CN108463466B - 糖脂化合物及其在治疗肿瘤中的用途 - Google Patents
糖脂化合物及其在治疗肿瘤中的用途 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及新型糖脂化合物和包含所述糖脂的药物组合物以及制备所述糖脂的方法。本发明还涉及用于治疗肿瘤的所述糖脂和使用所述糖脂治疗肿瘤的方法。
Description
发明领域
本发明涉及新型糖脂化合物和包含所述糖脂的药物组合物以及制备所述糖脂的方法。本发明还涉及用于治疗肿瘤的所述糖脂和使用所述糖脂治疗肿瘤的方法。
发明背景
患有实体肿瘤的癌症患者中死亡的主要原因是手术后癌症复发,因为多发性转移是不可切除和/或任何治疗都难治的。这些患者中的大多数被认为患有末期癌症疾病。由于他们没有可用治疗,这些患者中的许多在检测到转移性肿瘤病变之后数周或数月内死亡。
肿瘤在癌症患者中发展,因为免疫系统不能检测到作为应该被破坏的细胞的肿瘤细胞。肿瘤细胞在大部分癌症患者中表达自体肿瘤抗原。这些自体肿瘤抗原可引发保护性抗肿瘤免疫应答。肿瘤细胞或肿瘤细胞膜必须通过抗原呈递细胞内化,以便诱导抗肿瘤免疫应答的发展。然而,癌症患者中的免疫系统展示出针对与以“隐秘”方式进行的肿瘤早期发展相关的肿瘤抗原的“忽视”,因此其对于抗原呈递细胞是“不可见的”(Pardoll D M.Clin. Immunol. 2000; 95:S44-49;和Dunn G P等人Nat Immunol 2002; 3: 991-8)。
此外,肿瘤微环境和局部细胞因子环境通常是针对免疫功能抑制性的,并且能够主动诱导免疫细胞无反应性和死亡(Malmberg K J. Cancer Immunol. Immunother.2004; 53: 879-92;Lugade A A等人 J. Immunol. 2005; 174: 7516-23)。这种转移性肿瘤病变的有效治疗需要两个组成部分:
1. 破坏足够大至通过视觉或通过成像技术可检测到的病变,以及
2. 诱导针对肿瘤抗原的保护性抗肿瘤免疫应答。
这种免疫应答导致不能通过视觉检测到且不能通过成像检测到的微转移的免疫介导的检测、消退和/或破坏。
保护性抗肿瘤免疫应答的诱导需要通过抗原呈递细胞摄取肿瘤细胞或细胞膜并将其转运至引流淋巴结,其中所述抗原呈递细胞加工肿瘤抗原分子。这些肿瘤抗原中的大多数是对个体患者特异性的。免疫原性肿瘤抗原肽通过与分别用于活化肿瘤特异性CD8+和CD4+ T细胞的I类或II类MHC分子缔合的抗原呈递细胞呈递。只有在这些T细胞被加工的和呈递的肿瘤抗原肽活化后,这些淋巴细胞才能增殖、离开淋巴结、在体内循环、寻找且破坏表达肿瘤抗原的转移性肿瘤细胞。此外,虽然只有在它们被活化后,辅助T细胞才能够帮助B细胞产生针对肿瘤抗原的抗体。然而,由于肿瘤细胞自然进化为对抗原呈递细胞“不可见”,因此发展中肿瘤转移通常被免疫系统忽略至转移性肿瘤细胞甚至能够在淋巴结内增殖的程度。因此,引发有效抗肿瘤免疫应答需要肿瘤细胞有效靶向抗原呈递细胞。
所需要的是在使得化合物将插入肿瘤细胞膜中并且天然存在的抗体将与引入的化合物相互作用的条件下将化合物引入肿瘤中(如通过非手术方法或手术方法)的组合物和方法。据信这种相互作用将诱导局部炎症以用于消退和/或破坏肿瘤且使肿瘤细胞和/或肿瘤细胞膜靶向抗原呈递细胞。此过程将在宿主中引发针对在微转移中表达肿瘤抗原的肿瘤细胞的保护性免疫应答,所述微转移不能通过视觉或通过成像检测到且因此不能通过切除术去除。
US2006/251661描述了向肿瘤病变施用天然糖脂化合物的方法,所述肿瘤病变诱导肿瘤内与天然抗Gal抗体相互作用的α-Gal表位的局部表达。
因此需要提供能够直接递送至肿瘤中以便活化针对肿瘤的免疫应答的替代糖脂化合物。
发明概述
根据本发明的第一个方面,提供了选自式(I)、(II)和(III)的化合物的糖脂化合物或其药学上可接受的盐:
根据本发明的一个进一步方面,提供了药物组合物,其包含选自式(I)、(II)和(III)的化合物的糖脂化合物或如本文定义的其药学上可接受的盐。
根据本发明的一个进一步方面,提供了选自式(I)、(II)和(III)的化合物的糖脂化合物或如本文定义的其药学上可接受的盐或如本文定义的药物组合物,其用于治疗肿瘤。
根据本发明的一个进一步方面,提供了药物组合物,其包含选自式(I)、(II)和(III)的化合物的糖脂化合物或如本文定义的其药学上可接受的盐与一种或多种额外治疗剂的组合。
根据本发明的一个进一步方面,提供了治疗对象的肿瘤的方法,其包括:
a) 提供:
i) 包括至少一种肿瘤的对象,所述肿瘤包含具有细胞表面的多个癌细胞;和
ii) 选自式(I)、(II)和(III)的化合物的糖脂化合物或如本文定义的其药学上可接受的盐或药物组合物;和
b) 将所述糖脂或组合物引入所述肿瘤中。
附图简述
图1:从如本文实施例1中制备的式(I)的化合物(Galili-CMG2-DOPE)的抗Gal招募测定获得的数据。
图2:从如本文实施例2中制备的式(II)的化合物(Galili-T17 DOPE)的抗Gal招募测定获得的数据。
图3:从如本文实施例1中制备的式(I)的化合物(Galili-CMG2-DOPE)的补体依赖性细胞毒性测定获得的数据。
图4:从如本文实施例2中制备的式(II)的化合物(Galili-T17 DOPE)的补体依赖性细胞毒性测定获得的数据。
图5:从如本文实施例3中制备的式(III)的化合物(GalNAc-Gal-GlcNAc-Ad-DOPE)的补体依赖性细胞毒性测定获得的数据。
发明详述
根据本发明的第一个方面,提供了选自式(I)、(II)和(III)的化合物的糖脂化合物或如前文定义的其药学上可接受的盐。
本文所述的发明提供了能够插入被治疗肿瘤内的肿瘤细胞的细胞膜中的糖脂(即式(I)、(II)和(III)的化合物)。据信本发明的糖脂在肿瘤病变中的存在导致通过免疫介导的炎性过程的肿瘤的破坏或消退,所述免疫介导的炎性过程由存在于对象中的天然抗Gal抗体和式(I)和(II)的化合物(分别如本文作为实施例1和2所述制备)的α-Gal表位之间的相互作用诱导。此外,该治疗将被治疗肿瘤转化为引发全身保护性抗肿瘤免疫应答的疫苗,其通过免疫破坏转移性肿瘤细胞来防止远处转移的发展。
除了针对α-Gal的抗体外,人血清还含有针对其它碳水化合物的抗体。A型血类型2线性三糖(GalNAcα1-3-Gal-β1-4GlcNAc,GalNAc表位)是可被人血清中的天然抗体识别的一种此类聚糖(von Gunten, S.等人 (2009) J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 123, 1268–76.e15;和Bovin (2013) Biochemistry (Moscow) 78(7), 786-797)。这些抗体也可用于诱导用含有GalNAc表位的糖脂标记的肿瘤细胞的免疫杀伤。式(III)的糖脂化合物(如本文作为实施例3所述制备)是含有GalNAc表位的糖脂,其被合成以评价存在于人血清中的抗体是否可以选择性识别用该糖脂标记的细胞并刺激标记的细胞的补体介导的裂解。
本文所述的发明包括疗法治疗方式,其包括但不限于特定糖脂的肿瘤内递送,被称为式(I)、(II)和III)的化合物,其携带α-Gal或GalNAc表位,并且因此可以被称为“α-Gal糖脂”或“GalNAc糖脂”。α-Gal或GalNAc糖脂插入被治疗病变内的肿瘤细胞的细胞膜的外小叶中。α-Gal或GalNAc糖脂在肿瘤病变中的存在实现了两个目标:
1. 通过炎性过程的肿瘤病变的免疫介导破坏,所述炎性过程在肿瘤病变内通过天然抗Gal或抗GalNAc抗体和插入肿瘤细胞膜中的α-Gal或GalNAc糖脂的α-Gal或GalNAc表位之间的相互作用诱导;和
