alternating-current fault commutation failure Download PDF

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CN108521138B
CN108521138B CN201810393796.XA CN201810393796A CN108521138B CN 108521138 B CN108521138 B CN 108521138B CN 201810393796 A CN201810393796 A CN 201810393796A CN 108521138 B CN108521138 B CN 108521138B
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immunity
clustering
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power grid
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CN108521138A (en
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林涛
杨明臻
郭紫昱
张彦琪
陈宝平
盛逸标
李渝
郭小龙
张锋
王衡
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Wuhan University WHU
State Grid Hubei Electric Power Co Ltd
State Grid Xinjiang Electric Power Co Ltd
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State Grid Hubei Electric Power Co Ltd
State Grid Xinjiang Electric Power Co Ltd
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/36—Arrangements for transfer of electric power between ac networks via a high-tension dc link
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2203/00—Indexing scheme relating to details of circuit arrangements for AC mains or AC distribution networks
    • H02J2203/20—Simulating, e g planning, reliability check, modelling or computer assisted design [CAD]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/60—Arrangements for transfer of electric power between AC networks or generators via a high voltage DC link [HVCD]

Abstract

The method provides a method for evaluating the integral immunity of a direct-current system to alternating-current fault commutation failure, relates to a method for evaluating the integral immunity of the direct-current system to commutation failure caused by alternating-current fault resistance, and belongs to the field of alternating-current and direct-current power grid planning. The method creatively popularizes the failure commutation failure immunity considering the failure commutation failure at the commutation bus in the traditional method to the commutation failure immunity aiming at the failure of each AC node, and obtains the immunity index of each AC node through the calculation of the critical impedance of each AC node; the method defines the overall immunity index by integrating the mean value and the balance degree of the immunity indexes of all the alternating current nodes, further analyzes and evaluates the overall immunity level of the power grid through the PAM clustering algorithm and the defined overall immunity index, and provides a basis for evaluation and optimization of power grid planning. The method for evaluating the overall immunity has great theoretical significance for power grid planning.

Description

Method for evaluating overall immunity of direct-current system to alternating-current fault commutation failure
Technical Field
The application relates to a method for evaluating the integral immunity of a direct-current system against commutation failure caused by alternating-current faults, and belongs to the field of planning and dispatching operation of alternating-current and direct-current power grids.
Background
The high-voltage direct-current transmission is an important means for transmitting electric energy of a power system in a long distance and across regions, has good economic advantages for solving the problems of uneven energy distribution, long distance between a load center and an energy center and the like in China, and is a power transmission mode vigorously developed by the nation. In an alternating current-direct current hybrid system, the voltage of a converter bus of a direct current system is reduced due to the fact that an alternating current system fails, direct current phase conversion failure is caused, and safe and stable operation of a power system is affected. The research and evaluation of the phase-change failure immunity capability of a direct-current system caused by alternating-current fault resistance are very important.
The traditional immunity capability research method only researches the immunity level of the commutation failure on the commutation bus of the direct current system, the grid structure of the alternating current system is complex, the immunity index analysis on the commutation bus cannot reflect the integral immunity level of the direct current system to the fault of the alternating current system, and the final result is difficult to provide a reference basis for the development planning and safe and stable operation of the large-scale alternating current and direct current system intuitively.
The method comprises the steps of defining a commutation failure immunity index of each alternating current node based on a direct current system, and obtaining immunity of each alternating current node by calculating a critical impedance expression of each alternating current node; automatically identifying nodes with weak immunity through a PAM clustering algorithm; comprehensively considering the mean value and the balance degree of the immunity of each cluster and then constructing an overall evaluation index of the immunity; and a basis is provided for power grid planning and safe and stable operation.
Disclosure of Invention
A method for evaluating immunity ability index of fault commutation failure of an alternating current system by a direct current system is characterized by comprising the following steps:
the invention defines the immunity index (called immunity index for short) of the direct current system to the failure commutation failure of each alternating current node; clustering the immunity indexes of the alternating current nodes by adopting a PAM (pulse amplitude modulation) clustering algorithm to automatically identify weak nodes of the power grid; on the basis of the mean value and the balance degree of the clustering evaluation results of each node of the alternating current power grid, the overall immunity evaluation index is defined in a weighting mode, the weight of the mean value and the balance degree is obtained by adopting an AHP-entropy weight method, and the immunity of the direct current system for resisting the alternating current fault is comprehensively evaluated.