2. 通过肿瘤细胞和具有插入的α-Gal或GalNAc糖脂的肿瘤细胞膜的抗原呈递细胞的有效摄取,且因此表达原位结合抗Gal或抗GalNAc抗体的α-Gal或GalNAc表位,由此将被治疗肿瘤病变转化为自体肿瘤疫苗。
尽管不需要理解发明的机制,但据信该摄取导致针对表达α-Gal或GalNAc表位的肿瘤细胞上或肿瘤细胞内存在的肿瘤抗原的有效免疫应答。进一步相信,该免疫应答可以导致不表达α-Gal或GalNAc表位、但表达肿瘤抗原的转移性肿瘤细胞的免疫介导的破坏。
本发明考虑通过注射或任何其他方式将化合物施用于肿瘤中,所述肿瘤诱导被治疗肿瘤内的细胞上α-Gal或GalNAc表位的表达。这种α-Gal或GalNAc糖脂的施用实现了以下目标:
1. 天然抗Gal或抗GalNAc抗体与α-Gal或GalNAc糖脂的α-Gal或GalNAc表位的结合可以导致局部补体活化,由此生成趋化因子,包括但不限于C5a和C3a。这些趋化因子诱导抗原呈递细胞(如但不限于树突细胞和巨噬细胞)广泛迁移至肿瘤组织中。
2. α-Gal或GalNAc糖脂的脂质尾将自发插入被治疗病变内的肿瘤细胞膜中,导致在肿瘤细胞上表达α-Gal或GalNAc表位。据信抗Gal或抗GalNAc与这些表位的结合诱导包含肿瘤细胞的肿瘤的消退和/或破坏。
3. 通过抗Gal或抗GalNAc对肿瘤细胞膜的调理作用靶向它们用于由迁移至肿瘤中的抗原呈递细胞有效摄取。这些抗原呈递细胞的迁移由抗Gal或抗GalNAc与被治疗肿瘤内的α-Gal或GalNAc糖脂结合后生成的趋化性补体剪切肽引导。
不受任何特定机制的束缚,据信肿瘤细胞膜结合的抗Gal或抗GalNAc IgG分子的Fc部分结合抗原呈递细胞上的Fc-γ受体(FcγR)并诱导通过抗原呈递细胞对肿瘤细胞的摄取。由于抗Gal或抗GalNAc结合肿瘤细胞上的补体沉积物的C3b组分和抗原呈递细胞上的C3b受体之间的相互作用,可以发生类似的摄取诱导。该抗Gal或抗GalNAc介导的肿瘤膜靶向至抗原呈递细胞使得能够将自体肿瘤抗原有效转运至引流淋巴结,并且通过淋巴结内的抗原呈递细胞处理和呈递免疫原性肿瘤抗原肽。
因此,α-Gal或GalNAc糖脂的肿瘤内注射将被治疗肿瘤病变转化为向免疫系统提供肿瘤抗原的原位自体肿瘤疫苗,由此引发保护性抗肿瘤免疫应答。该免疫应答能够诱导肿瘤消退,其包括破坏个体肿瘤细胞或肿瘤细胞的小聚集物(即例如微转移)。这些微转移通常在视觉上或通过成像检测不到,并且不能通过常规手术或放疗技术获得(即由于其尺寸小而不可切除)。因此,本方法具有这样的额外优点:其能够治疗通常在视觉上或通过成像检测不到的并且不能通过常规手术和放疗技术可及的微转移。
定义
本文提及的术语“式(I)的化合物”是指α-Gal糖脂的特定实例,其由功能性(F)、间隔区(S)和脂质(L)组分组成且可用于插入细胞膜中,使得细胞将在其表面上展示功能性(F)组分。式(I)的化合物的功能性(F)组分是以下的三糖基团:Gal-α1-3-Gal-β1-4GlcNAc(即α-Gal表位)。间隔区(S)组分由两个CMG基团组成,并且脂质(L)组分是DOPE。本文提及的式(I)的化合物还包括可互换使用的“Galili-CMG2-DOPE”和“CMG”。式(I)的化合物的结构如前文所示。式(I)的化合物可以根据本文关于实施例1所述的详细合成步骤来制备。
本文提及的术语“式(II)的化合物”是指α-Gal糖脂的特定实例,其由功能性(F)、间隔区(S)和脂质(L)组分组成且可用于插入细胞膜中,使得细胞将在其表面上展示功能性(F)组分。式(II)的化合物的功能性(F)组分是以下的三糖基团:Gal-α1-3-Gal-β1-4GlcNAc(即α-Gal表位)。间隔区(S)组分由T17基团组成,并且脂质(L)组分是DOPE。本文提及的式(II)的化合物还包括可互换使用的“Galili-T17 DOPE”和“T17”。式(II)的化合物的结构如前文所示。式(II)的化合物可以根据本文关于实施例2所述的详细合成步骤来制备。三聚的式(II)的化合物据信含有二聚的式(II)a的化合物的杂质:
因此,本文提及的术语“式(II)的化合物”、“Galili-T17 DOPE”和“T17”是指式(II)和(II)a的化合物的混合物。
本文提及的术语“式(III)的化合物”是指GalNAc糖脂的特定实例,其由功能性(F)、间隔区(S)和脂质(L)组分组成且可用于插入细胞膜中,使得细胞将在其表面上展示功能性(F)组分。式(I)的化合物的功能性(F)组分是以下的三糖基团:GalNAcα1-3-Gal-β1-4GlcNAc (即GalNAc表位)。间隔区(S)组分包含O(CH2)3NH基团且脂质(L)组分是DOPE。本文提及的式(III)的化合物还包括可互换使用的“GalNAc-Gal-GlcNAc-Ad-DOPE”和“GalNAc”。式(III)的化合物的结构如前文所示。式(III)的化合物可以根据本文关于实施例3所述的详细合成步骤来制备。
在一个实施方案中,所述糖脂化合物选自式(I)的化合物。在一个替代实施方案中,所述糖脂化合物选自式(II)的化合物。在一个替代实施方案中,所述糖脂化合物选自式(I)和(II)的化合物。在一个替代实施方案中,所述糖脂化合物选自式(III)的化合物。
本文提及的术语“DOPE”是指具有化学名称1,2-二油酰基-sn-甘油基-3-磷酸乙醇胺的磷脂酰乙醇胺(PE)。
式(I)、(II)和(III)的化合物可以以盐(例如酸加成盐或,在某些情况下有机和无机碱的盐,如羧酸盐、磺酸盐和磷酸盐)的形式存在。所有此类盐都在本发明的范围内,并且提及的式(I)、(II)和(III)的化合物包括所述化合物的盐形式。
本发明的盐可以通过常规化学方法,如Pharmaceutical Salts: Properties, Selection, and Use, P. Heinrich Stahl (编者), Camille G. Wermuth (编者),ISBN: 3-90639-026-8, Hardcover, 388页, 2002年8月中所述的方法由含有碱性部分的母体化合物合成。通常,此类盐可以通过使这些化合物的碱形式与适当的碱或酸在水中或有机溶剂中或两者的混合物中反应来制备;通常,使用非水介质如乙醚、乙酸乙酯、乙醇、异丙醇或乙腈。
酸加成盐(单盐或二盐)可以用各种各样的酸(无机和有机酸)形成。酸加成盐的实例包括与选自如下的酸形成的单盐或二盐:乙酸、2,2-二氯乙酸、己二酸、海藻酸、抗坏血酸(例如L-抗坏血酸)、L-天冬氨酸、苯磺酸、苯甲酸、4-乙酰氨基苯甲酸、丁酸、 (+)樟脑酸、樟脑磺酸、(+)-(1S)-樟脑-10-磺酸、癸酸、己酸、辛酸、肉桂酸、柠檬酸、环拉酸、十二烷基硫酸、乙烷-1,2-二磺酸、乙磺酸、2-羟基乙磺酸、甲酸、富马酸、粘酸、龙胆酸、葡庚糖酸、D-葡糖酸、葡糖醛酸(例如D-葡糖醛酸)、谷氨酸(例如L-谷氨酸)、α-氧代戊二酸、乙醇酸、马尿酸、氢卤酸(例如氢溴酸、盐酸、氢碘酸)、羟乙磺酸、乳酸(例如(+)-L-乳酸、(±)-DL-乳酸)、乳糖酸、马来酸、苹果酸、(-)-L-苹果酸、丙二酸、(±)-DL-扁桃酸、甲磺酸、萘-2-磺酸、萘-1,5-二磺酸、1-羟基-2-萘甲酸、烟碱酸、硝酸、油酸、乳清酸、草酸、棕榈酸、双羟萘酸、磷酸、丙酸、丙酮酸、L-焦谷氨酸、水杨酸、4-氨基-水杨酸、癸二酸、硬脂酸、琥珀酸、硫酸、单宁酸、(+)-L-酒石酸、硫氰酸、对甲苯磺酸、十一碳烯酸和戊酸以及酰化氨基酸和阳离子交换树脂。
一组特定的盐由从如下形成的盐组成:乙酸、盐酸、氢碘酸、磷酸、硝酸、硫酸、柠檬酸、乳酸、琥珀酸、马来酸、苹果酸、羟乙磺酸、富马酸、苯磺酸、甲苯磺酸、甲磺酸(methanesulfonic)(甲磺酸(mesylate))、乙磺酸、萘磺酸、戊酸、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、丙二酸、葡糖醛酸和乳糖酸。一种特定的盐是盐酸盐。另一种特定的盐是硫酸氢盐,也称为半硫酸盐。在一个进一步实施方案中,所述盐选自钠和钾或包含胺抗衡离子。
在式(I)、(II)和(III)的化合物含有胺官能团的情况下,这些可以形成季铵盐,例如通过根据技术人员熟知的方法与烷基化剂反应。此类季铵化合物在式(I)的范围内。
取决于形成盐的酸的pKa,本发明的化合物可以含有单个或多个抗衡离子。例如,实施例1含有4个酸性基团,且实施例2含有20个酸性基团,因此,这些化合物中的每一种都非常适合含有多个抗衡离子。
本发明的化合物的盐形式通常是药学上可接受的盐,并且药学上可接受的盐的实例论述于Berge等人, 1977, "Pharmaceutically Acceptable Salts," J. Pharm. Sci.,Vol. 66, pp. 1-19中。然而,不是药学上可接受的盐也可以制备为中间体形式,然后可以将其转化为药学上可接受的盐。可用于例如本发明的化合物的纯化或分离的此类非药学上可接受的盐形式也形成本发明的一部分。
如本文所用的术语“α-Gal表位”是指任何分子或分子的一部分,其具有包含Galα1-3Galβ1-4GlcNAc-R、Galα1-3Galβ1-3GlcNAc-R或在非还原端具有末端Galα1-3Gal的任何碳水化合物链的末端结构。α-半乳糖基(还称为“alpha-Gal”或“α-Gal”)表位,即,半乳糖基-α-1,3-半乳糖基-β-1,4-N-乙酰基葡糖胺描述于Galili, U.和Avila, J.L., Alpha-Gal and Anti-Gal, Subcellular Biochemistry, 第32卷, 1999中。异种移植研究已确定人发动对α-半乳糖基表位的免疫应答,所述表位本身通常不在人中发现,但在其他动物和许多微生物中发现。
如本文所用的术语“GalNAc表位”是指具有包含GalNAcα1-3-Gal-β1-4GlcNAc的末端结构或在非还原端具有末端GalNAcα1-3-Gal的任何碳水化合物链的任何分子或分子的一部分。
如本文所用的术语“糖脂”是指具有连接至神经酰胺、脂肪酸链或任何其他脂质的至少一个碳水化合物链的任何分子。或者,糖脂可被称为鞘糖脂。
如本文所用的术语“抗Gal”是指结合α-Gal表位的天然存在的抗体。
如本文所用的术语“抗GalNAc”是指结合GalNAc表位的天然存在的抗体。
如本文所用的术语“α-1,3-半乳糖基转移酶”是指能够合成α-Gal表位的任何酶。
如本文所用的术语“抗Gal结合表位”是指能够在体内或体外结合天然抗Gal抗体的任何分子或分子的一部分。
如本文所用的术语“抗GalNAc结合表位”是指能够在体内或体外结合天然抗GalNAc抗体的任何分子或分子的部分。
如本文所用的术语“不可切除的”是指器官或身体结构的不能通过手术去除的任何部分。例如,“不可切除的肿瘤”可以是通过常规手术技术身体上不可达到的肿瘤,其中其去除不会改善患者的总体癌症疾病或健康的肿瘤,或其中其去除可能对重要器官有害的肿瘤。
如本文所用的术语“膜结合的”是指稳定地连接至磷脂双层或包埋在磷脂双层内的任何分子。这种连接或包埋可涉及包括但不限于离子键、共价键、疏水作用力或范德华力等的力。例如,包含疏水性氨基酸区域的蛋白质可将其自身插入磷脂双层膜中,或包含脂质尾的分子可将其自身插入细胞的磷脂双层中且变成被包埋。本发明的含有α-Gal或GalNAc的糖脂的脂质组分用于插入肿瘤的细胞膜中以产生在其细胞表面上展示α-Gal或GalNAc表位的肿瘤。
如本文所用的术语“亚群”是指在数目上小于整个群体的专化群体。例如,患者可呈现多个不可切除的实体肿瘤。在此多个中,一个亚群可能是通过非手术技术可及的,而另一亚群可能是通过非手术技术不可及的。
如本文所用的术语“可及的”是指通过非手术技术治疗实体肿瘤的任何能力。此类技术可包括但不限于注射至皮肤中或经由内窥镜检查、支气管镜检查、膀胱镜检查、结肠镜检查、腹腔镜检查、导管插入术注射或通过洗剂、软膏或粉末局部应用。例如,卵巢实体肿瘤可以是通过腹腔镜检查可及的。在另一实例中,结肠实体肿瘤可以是通过结肠镜检查可及的。
如本文所用的术语“引入”是指将化合物转移至组织中且随后转移至所述组织内的细胞中的任何方法。所述引入方法可包括但不限于病毒载体、逆转录病毒载体、腺病毒载体、基因枪法(biobalistics)、脂质转染以及本领域中已知的许多可商购的DNA载体。或者,化合物可邻近细胞放置以使得所述化合物通过生理机制(即,例如疏水相互作用或主动转运)并入细胞中。一种引入方法包括注射,其中化合物被直接放置到所注射组织内的细胞间空间中。这种注射在器官部分、生长(即,例如实体肿瘤)或体腔为“可及”时可以是可能的。
如本文所用的术语“至……中”是指分子成功渗透穿过细胞膜或在细胞膜内。例如,病毒载体可在使得肿瘤细胞被转染的条件下引入实体肿瘤细胞中。在另一实例中,糖脂可在使得糖脂变为被插入至细胞的磷脂双层膜中的条件下引入肿瘤细胞中。
如本文所用的术语“消退”是“在大小上至少部分缩减”或“减少”,是指身体生长(例如像实体肿瘤)的缩减。这种缩减可通过所测量的参数如但不限于直径、质量(即,重量)或体积的减少来测定。缩减决不指示大小完全减少,仅指示所测量参数在数量上小于先前的测定。
如本文所用的术语“破坏”是指身体生长(例如像实体肿瘤)的完全细胞分解。这种破坏可涉及细胞内细胞凋亡、T细胞介导的细胞杀伤、补体介导的细胞溶解和/或巨噬细胞吞噬作用,以使得身体生长被完全消化且从身体消除。术语“肿瘤的破坏”是指肿瘤减少至其不再可通过诊断方式检测到的这样一种程度。
所有在本文使用的术语“治疗(treating)”、“治疗(treatment)”和“治疗(treat)”意图指导致身体生长(例如像实体肿瘤)的大小的至少部分缩减或大小减少的步骤。
如本文所用的术语“少于全部”是指群体的亚群。在本发明的一个实施方案的背景下,涵盖患者的少于全部肿瘤的治疗。换言之,在一个实施方案中,不必通过引入α-Gal或GalNAc表位(例如通过引入本发明的含有α-Gal或GalNAc的糖脂)治疗每一肿瘤;而是引入至亚群产生针对所有肿瘤(包括不直接治疗的那些肿瘤)的免疫应答。以此方式,能够实现多个身体生长(例如像实体肿瘤转移)的集体缩减。这种缩减可通过所测量的参数(如但不限于数目)的减少来测定。缩减决不指示参数减少至零,仅指示所测量参数在数量上小于先前测定量。
如本文所用的术语“生长”是指包括被认为表示异常增殖的细胞团块的任何组织或器官。此类生长可能是癌性的、非癌性的、恶性的或非恶性的。如果生长包括癌症,则它可能是肿瘤。
如本文所用的术语“肿瘤”是指由细胞的异常生长或分裂产生的异常组织团块。此类肿瘤可以是实体的(即特定器官、组织或腺体中的细胞团块,如在腹膜、肝、胰腺、肺、膀胱、前列腺、子宫、子宫颈、阴道、乳腺、皮肤、脑、淋巴结、头和颈、胃、肠、结肠或卵巢上)或非实体的(即在血液中发展的液体肿瘤,如白血病)。
如本文所用的术语“对象”是指能够发展肿瘤的任何生物体。此类生物体包括但不限于哺乳动物、人、非灵长类哺乳动物、原猴亚目的猴以及新大陆猴等。
如本文所用的术语“分子”是指组合物的最小颗粒,所述最小颗粒保留所述组合物的所有性质且由一个或多个原子组成。这一个或多个原子排列为使得所述分子可与其他分子相互作用(即,离子、共价、非共价等)以形成连接和/或缔合。例如,分子可具有一个或多个被排列为提供与抗Gal或抗GalNAc抗体相互作用的能力的原子。
合成步骤
如前文所论述,式(I)、(II)和(III)的化合物的详细合成步骤分别在实施例1、2和3中描述。