The immunity evaluation method provided by the method can intuitively and effectively provide a basis for power grid planning and safe and stable operation.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
a method for integrally evaluating the fault commutation failure immunity of an alternating current system by a direct current system is characterized by comprising the following steps of: the immune index of any exchange node, the system any exchange node j, the commutation failure immune index:
Figure GDA0003417213170000021
in the formula (1), UacIndicating the AC nominal voltage, P, of the commutation nodedciRepresents the rated power of direct current; zjmaxThe maximum grounding impedance which causes phase commutation failure when a three-phase grounding fault occurs at any AC node j is shown; the higher the immunity index value is, the more likely the direct current system is to have phase commutation failure due to alternating current failure, and the lower the immunity is, the specific examples include:
step 1, calculating critical impedance of each alternating current node; in the formula (1), the AC rated voltage and the DC rated power value are usually fixed values, so the calculation of the index value only needs to obtain the critical impedance value of each AC node;
according to a DC quasi-steady-state model, there are
Figure GDA0003417213170000022
In the formula 2, beta represents the leading trigger angle of the inverter station, T represents the converter transformation ratio, and IdRepresenting direct current, XbRepresenting the leakage reactance of the converter transformer; u shapeLRepresenting the converter bus voltage; due to the existence of the constant current controller, when the inverter side AC system fails, beta and IdKeeping the gamma constant, wherein the gamma is determined by the line voltage;
defining a fault to occur at the converter bus i, where ZLThe node i is a fault inductive reactance; ziiObtaining thevenin equivalent impedance at a node i of a inversion side conversion bus, namely a corresponding element (i, i) in an impedance matrix Z; u shapeLi0Is a Thevenin equivalent power supply at a node i, namely running voltage; the voltage at node i is:
Figure GDA0003417213170000023
according to the formula (2), when the commutation failure occurs in the DC system, there are
Figure GDA0003417213170000024
The voltage at node i is then:
Figure GDA0003417213170000025
the ground impedance value at this time is the maximum ground impedance Z causing a commutation failuremaxIn conjunction with equation 3, the critical impedance expression can be found:
Figure GDA0003417213170000026
when a fault occurs at any node j in the ac system, the voltage at the node j is represented by equation 3:
Figure GDA0003417213170000027
the voltage correlation factor between the i-j nodes is represented by the electrical relationship between the i-j nodes, and the Voltage Correlation Factor (VCF) between the i-j nodes is represented by
Figure GDA0003417213170000028
Wherein, the voltage of the i and j buses is represented by the percentage of the voltage drop of the i and j buses, and the voltage of the current conversion bus i is
Figure GDA0003417213170000031
When the commutation failure occurs when the voltage at the commutation bus i is low, equation (9) becomes:
Figure GDA0003417213170000032
substituting formula 6 to obtain the critical impedance expression of the AC node j:
Figure GDA0003417213170000033
equation 8 is substituted by 11 and the final critical impedance is expressed as:
Figure GDA0003417213170000034
in the formula Zij、ZjjThe impedance matrix is an element in the impedance matrix and can be obtained through an admittance matrix, and the phase commutation failure immunity index of each alternating current node can be obtained through the formula 1 after the critical impedance of each alternating current node;
step 2, clustering the commutation failure immune indexes of the nodes obtained in the step 1 by adopting a PAM (pulse amplitude modulation) clustering algorithm based on HS (high speed assessment) indexes; the method comprises the following steps:
step 2.1, determining the range of the number of the clustering division schemes; the method comprises the following steps:
the range of the weak immunity node grading scheme k is [2, k ]max]In general, in
Figure GDA0003417213170000036
n is the total number of nodes; get kmax＝Int(n)；
2.2, clustering the commutation failure immune indexes of the nodes obtained in the step 1 by adopting a PAM (pulse amplitude modulation) clustering algorithm; the method comprises the following steps:
when the number of the division schemes is K, dividing n objects into K clusters by a PAM clustering algorithm, randomly selecting K initial representative objects, distributing the remaining n-K non-representative objects to a nearest cluster according to the dissimilarity degree or distance between the non-representative objects and the representative objects, and then repeatedly using the non-representative objects to replace the representative objects so as to improve the clustering quality; the clustering quality is evaluated by a cost function, the function measures whether a non-representative object is a good substitute of the current representative object, if so, the substitution is carried out, otherwise, the substitution is not carried out; finally, giving the corresponding correct division when the clustering number is k;