因此,根据本发明的一个进一步方面,提供了用于制备如本文所定义的式(I)的化合物的方法,其包括使如实施例1、方案VI中所述的式(21)的化合物与如实施例1、方案VI中所述的式(20)的化合物反应。这种方法通常包括使用合适的碱(如三甲胺)并且经历合适的反应条件(如在室温下搅拌24小时)。
根据本发明的一个进一步方面,提供了用于制备如本文所定义的式(II)的化合物的方法,其包括使如实施例2、方案VII中所述的式(28)的化合物与如实施例2、方案VII中所述的式(29)的化合物反应。这种方法通常包括使用合适的碱(如三甲胺)并且经历合适的反应条件(如在室温下搅拌24小时)。
根据本发明的一个进一步方面,提供了用于制备如本文所定义的式(III)的化合物的方法,其包括使如实施例3、方案III中所述的式(5)的化合物与如实施例3、方案III中所述的式(8)的化合物反应。这种方法通常包括使用合适的碱(如三甲胺)并且经历合适的反应条件(如在室温下搅拌2小时)。
天然抗Gal抗体、α-Gal表位以及异种移植排斥
抗Gal据信为可存在于所有人中、构成血清免疫球蛋白的0.1%-2%的天然抗体(Bovin N.V., Biochemistry (Moscow), 2013; 78(7):786-797;Galili等人J. Exp. Med. 1984; 160: 1519-31以及Hamadeh R M等人Clin. Diagnos. Lab. Immunol. 1995;2:125-31)。研究已经呈现了指示抗Gal抗体可能与细胞表面或游离糖脂和糖蛋白上的α-Gal表位特异性相互作用的数据。(Galili U等人J. Exp. Med. 1985, 162: 573-82和Galili U. Springer Semin Immunopathol. 1993; 15: 155-171)。进一步报道抗Gal抗体可由于胃肠菌群的细菌的抗原刺激而在整个生命期间产生(Galili U等人 Infect. Immun. 1988; 56: 1730-37)。
α-Gal表位可通过非灵长类哺乳动物、原猴亚目的猴和新大陆猴的细胞的高尔基体内的糖基化酶α1,3半乳糖基转移酶在糖脂和糖蛋白上大量生物合成(Galili U等人Biol. Chem. 1988; 263; 17755-62)。相比之下,人、猿和旧大陆猴缺乏α-Gal表位,但以极大量产生天然抗Gal抗体(Galili U等人Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1987, 84: 1369-73)。基于猴和猿中的α1,3半乳糖基转移酶假基因的序列,据估计α1,3半乳糖基转移酶基因在大约2千万年前在祖先旧大陆灵长类动物中失活(Galili U, Swanson K. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1991; 88: 7401-04)。表明此演化事件与旧大陆(即当前欧洲、亚洲和非洲)所特有的感染性微生物剂的出现相关,所述感染性微生物剂对灵长类动物有害且表达α-Gal表位。灵长类动物能够产生抗Gal作为针对这种推定有害剂的保护性抗体,仅在它们在选择性压力下演化以用于使α1,3半乳糖基转移酶基因失活且因此丧失对α-Gal表位的免疫耐受性之后(Galili U, Andrews P. J. Human Evolution 29:433-42, 1995)。
天然抗Gal抗体的强保护活性一直是在人和猴中进化上保守的。这可从使用表达α-Gal表位的猪器官的异种移植研究来推断。因为各种哺乳动物(包括猪)的细胞表达α-Gal表位,所以在人或旧大陆猴中移植的来自猪的器官由于抗Gal抗体与猪细胞上的这些表位的体内结合而被排斥(Galili, U. Immunol. Today 1993, 14: 480-82)。猪组织移植至人或旧大陆猴中导致与体内移植物上的α-Gal表位的活跃的抗Gal结合以及异种移植物排斥的随后诱导。血管化异种移植物(例如猪心)通常在猴中在30-60分钟内经历快速排斥(称为超急性排斥),这是由于抗Gal抗体分子与猪内皮细胞上的α-Gal表位的结合、补体的活化、内皮细胞的溶解以及血管床的坍塌(Collins B H等人J. Immunol. 1995; 154: 5500-10)。此外,血管外区域中的异种移植物细胞的许多破坏是由抗Gal IgG与各种细胞上的α-Gal表位的结合介导的。在抗Gal IgG的Fc部分与粒细胞、巨噬细胞和NK细胞上的细胞结合的Fcγ受体的结合之后,这种结合导致抗体依赖性细胞介导的细胞溶解(ADCC)。
抗Gal介导的异种移植物的破坏可用移植至恒河猴(即,天然产生抗Gal抗体的猴)中的猪软骨(无血管异种移植物组织)监测。研究表明抗Gal与猪组织中的α-Gal表位的结合导致诱导广泛炎症反应,所述广泛炎症反应导致在2个月内组织的逐渐破坏(Stone K R等人Transplantation 1998, 65: 1577-83)。抗Gal与软骨细胞和细胞外基质糖蛋白上的α-Gal表位的结合进一步调理它们(即,与它们形成免疫复合物)且因此通过免疫复合的抗Gal的Fc部分与抗原呈递细胞上的Fcγ受体的结合使它们靶向抗原呈递细胞。抗原呈递细胞进而将这些猪糖蛋白转运至引流淋巴结,其中它们活化对多种猪异种肽具有特异性的许多T细胞。这些活化的T细胞随后迁移至软骨异种移植物植入物中且包含大约80%的浸润单核细胞。这种炎症应答主要通过抗Gal与α-Gal表位的相互作用介导可从监测对猪软骨异种移植物的免疫应答来推断,从所述异种移植物通过酶处理去除α-Gal表位(例如,使用重组α-半乳糖苷酶)。α-半乳糖苷酶通过裂解(水解)末端α-半乳糖基单元破坏软骨糖蛋白上的α-Gal表位。在猪软骨糖蛋白上的α-Gal表位不存在下,不存在与异种移植物的抗Gal结合且因此未发生异种糖蛋白的有效抗原呈递细胞介导的转运。这通过异种移植物中的显著T细胞浸润的缺乏指示。
本发明涵盖利用在猪软骨异种移植物排斥中显示的天然抗Gal抗体的免疫潜力用于消退和/或破坏进行治疗以展示α-Gal表位的肿瘤病变并且用于通过抗Gal抗体使肿瘤细胞膜靶向抗原呈递细胞。据信这种治疗将使肿瘤病变转化成原位自体肿瘤疫苗,所述疫苗通过与在猴中猪软骨的排斥中观察到的那些机制类似的机制引发针对转移性肿瘤细胞的全身性保护性免疫应答。进一步据信抗Gal IgG分子与表达α-Gal表位的肿瘤细胞的结合将使肿瘤细胞膜靶向抗原呈递细胞以用于引发针对在所治疗病变中的肿瘤细胞上表达且还在转移性肿瘤细胞上表达的自体肿瘤抗原的保护性抗肿瘤免疫应答。
药物组合物
根据本发明的一个进一步方面,提供了药物组合物,其包含选自式(I)、(II)和(III)的化合物的糖脂化合物或如本文定义的其药学上可接受的盐。
根据本发明的一个进一步方面,提供了选自式(I)、(II)和(III)的化合物的糖脂化合物或如本文定义的其药学上可接受的盐或如本文定义的药物组合物,其用于治疗肿瘤。
在一个实施方案中,所述肿瘤是实体肿瘤、骨髓瘤或淋巴瘤。在另一实施方案中,所述肿瘤是实体肿瘤。在替代实施方案中,所述肿瘤是非实体肿瘤。
在一个实施方案中,所述肿瘤是来源于选自以下的器官的肿瘤:腹膜、肝、胰腺、肺、膀胱、前列腺、子宫、子宫颈、阴道、骨髓、乳腺、皮肤、脑、淋巴结、头和颈、胃、肠、结肠、肾、睾丸以及卵巢。
在一个实施方案中,所述肿瘤包括原发性肿瘤和/或转移。在另一实施方案中,所述肿瘤包括原发性肿瘤。在替代实施方案中,所述肿瘤包括继发性肿瘤。
在一个实施方案中,所述肿瘤包括黑素瘤、肉瘤、神经胶质瘤或癌细胞。在另一实施方案中,所述肿瘤包括黑素瘤或癌细胞或转移。
所述组合物可被制备为包含式(I)、(II)或(III)的糖脂化合物的水性糖脂制剂,其中所述制剂包含糖脂胶束。
在一个实施方案中,所述组合物另外包含一种或多种药学上可接受的载体、稀释剂和/或赋形剂。所述载体、稀释剂和/或赋形剂在可与组合物的其他成分相容以及不对其接受者有害的意义上必须是“药学上可接受的”。本领域的技术人员会理解例如在Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy; Pharmaceutical Press; 第22版; Allen, Loyd V. Ed. 2012, London, UK中例示的药物制剂的各方面。
本发明的组合物可根据本领域中熟知的常规步骤通过组合式(I)、(II)或(III)的糖脂化合物与标准药物载体或稀释剂来制备。这些步骤可涉及混合、制粒和压缩或溶解如对于所需制剂而言适当的所述成分。
在一个实施方案中,所述药物组合物还可包含脱氧胆酸酯,或可增加糖脂渗透至细胞膜中的其他温和洗涤剂。
本发明的药物组合物可被配制用于通过任何途径施用,并且包括呈适于口服、局部或肠胃外施用至哺乳动物(包括人)的形式的那些。
因此,在一个实施方案中,所述组合物用于通过注射施用。在替代实施方案中,所述组合物是局部施加,如局部软膏、局部洗剂或局部溶液。
在一个实施方案中,所述组合物以一个剂量或多个剂量(如多个剂量)施用。在另一实施方案中,所述多个剂量同时施用(即一次的情况)。在另一替代实施方案中,顺序施用多个剂量(即,两次或更多次分开的情况,如在分开治疗期间)。
当施用是顺序(即在分开的情况)时,所述组合物可经合适的施用间隔时间(例如3天、5天、1周、2周、1个月、2个月、3个月、6个月或12个月)而施用。
对于肠胃外施用,利用组合物和无菌媒介物如水来制备流体单位剂型。在制备溶液时,所述组合物可溶解于注射用水中且在填充至适合小瓶或安瓿且密封之前无菌过滤。
所述组合物可呈片剂、胶囊、粉末、颗粒、锭剂、乳膏或液体制剂(如口服或无菌肠胃外溶液或悬浮液)的形式。
本发明的局部制剂可呈现为例如软膏、乳膏或洗剂、眼软膏和眼或耳滴剂、浸透敷料以及气雾剂,并且可包含适当常规添加剂,如软膏和乳膏中的防腐剂和软化剂。
所述制剂也可包含相容性常规载体,如乳膏或软膏基质以及用于洗剂的乙醇或油醇。
组合产品
将理解本发明的化合物可作为唯一治疗剂施用或其可以在与一种或多种其他化合物(或疗法)的组合疗法中施用以用于治疗肿瘤。
因此,根据本发明的另一方面,提供一种包含选自式(I)、(II)和(III)的化合物的糖脂化合物或如本文定义的其药学上可接受的盐与一种或多种另外的治疗剂的组合的药物组合物。
对于肿瘤的治疗,本发明的化合物可有利地与一种或多种其他药剂,更具体地与癌症疗法中的一种或多种抗癌剂或佐剂(疗法中的支持剂)组合来应用。
可与本发明的化合物一起施用(无论是同时还是以不同时间间隔)的其他治疗剂或治疗的实例包括但不限于:
• 拓扑异构酶I抑制剂;
• 抗代谢药;
• 微管蛋白靶向剂;
• DNA结合剂和拓扑异构酶II抑制剂;
• 烷化剂;
• 单克隆抗体;
• 抗激素剂;
• 信号转导抑制剂;
• 蛋白酶体抑制剂;
• DNA甲基转移酶;
• 细胞因子和类视黄醇;
• 染色质靶向疗法;
• 放射疗法;以及
• 其他治疗剂或预防剂。
抗癌药剂或佐剂(或其盐)的具体实例包括但不限于选自组(i)-(xlvi)以及任选组(xlvii)的任何药剂:
(i) 铂化合物,例如顺铂(任选与氨磷汀组合)、卡铂或奥沙利铂;
(ii)紫杉烷化合物,例如紫杉醇、紫杉醇蛋白结合颗粒(AbraxaneTM)、多西他赛、卡巴他赛或拉罗他赛(larotaxel);
(iii) 拓扑异构酶I抑制剂,例如喜树碱化合物,例如喜树碱、伊立替康(CPT11)、SN-38或拓扑替康;
(iv) 拓扑异构酶II抑制剂,例如抗肿瘤表鬼臼毒素或足叶草毒素衍生物,例如依托泊苷或替尼泊苷;
(v) 长春花生物碱,例如长春花碱、长春新碱、脂质体长春新碱(Onco-TCS)、长春瑞滨、长春地辛、长春氟宁或vinvesir;
(vi) 核苷衍生物,例如5-氟尿嘧啶(5-FU,任选与亚叶酸组合)、吉西他滨、卡培他滨、替加氟、UFT、S1、克拉屈滨、阿糖胞苷 (Ara-C,胞嘧啶阿拉伯糖苷)、氟达拉滨、氯法拉滨或奈拉滨;
(vii) 抗代谢药,例如氯法拉滨、氨基蝶呤或甲氨蝶呤、阿扎胞苷、阿糖胞苷、氟尿苷、喷司他丁、硫鸟嘌呤、硫嘌呤、6-巯基嘌呤或羟基脲(羟基尿素);
(viii) 烷化剂,如氮芥或亚硝基脲,例如环磷酰胺、苯丁酸氮芥、卡氮芥(BCNU)、苯达莫司汀、噻替派、美法仑、苏消安、洛莫司汀(CCNU)、六甲蜜胺、白消安、达卡巴嗪、雌莫司汀、福莫司汀、异环磷酰胺(任选与美司钠组合)、哌泊溴烷、丙卡巴肼、链佐星、替莫唑胺、尿嘧啶、二氯甲基二乙胺、甲基环己基氯乙基亚硝基脲或尼莫司汀(ACNU);
(ix) 蒽环类、蒽醌类以及相关药物,例如柔红霉素、阿霉素(任选与右雷佐生组合)、阿霉素的脂质体制剂(例如Caelyx™、Myocet™、Doxil™)、伊达比星、米托蒽醌、表柔比星、安吖啶或戊柔比星;
(x) 埃博霉素,例如伊沙匹隆、帕土匹龙(patupilone)、BMS-310705、KOS-862和ZK-EPO、埃博霉素A、埃博霉素B、脱氧埃博霉素B (也称为埃博霉素D或KOS-862)、氮杂埃博霉素B (也称为BMS-247550)、aulimalide、isolaulimalide或luetherobin;
(xi) DNA甲基转移酶抑制剂,例如替莫唑胺、氮胞苷或地西他滨;
(xii) 抗叶酸剂,例如甲氨蝶呤、培美曲塞二钠或雷替曲塞;
(xiii) 细胞毒性抗生素,例如放线菌素D、博来霉素、丝裂霉素C、更生霉素、洋红霉素、柔红霉素、左旋咪唑、普卡霉素或光辉霉素;
(xiv) 微管蛋白结合剂,例如考布他丁(combrestatin)、秋水仙碱或诺考达唑;
(xv) 信号转导抑制剂,如激酶抑制剂(例如,EGFR (表皮生长因子受体)抑制剂、VEGFR (血管内皮生长因子受体)抑制剂、PDGFR (血小板源生长因子受体)抑制剂、MTKI(多靶标激酶抑制剂)、Raf抑制剂、mTOR抑制剂,例如甲磺酸伊马替尼、埃罗替尼、吉非替尼、达沙替尼、拉帕替尼、多韦替尼(dovotinib)、阿西替尼、尼罗替尼、凡德他尼、瓦他拉尼(vatalinib)、帕唑帕尼、索拉非尼、舒尼替尼、坦罗莫司、依维莫司(RAD 001)或维罗非尼(PLX4032/RG7204);
(xvi) 极光激酶抑制剂,例如AT9283、巴拉塞替(barasertib) (AZD1152)、TAK-901、MK0457 (VX680)、塞尼色替(cenisertib) (R-763)、达鲁色替(danusertib) (PHA-739358)、阿利色替(alisertib) (MLN-8237)或MP-470;
(xvii) CDK抑制剂,例如AT7519、roscovitine、seliciclib、阿伏西地(alvocidib) (夫拉平度(flavopiridol))、dinaciclib (SCH-727965)、7-羟基-星孢菌素(UCN-01)、JNJ-7706621、BMS-387032 (也称为SNS-032)、PHA533533、PD332991、ZK-304709或AZD-5438;
(xviii) PKA/B抑制剂和PKB (akt)路径抑制剂,例如AT13148、AZ-5363、Semaphore、SF1126和MTOR抑制剂如雷帕霉素类似物、AP23841和AP23573、钙调蛋白抑制剂(叉头易位抑制剂)、API-2/TCN (曲西瑞宾)、RX-0201、盐酸恩斯他瑞(enzastaurin HCl)(LY317615)、NL-71-101、SR-13668、PX-316或KRX-0401 (哌立福辛/NSC 639966);