step 2.3, adopting a Homogeneity-separation (HS) evaluation index to measure the corresponding clustering quality when the number of the immunocompetence weak node division schemes is k;
the method comprises the following steps:
HS indicators include separability (Sep) and homogeneity (Hom) indicators:
hs (k) ═ hom (k) -sep (k) | formula 13
Figure GDA0003417213170000035
Where HS (K) represents an index value of HS when the data is classified into K classes, KoptThe optimal classification number representing the classification;
Figure GDA0003417213170000041
Figure GDA0003417213170000042
wherein k represents the number of clusters, niIs the ith cluster CiS and t denote a certain sample, R (s, t) denotes the degree of similarity between samples s and t; in the clustering process, the larger the HS index value is, the higher the clustering quality is;
step 2.4, sequentially taking k as 2, 3.. k according to the range of the clustering number k determined in the step 2.1maxSubstituting the clustering result and the HS index value into the steps 2.2 and 2.3 to obtain the clustering result and the HS index value when different partition schemes k are adopted;
step 2.5, comparing HS values obtained in the step 2.4 in each clustering scheme, and taking the maximum value as the optimal classification number koptAnd outputting the clustering result corresponding to the k value;
node immunity capability data set
Figure GDA0003417213170000048
Is divided into koptWhen the power grid is classified, the class node with the highest immune index result value is a weak immune capacity node which needs to be focused in power grid planning evaluation or scheduling operation;
step 3, defining and calculating the overall immunity index; clustering the node immunity into K classes according to the clustering method in the step 2, and respectively naming the K sets from 'strong immunity' to 'weak immunity' as S1,S2,…SK(ii) a Wherein the set S1Has n1Individual node, set S2Has n2Node, and so on, set SKHas nKA node; separately calculate the set S1～SKThen, the weight is distributed according to the proportion occupied by each set, and the calculation formula is as follows:
Figure GDA0003417213170000043
in formula (17), λiRepresenting the immunity of the node i, S represents the set formed by all nodes in the power grid, SjRepresenting the jth of the K sets after the power grid clustering; the method for calculating the average value of the overall immunity of the power grid comprises the following steps:
Figure GDA0003417213170000044
wherein, CS1,CS2,…,CSKRespectively representing the average value of the node immunity in each cluster set after the immunity is clustered into K classes;
measuring the equilibrium degree index by using a Gini coefficient; when calculating the Keyny coefficient, firstly sorting the data from low to high, dividing the data into n groups with equal number, and accumulating the proportion of the data from the 1 st group to the i th group to the total data as WiThen, the calculation formula of the kini coefficient is as follows:
Figure GDA0003417213170000045
the balance degree G of the overall immunity of the power grid is as follows:
Figure GDA0003417213170000046
after the average value and the balance degree of the overall immunity of the power grid are obtained, the weight of the two indexes is determined, the two indexes are added to obtain the overall immunity index of the power grid, and the calculation formula is as follows
Figure GDA0003417213170000047
Wherein, ω isλAnd ωGAnd weights respectively representing the average value of the overall immunity of the power grid and the balance degree are obtained by an AHP-entropy weight method.
The method defines the overall immunity index by integrating the mean value and the balance degree of the immunity indexes of all the alternating current nodes, further analyzes and evaluates the overall immunity level of the power grid through the PAM clustering algorithm and the defined overall immunity index, and provides a basis for evaluation and optimization of power grid planning. The overall immunity evaluation method provided by the invention has great theoretical significance for power grid planning.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a Thevenin equivalent circuit when a converter bus i fails.
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a method for determining the optimal cluster number of a data set.
FIG. 3 is a diagram of a power supply scheme for the regional loop closing operation.
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of an open loop operational power supply scheme.
FIG. 5 is a block diagram of the overall immunization index application process of the present method.
Detailed Description
The specific implementation steps of the method are illustrated by taking a certain partition forward planning of a certain provincial-scale power grid as an example. The plan comprises two power grid structure modes, as shown in fig. 3 and 4, and power supply schemes for regional closed loop (scheme one) and regional open loop (scheme two) operation are respectively adopted.