(xix) Hsp90抑制剂,例如AT13387、除莠霉素、格尔德霉素(GA)、17-烯丙基氨基-17-脱甲氧基格尔德霉素(17-AAG) (例如NSC-330507、Kos-953和CNF-1010)、17-二甲基氨基乙氨基-17-脱甲氧基格尔德霉素盐酸盐(17-DMAG) (例如,NSC-707545和Kos-1022)、NVP-AUY922 (VER-52296)、NVP-BEP800、CNF-2024 (BIIB-021,口服嘌呤)、ganetespib(STA-9090)、SNX-5422 (SC-102112)或IPI-504;
(xx) 单克隆抗体(未缀合或者与放射性同位素、毒素或其他药剂缀合)、抗体衍生物和相关药剂,如抗-CD、抗-VEGFR、抗-HER2或抗-EGFR抗体,例如利妥昔单抗(CD20)、奥法木单抗(CD20)、替伊莫单抗(CD20)、GA101 (CD20)、托西莫单抗(CD20)、依帕珠单抗(CD22)、林妥珠单抗(CD33)、吉妥单抗(CD33)、阿仑单抗(CD52)、加利昔单抗(CD80)、曲妥珠单抗(HER2抗体)、帕妥珠单抗(HER2)、曲妥珠单抗-DM1 (HER2)、厄妥索单抗(HER2和CD3)、西妥昔单抗(EGFR)、帕尼单抗(EGFR)、雷莫芦单抗(necitumumab) (EGFR)、尼妥珠单抗(EGFR)、贝伐单抗(VEGF)、伊匹单抗(CTLA4)、卡妥索单抗(catumaxumab) (EpCAM和CD3)、阿巴伏单抗(CA125)、法利珠单抗(farletuzumab) (叶酸受体)、依洛珠单抗(elotuzumab) (CS1)、地诺单抗(RANK配体)、芬妥木单抗(figitumumab) (IGF1R)、CP751,871 (IGF1R)、马帕木单抗(mapatumumab) (TRAIL受体)、metMAB (met)、米妥莫单抗(GD3神经节苷脂)、他那莫单抗(naptumomab estafenatox) (5T4)或司妥昔单抗(IL6);
(xxi) 雌激素受体拮抗剂或选择性雌激素受体调节剂(SERM)或雌激素合成抑制剂,例如他莫昔芬、氟维司群、托瑞米芬、屈洛昔芬、法洛德(faslodex)或雷洛昔芬;
(xxii) 芳香酶抑制剂和相关药物,如依西美坦、阿那曲唑、来曲唑、睾内酯氨鲁米特、米托坦或伏罗唑;
(xxiii) 抗雄激素物质(即,雄激素受体拮抗剂)和相关药剂,例如比卡鲁胺、尼鲁米特、氟他胺、环丙孕酮或酮康唑;
(xxiv) 激素及其类似物,如甲羟孕酮、乙烯雌酚(也称为已烯雌酚)或奥曲肽;
(xxv) 类固醇,例如丙酸屈他雄酮、醋酸甲地孕酮、诺龙(癸酸酯、苯丙酸酯)、氟甲睾酮或棉子酚,
(xxvi) 类固醇细胞色素P450 17α-羟化酶-17,20-裂解酶抑制剂(CYP17),例如阿比特龙;
(xxvii) 促性腺激素释放激素激动剂或拮抗剂(GnRA),例如阿巴瑞克、乙酸戈舍瑞林、乙酸组氨瑞林、乙酸亮丙瑞林、曲普瑞林、布舍瑞林或地洛瑞林;
(xxviii) 糖皮质激素,例如泼尼松、泼尼松龙、地塞米松;
(xxix) 分化剂,如类视黄醇、rexinoid、维生素D或视黄酸以及视黄酸代谢阻断剂(RAMBA)例如异维甲酸、阿利维A酸、贝沙罗汀或维甲酸;
(xxx) 法尼基转移酶抑制剂,例如替吡法尼;
(xxxi) 染色质靶向疗法,如组蛋白脱乙酰酶(HDAC)抑制剂,例如丁酸钠、辛二酰苯胺羟基酰胺酸(SAHA)、缩酚肽(FR 901228)、达西司特(NVP-LAQ824)、R306465/JNJ-16241199、JNJ-26481585、曲古抑菌素A、伏立诺他、克林霉素(chlamydocin)、A-173、JNJ-MGCD-0103、PXD-101或阿匹西定(apicidin);
(xxxii) 蛋白酶体抑制剂,例如硼替佐米、卡非佐米、CEP-18770、MLN-9708或ONX-0912;
(xxxiii) 光动力学药物,例如卟吩姆钠或替莫卟吩;
(xxxiv) 海洋生物来源的抗癌剂,如曲贝替定(trabectidin);
(xxxv) 用于放射性免疫疗法的放射性标记的药物,例如使用β粒子发射性同位素(例如,碘-131、钇-90)或α粒子发射性同位素(例如,铋-213或锕-225)的放射性标记的药物,例如替伊莫单抗或碘托西莫单抗;
(xxxvi) 端粒酶抑制剂,例如特洛他汀(telomestatin);
(xxxvii) 基质金属蛋白酶抑制剂,例如巴马司他、马立马司他、普林如果司他(prinostat)或美司他(metastat);
(xxxviii) 重组干扰素(如干扰素-γ和干扰素α)和白介素(例如,白介素2),例如阿地白介素、地尼白介素、干扰素α 2a、干扰素α 2b或聚乙二醇干扰素α 2b;
(xxxix) 选择性免疫应答调节剂,例如沙利度胺或雷利度胺;
(xl) 治疗性疫苗,如西普鲁塞(sipuleucel)-T (普罗文奇)或OncoVex;
(xli) 细胞因子活化剂,包括毕西巴尼(Picibanil)、罗莫肽、西佐喃、维鲁利秦或胸腺素;
(xlii) 三氧化二砷;
(xliii) G-蛋白偶联受体(GPCR)抑制剂,例如阿曲生坦;
(xliv) 酶,如L-天冬酰胺酶、培门冬酶、拉布立酶或培加酶;
(xlv) DNA修复抑制剂,如PARP抑制剂,例如奥拉帕尼、维利帕尼(velaparib)、iniparib、INO-1001、AG-014699或ONO-2231;
(xlvi) 死亡受体的激动剂(例如,TNF-相关的细胞凋亡诱导配体(TRAIL)受体),如马帕木单抗(原来的HGS-ETR1)、可那木单抗(conatumumab) (原来的AMG 655)、PRO95780、来沙木单抗、杜拉乐明、CS-1008、阿普单抗或者重组TRAIL配体如重组人TRAIL/Apo2配体;
(xlvii) 预防剂(佐剂);即,减少或减轻一些与化学治疗剂相关的副作用的药剂,例如
- 止吐药;
- 预防或减少化学治疗剂相关的嗜中性粒细胞减少症的持续时间并且预防由血小板、红血细胞或白血细胞水平降低所引起的并发症的药剂,例如白介素-11 (例如,奥普瑞白介素)、红细胞生成素(EPO)及其类似物(例如,阿法达伯汀(darbepoetin alfa))、集落刺激因子类似物如粒细胞巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(GM-CSF) (例如,沙格司亭)以及粒细胞集落刺激因子(G-CSF)及其类似物(例如,非格司亭、聚乙二醇非格司亭);
- 抑制骨吸收的药剂,如德尼单抗或二磷酸盐,例如唑来磷酸盐、唑来磷酸、帕米膦酸盐以及伊班膦酸盐;
- 抑制炎症反应的药剂,如地塞米松、泼尼松和泼尼松龙;
- 用于在患有肢端肥大症或其他罕见激素产生肿瘤的患者中降低生长激素和IGF-I (以及其他激素)的血液水平的药剂,如合成形式的激素生长激素抑制素,例如乙酸奥曲肽;
- 降低叶酸水平的药物的解毒剂,如甲酰四氢叶酸(leucovorin)或亚叶酸(folinic acid);
- 用于疼痛的药剂,例如鸦片剂,如吗啡、二乙酰吗啡和芬太尼;
- 非甾体抗炎药(NSAID),如COX-2抑制剂,例如塞来昔布、依托昔布和罗美昔布;
- 用于粘膜炎的药剂,例如帕利夫明;
- 用于治疗副作用(包括厌食、恶病质、水肿或血栓栓塞发作)的药剂,如乙酸甲地孕酮。
在一个具体实施方案中,所述药物组合物另外包含免疫系统下调的一种或多种系统抑制剂。免疫系统下调的适合系统性抑制剂的实例描述于US 2012/263677中并且包括抗CTLA-4、抗PD-1和抗PD-L1抗体。
在另一实施方案中,免疫系统下调的一种或多种系统抑制剂选自抗PD-1抗体。
在另一实施方案中,所述药物组合物另外包含免疫系统上调的一种或多种增强剂。免疫系统上调的适合增强剂的实例描述于US 2012/263677中并且包括适合的非特异性细胞因子,如白介素-1、-2或-6 (IL-1、IL-2或IL-6)和阿地白介素;干扰素-α或γ (IFN-α和IFN-γ)、干扰素α-2b和聚乙二醇化干扰素(包括聚乙二醇化干扰素α-2a和聚乙二醇化干扰素α-2b);粒细胞巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(GM-CSF,莫拉司亭或沙格司亭);树突细胞疫苗和其他同种异体或自体治疗性癌症疫苗,包括含有编码GM-CSF (OncoVex®)的溶瘤疱疹病毒或被设计为表达同种异体MHC I类抗原(Allovectin-7®)的编码人白细胞抗原-B7和β-2微球蛋白剂的质粒的病变内疫苗;以及针对特异性肿瘤抗原的抗体。在另一实施方案中,免疫系统上调的一种或多种增强剂选自IL-2和干扰素-γ。
存在于本发明的组合中的每种化合物可以单独变化的剂量方案并且经由不同的路径给予。例如,本发明的糖脂化合物意图直接施用至肿瘤,而免疫系统下调的系统抑制剂如抗PD-1抗体通常将全身递送,即通过静脉内注射。如此,两种或更多种药剂中的每种的剂量学可不同:各自可在相同时间或在不同时间施用。本领域的技术人员将通过他或她的公知常识知道待使用的给药方案和组合疗法。例如,本发明的化合物可与根据其现有组合方案施用的一种或多种其他药剂组合使用。
治疗方法
根据本发明的另一方面,提供一种治疗对象的肿瘤的方法,所述方法包括:
a) 提供:
i) 包括至少一种肿瘤的对象,所述肿瘤包含具有细胞表面的多个癌细胞;以及
ii) 选自式(I)、(II)和(III)的化合物的糖脂化合物或其药学上可接受的盐或如本文定义的药物组合物;以及
b) 将所述糖脂或组合物引入所述肿瘤中。
在一个实施方案中,所述糖脂或药物组合物诱导针对肿瘤的免疫应答,从而治疗所述肿瘤。
在一个实施方案中,本发明提供一种用于诱导针对对象的肿瘤的免疫应答的方法,所述方法包括:
a) 向包括至少一种肿瘤的对象施用有效量的选自式(I)、(II)和(III)的化合物的糖脂化合物或其药学上可接受的盐或如本文定义的药物组合物以诱导针对所述至少一种肿瘤的免疫应答。
在一个实施方案中,本发明提供一种用于治疗对象的肿瘤的方法,所述方法包括:
a) 向包括至少一种肿瘤的对象施用有效量的选自式(I)、(II)和(III)的化合物的糖脂化合物或其药学上可接受的盐或如本文定义的药物组合物以诱导针对所述至少一种肿瘤的免疫应答,
其中诱导针对所述肿瘤的免疫应答导致肿瘤的减少,从而治疗所述对象的肿瘤。
在一个实施方案中,所述组合物还包含免疫系统下调的至少一种系统抑制剂。
在一个实施方案中,免疫系统下调的至少一种系统抑制剂选自抗CTLA-4、抗PD-1和抗PD-L1抗体。
在一个实施方案中,将所述方法重复1-5次直到肿瘤大小减小。
在一个实施方案中,将所述方法重复1-5次直到肿瘤不可检测。
在一个实施方案中,所述糖脂或药物组合物被注射至原发性肿瘤中并且诱导在治疗由原发性肿瘤产生的至少一种继发性肿瘤中有效的免疫应答。
在一个实施方案中,所述糖脂或药物组合物被注射至原发性肿瘤中并且诱导在减小由原发性肿瘤产生的至少一种继发性肿瘤的大小中有效的免疫应答。
在一个实施方案中,所述方法还包括在诱导针对肿瘤的免疫应答之后手术去除肿瘤。
在一个实施方案中,所述方法还包括在施用所述糖脂或药物组合物之后手术去除肿瘤。
在一个实施方案中,肿瘤的手术去除在施用所述糖脂或药物组合物之后约1-21天之间发生。
在一个实施方案中,肿瘤的手术去除在施用所述糖脂或药物组合物之后约1-14天之间发生。
在一个实施方案中,肿瘤的手术去除在施用所述糖脂或药物组合物之后约1-7天之间发生。
在一个实施方案中,肿瘤的手术去除在施用所述糖脂或药物组合物之后约7-14天之间发生。
在一个实施方案中,肿瘤的手术去除在施用所述糖脂或药物组合物之后约14-21天之间发生。
本发明的方法允许施用本发明的糖脂化合物以便在癌细胞的细胞表面上展示α-Gal或GalNAc表位。
在一个实施方案中,所述方法还包括在所述肿瘤细胞上展示膜结合α-Gal或GalNAc表位。
在一个实施方案中,本发明涵盖一种治疗对象的方法,所述方法包括:
a) 提供:
i) 具有内源性抗Gal或抗GalNAc抗体和多个不可切除肿瘤的对象,其中所述肿瘤的至少一个亚群经由选自由以下各项组成的组的步骤可及:直接注射、通过内窥镜检查、支气管镜检查、膀胱镜检查、结肠镜检查、腹腔镜检查以及导管插入术注射,
ii) 如本文定义的糖脂化合物或药物组合物;以及
b) 使用所述步骤肿瘤内注射所述糖脂化合物或组合物。
在一个实施方案中,本发明的糖脂化合物的α-Gal或GalNAc表位变得经调理。在一个实施方案中,经调理的α-Gal或GalNAc表位通过使肿瘤细胞和细胞膜靶向抗原呈递细胞来诱导针对所述肿瘤的自体疫苗的产生。
在一个实施方案中,对象为人或小鼠。在一个实施方案中,对象是人。在一个替代实施方案中,对象是小鼠。
根据本发明的另一方面,提供一种将本发明的糖脂化合物引入小鼠中的肿瘤中的方法,所述方法包括:
a) 提供:
i) 小鼠,其(1)缺乏α1,3半乳糖基转移酶基因,(2)具有抗Gal抗体,以及(3)包括包含具有细胞表面的多个癌细胞的至少一种肿瘤;以及
ii)选自式(I)和(II)的化合物的糖脂化合物或其药学上可接受的盐;以及
b) 将所述糖脂引入至少一种所述肿瘤中以在癌细胞的细胞表面上展示α-Gal表位。
自体肿瘤疫苗抗Gal靶向抗原呈递细胞
已表明α-Gal表位可通过用α-Gal糖脂孵育肿瘤细胞来体外插入肿瘤细胞膜中。肿瘤细胞或肿瘤细胞膜与此类α-Gal糖脂的共孵育导致其自发体外插入肿瘤细胞膜中以及在这些细胞膜上表达α-Gal表位。通过各种分子生物学方法使用α1,3半乳糖基转移酶基因工程化为表达α-Gal表位的肿瘤细胞被作为自体肿瘤疫苗进行研究。在其皮内注射之后,天然抗Gal IgG抗体在疫苗接种部位处原位结合疫苗接种肿瘤细胞膜上的α-Gal表位并且使疫苗靶向抗原呈递细胞。虽然不必理解发明机制,但据信复合抗Gal的Fc部分与抗原呈递细胞上的Fcγ受体的结合诱导调理的疫苗接种肿瘤细胞膜有效摄取至抗原呈递细胞中。因此,自体肿瘤的未表征的肿瘤抗原也内化至抗原呈递细胞中。在将疫苗接种自体肿瘤细胞膜转运至引流淋巴结之后,抗原呈递细胞加工且呈递肿瘤抗原肽以用于活化肿瘤特异性细胞毒性T细胞和辅助T细胞(即,分别为CD8+T细胞和CD4+ T细胞)。
表达α-Gal表位的肿瘤疫苗的功效的原理的证据在用表达α-Gal表位的黑素瘤细胞免疫且用相同、但缺乏α-Gal表位的黑素瘤细胞攻击的小鼠实验模型中的研究中实现(LaTemple D C等人Cancer Res. 1999, 59: 3417-23和Deriy L等人Cancer Gene Therapy 2005; 12: 528-39)。在那些研究中使用的小鼠是针对α1,3半乳糖基转移酶基因的敲除小鼠(即,这些小鼠缺乏α-Gal表位且能够产生抗Gal抗体)。用工程化为表达α-Gal表位的黑素瘤细胞免疫的小鼠展示针对用相同但缺乏α-Gal表位的肿瘤细胞攻击的有效免疫保护。相比之下,用缺乏α-Gal表位的肿瘤细胞免疫的小鼠未展示针对用缺乏α-Gal表位的活肿瘤细胞攻击的保护性免疫应答。
肿瘤疗法中的α-Gal糖脂