In the figure, ZZ is a direct current feed point in the area, the direct current feed power is 4000MVA, and the direct current voltage Ud is 500 kV; d, the direct current Id is 3.8 KA; the voltage UL of the commutation bus is 524.67 kV; the inverter transformation ratio n is 525/213; the short-circuit impedance percentage Xk% of the converter transformer is 16.1%; the arc-extinguishing angle gamma is 18.6 degrees; the trigger angle β becomes 37.6 ° earlier.
The analytical calculations were carried out according to the application flow chart shown in fig. 5. The results of obtaining the immunity indexes of the nodes are shown in table 1, and further clustering is performed on the data, and the overall immunity index is calculated and shown in table 2. Table 2 can identify weak nodes in the power grid more intuitively after clustering the nodes than table 1, where the clustering result is three types, where the first type of node is a node with a higher immune index value, and the node has a weaker immune ability, belongs to a weak link, and needs to be monitored in a focused manner. The immunity of the nodes from the first class to the third class is gradually enhanced.
TABLE 1 two planning schemes for power grid node immunity
Figure GDA0003417213170000051
Figure GDA0003417213170000061
Table 2 clustering results and overall immunity index of two planning schemes
Figure GDA0003417213170000062
Compared with the overall immunity index values of the two schemes, the scheme II is higher than the scheme I, the overall immunity of the scheme I is better, the capability of a direct current system for resisting alternating current system fault commutation failure is stronger, a basis is provided for decision making, and the effectiveness of the method is further proved.
The specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the spirit of the invention. Various modifications or additions may be made to the described embodiments or alternatives may be employed by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit or ambit of the invention as defined in the appended claims.

Claims (1)

1. A method for integrally evaluating the fault commutation failure immunity of an alternating current system by a direct current system is characterized by comprising the following steps of: the immune index of any exchange node, the system any exchange node j, the commutation failure immune index:
Figure FDA0003413215050000011
in formula 1, UacIndicating the AC nominal voltage, P, of the commutation nodedciRepresents the rated power of direct current; zjmaxIndicating that the phase change failure is caused when the three-phase earth fault occurs at any AC node jMaximum ground impedance of; the larger the phase commutation failure immunity index value is, the more easily the phase commutation failure occurs in the direct current system due to the alternating current fault, the lower the immunity is, the evaluation method specifically comprises the following steps:
step 1, calculating critical impedance of each alternating current node; in the formula 1, the alternating current rated voltage and the direct current rated power value are fixed values, so that the calculation of the index value only needs to obtain the critical impedance value of each alternating current node;
according to a DC quasi-steady-state model, there are
Figure FDA0003413215050000012
In the formula 2, beta represents the leading trigger angle of the inverter station, T represents the converter transformation ratio, and IdRepresenting direct current, XBRepresenting the leakage reactance of the converter transformer; u shapeLRepresenting the converter bus voltage; due to the existence of the constant current controller, when the inverter side AC system fails, beta and IdKeeping the gamma constant, wherein the gamma is determined by the line voltage;
defining a fault occurring at a converter bus node i, where ZLThe node i is a fault inductive reactance; ziiObtaining Thevenin equivalent impedance at an inversion side conversion bus node i, namely an ith row and an ith column corresponding element in an impedance matrix Z; u shapeLi0Is a Thevenin equivalent power supply at a node i, namely running voltage; the voltage at node i is:
Figure FDA0003413215050000013
according to equation 2, when a commutation failure occurs in the DC system, there are
Figure FDA0003413215050000014
The voltage at node i is then:
Figure FDA0003413215050000015
the ground impedance value at this time is the maximum ground impedance Z causing a commutation failuremaxIn conjunction with equation 3, the critical impedance expression can be found:
Figure FDA0003413215050000016
when a fault occurs at any node j in the ac system, the voltage at the node j is represented by equation 3:
Figure FDA0003413215050000017
the Voltage Correlation Factor (VCF) between the converter bus node i and the AC node j is shown as
Figure FDA0003413215050000021
Wherein Δ Ui％,ΔUj% represents the percentage of the voltage drop at node i, j, in this case
Figure FDA0003413215050000022
When the voltage at the node i of the commutation bus is low, and commutation failure occurs, equation 9 becomes:
Figure FDA0003413215050000023
substituting formula 6 to obtain the critical impedance expression of the AC node j:
Figure FDA0003413215050000024
equation 8 with equation 11 the final critical impedance expression is:
Figure FDA0003413215050000025
in the formula Zij、ZjjThe impedance matrix is obtained through an admittance matrix, and the critical impedance of each AC node is substituted into formula 1 to obtain the phase change failure immune index of each AC node;
step 2, clustering the commutation failure immune indexes of the nodes obtained in the step 1 by adopting a PAM (pulse amplitude modulation) clustering algorithm based on HS (high speed assessment) indexes; the method comprises the following steps:
step 2.1, determining the range of the number of the clustering division schemes; the method comprises the following steps:
the range of the grading scheme number k of the weak immunity nodes is [2, k%max],
Figure FDA0003413215050000026
n is the total number of nodes;
2.2, clustering the commutation failure immune indexes of the nodes obtained in the step 1 by adopting a PAM (pulse amplitude modulation) clustering algorithm; the method comprises the following steps:
when the number of the division schemes is k, dividing n objects into k clusters by a PAM clustering algorithm, randomly selecting k initial representative objects, distributing the remaining n-k non-representative objects to a nearest cluster according to the dissimilarity degree or distance between the non-representative objects and the representative objects, and then repeatedly using the non-representative objects to replace the representative objects so as to improve the clustering quality; the clustering quality is evaluated by a cost function, the function measures whether a non-representative object is a good substitute of the current representative object, if so, the substitution is carried out, otherwise, the substitution is not carried out; finally, giving the corresponding correct division when the clustering number is k;
step 2.3, adopting a Homogeneity-separation (HS) evaluation index to measure the corresponding clustering quality when the number of the grade division schemes of the weak nodes of the immunity is k;
the method comprises the following steps:
HS indicators include separability (Sep) and homogeneity (Hom) indicators:
hs (k) ═ hom (k) -sep (k) | formula 13
Figure FDA0003413215050000027
Where HS (k) represents the index value of HS when the data is classified into k types, koptThe optimal classification number representing the classification;
Figure FDA0003413215050000031
Figure FDA0003413215050000032
wherein k represents the number of clusters, niIs the ith cluster CiS and t denote a certain sample, R (s, t) denotes the degree of similarity between samples s and t; in the clustering process, the larger the HS index value is, the higher the clustering quality is;
step 2.4, sequentially taking k as 2, 3.. k according to the range of the clustering number k determined in the step 2.1maxSubstituting the clustering result and the HS index value into the step 2.2 and the step 2.3 to obtain the clustering result and the HS index value when the number of the different partitioning schemes is k;
step 2.5, comparing HS index values obtained in the step 2.4 in each clustering scheme, and taking the maximum value as the optimal classification number koptAnd outputting a clustering result corresponding to the k value;
node immunity capability data set
Figure FDA0003413215050000037
Is divided into koptWhen the power grid is classified, the class node with the highest immune index result value is a weak immune capacity node which needs to be focused in power grid planning evaluation or scheduling operation;
step 3, defining and calculating the overall immunity index; clustering the node immunity into k classes according to the clustering method in the step 2, and clustering the k setsFrom 'strong immunity' to 'weak immunity' are named as S1,S2,…Sk(ii) a Wherein the set S1Has n1Individual node, set S2Has n2Node, and so on, set SkHas nkA node; separately calculate the set S1～SkThen, the weight is distributed according to the proportion occupied by each set, and the calculation formula is as follows:
Figure FDA0003413215050000033
in formula 17, λiRepresenting the immunity of the node i, S represents the set formed by all nodes in the power grid, SjRepresenting the jth of k sets after the power grid clustering; the method for calculating the average value of the overall immunity of the power grid comprises the following steps:
Figure FDA0003413215050000034
wherein, CS1,CS2,…,CSkRespectively representing the average value of the node immunity in each cluster set after the immunity is clustered into k classes;
measuring the equilibrium degree index by using a Gini coefficient; when calculating the Keyny coefficient, firstly sorting the data from low to high, dividing the data into n groups with equal number, and accumulating the proportion of the data from the 1 st group to the i th group to the total data as WiThen, the calculation formula of the kini coefficient is as follows:
Figure FDA0003413215050000035
the balance degree G of the overall immunity of the power grid is as follows:
Figure FDA0003413215050000036
after the average value and the balance degree of the overall immunity of the power grid are obtained, the weight of the two indexes is determined, the two indexes are added to obtain the overall immunity index of the power grid, and the calculation formula is as follows
Figure FDA0003413215050000041
Wherein, ω isλAnd ωGAnd weights respectively representing the average value of the overall immunity of the power grid and the balance degree are obtained by an AHP-entropy weight method.
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