本发明涵盖治疗具有实体肿瘤团块的患者。本发明的具体实施方案涵盖癌症患者的新型免疫疗法治疗,所述治疗目的在于通过将个体患者的自身肿瘤转化成自体肿瘤疫苗来使所述患者针对他或她的自身肿瘤病变进行免疫(参见以引用的方式并入本文的美国专利No. 5,879,675)。例如,'675专利教导肿瘤细胞和/或细胞膜的体外加工。在将这些细胞注射至患者中之后,通过抗Gal抗体使疫苗靶向APC并且引发针对自体肿瘤抗原的保护性免疫应答。然而,与本发明不同,'675专利未教导:i)用于通过天然抗Gal抗体诱导肿瘤的炎症、消退和/或破坏的体内肿瘤内治疗;或ii)在癌症患者内肿瘤内注射α-Gal糖脂之后在体内在肿瘤细胞上展示α-Gal表位。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,α-Gal糖脂可通过非手术肿瘤内注射(即,例如通过内窥镜检查、导管插入术等)或通过任何其他方法递送至包括肿瘤细胞的肿瘤病变中以用于将α-Gal糖脂或各种分子上的抗Gal结合表位体内引入至肿瘤中。
化学疗法难治性转移的手术后复发据信是患有实体肿瘤的患者中死亡的最常见原因。这种复发性转移的高发病率(80%)已在患有胰腺癌和卵巢癌的患者中报道且在其他实体肿瘤如黑素瘤和结肠直肠癌、肺癌和乳腺癌中至稍微较低程度。许多这些复发性患者被认为患有绝症,因为没有治疗可用于他们,并且他们在检测到转移之后的数周或数月内死亡。
在一个实施方案中,本发明涵盖一种用于通过利用所有人天然产生作为其免疫球蛋白的大约1%的抗Gal抗体的事实消退和/或破坏肿瘤转移的治疗方法。所述抗Gal抗体的免疫潜力可被用于消退和/或破坏任何肿瘤病变且通过肿瘤内注射携带α-Gal表位的糖脂(即式(I)或(II)的糖脂化合物)将所述肿瘤病变转化成原位自体肿瘤疫苗。
因此,本文描述的发明可诱导所治疗肿瘤病变的消退和/或破坏。因此,在一个实施方案中,所治疗的肿瘤经历消退。在一个替代实施方案中,所治疗的肿瘤被破坏。
在另一实施方案中,肿瘤(即,其展示α-Gal表位)经历消退,其中所述肿瘤选自黑素瘤或器官转移,如肝转移。在另一替代实施方案中,肿瘤(即,其展示α-Gal表位)被破坏,其中所述肿瘤选自黑素瘤或器官转移,如肝转移。
在一个实施方案中,引入步骤由于将所治疗肿瘤转化成自体肿瘤疫苗而引起对象的第二肿瘤的消退。在另一实施方案中,所述第二肿瘤选自黑素瘤或肝转移。
在一个实施方案中,引入步骤引起对象的第二肿瘤的破坏。在另一实施方案中,所述第二肿瘤选自黑素瘤或肝转移。
许多α-Gal糖脂将自发地插入肿瘤细胞膜中,因为相较于水围绕的胶束核心,当包埋于细胞膜的脂质双层的外小叶中时α-Gal糖脂的疏水性(即,亲脂性)脂质尾处于更稳定的高能形式。先前已证明了称为神经节苷酯的其他类型的糖脂自发插入(并入)细胞膜中(Kanda S等人J Biochem. (Tokyo). 1982; 91: 1707-18和Spiegel S等人J. Cell Biol. 1985; 100: 721-26)。α-Gal糖脂插入肿瘤细胞膜中预期产生所述细胞膜表面上α-Gal表位的从头展示。α-Gal表位表达可通过包括但不限于补体介导的细胞溶解(CDC)和抗体依赖性细胞介导的细胞溶解(ADCC)的这类机制有助于抗Gal抗体介导的肿瘤细胞的消退和/或破坏,并且还可导致肿瘤坏死。抗Gal调理的肿瘤细胞膜然后将被抗原呈递细胞有效靶向,从而将所治疗的肿瘤病变转化成自体肿瘤疫苗。这种自体疫苗然后将刺激免疫系统来针对肿瘤抗原反应,从而导致所治疗患者的其他肿瘤病变和/或微转移内的表达这些抗原的肿瘤细胞的进一步消退和/或破坏。
在一个实施方案中,对象先前进行了治疗以手术去除肿瘤。
在一个替代实施方案中,对象先前未进行治疗来手术去除肿瘤,即本文描述的方法可在切除原发性肿瘤之前数周作为新辅助疗法进行。在一个实施方案中,本发明的糖脂的肿瘤内注射减小肿瘤的大小并且将所治疗肿瘤转化成自体肿瘤疫苗。虽然这种肿瘤将最终被切除,但据信在其切除之前,所治疗的肿瘤将引发针对展示相同肿瘤抗原的微转移的免疫应答。
抗Gal抗体肿瘤消退和/或破坏的机制
虽然不必理解发明机制,但据信通过所注射的α-Gal糖脂进行的肿瘤病变消退和/或破坏可包括生物化学和生理学基础。
在一个实施方案中,所述方法进一步包括诱导肿瘤内炎症。
肿瘤内注射可产生肿瘤相关毛细血管的局部破裂,从而提供到达肿瘤内部的天然抗Gal IgM和抗Gal IgG抗体分子通路。抗Gal抗体然后将能够与α-Gal糖脂胶束或单独α-Gal糖脂分子上的α-Gal表位相互作用,从而诱导补体的局部活化和补体裂解趋化因子C5a和C3a的产生。此外,C3b共价沉积至靶细胞上。补体活化然后引发局部炎症过程,所述炎症过程有助于通过所治疗肿瘤病变内的从头产生的C5a和C3a趋化因子指导的肿瘤内粒细胞、单核细胞、巨噬细胞和树突细胞迁移。所述炎症过程可由于α-Gal糖脂插入细胞膜中而进一步放大,从而引起内皮细胞的抗Gal活化(Palmetshofer A等人Transplantation. 1998;65: 844-53;Palmetshofer A等人Transplantation. 1998; 65: 971-8)。内皮细胞活化和总体肿瘤细胞损伤可导致另外促炎性细胞因子和趋化因子的局部产生。这些局部分泌的细胞因子和趋化因子诱导巨噬细胞、树突细胞的另外迁移,以及淋巴细胞随后迁移至注射有α-Gal糖脂的病变中。这种细胞迁移由抗原呈递细胞和淋巴细胞上的促炎性细胞因子和趋化因子的受体介导(Cravens P D和Lipsky P E Immunol. Cell Biol. 2002; 80: 497-505)。炎症应答的初始诱导使免疫系统能够克服其检测发展中肿瘤病变的“隐秘性质”的能力的普遍缺乏。这种炎症还使免疫系统能够克服实体肿瘤病变内由局部细胞因子环境诱导且通常防止淋巴细胞渗透至肿瘤中的免疫抑制微环境(Malmberg K J. Cancer Immunol.Immunother. 2004; 53: 879-92;Lugade A A等人J.Immunol. 2005; 174:7516-23)。
肿瘤细胞的破坏通过抗Gal结合至插入细胞膜中的α-Gal糖脂而发生。注射至肿瘤中的α-Gal糖脂可自发地插入肿瘤细胞膜的磷脂双层的外小叶中。抗Gal IgM和/或抗GalIgG与所插入α-Gal糖脂上的α-Gal表位的随后结合经由补体依赖性细胞溶解(CDC)诱导所治疗肿瘤的消退和/或破坏。抗Gal IgG分子与这些α-Gal表位的结合也有助于肿瘤细胞的抗体依赖性细胞溶解(ADCC)。
在一个实施方案中,肿瘤经由补体依赖性细胞溶解(CDC)经历消退和/或破坏。
在一个实施方案中,肿瘤经由抗体依赖性细胞溶解(ADCC)经历消退和/或破坏。
在补体依赖性细胞溶解中,据信抗Gal IgG和/或IgM分子与表达α-Gal表位(由于α-Gal糖脂插入)的肿瘤细胞的结合活化补体系统。随后,补体C5b-9膜攻击复合物由于这种补体活化而形成,然后在肿瘤细胞膜上“刺”孔,导致肿瘤细胞溶解。这种补体依赖性细胞溶解在猪内皮细胞溶解时类似地发现,从而导致异种移植物的超急性排斥(Collins B H等人J. Immunol. 1995; 154: 5500-10,)。在ADCC中,效应细胞是粒细胞、巨噬细胞和NK细胞。这些细胞由于抗Gal诱导的炎症过程而被吸引至病变。它们经由其Fcγ受体(FcγR)结合至抗Gal IgG分子的Fc部分,所述抗Gal IgG分子结合至插入肿瘤细胞膜中的α-Gal糖脂。一旦附着至肿瘤细胞,这些效应细胞就将其颗粒酶囊泡分泌至膜接触区域中,从而在肿瘤细胞膜中产生孔,由此诱导这些肿瘤细胞的破坏。抗Gal IgG在诱导表达α-Gal表位的细胞的ADCC破坏方面的功效被经由其α-Gal表位结合抗Gal的异种移植物猪细胞证实 (Galili,U. Immunol. Today 1993, 14: 480-82)。类似的抗Gal介导的ADCC过程在当肿瘤细胞经由在其细胞表面膜上表达的α-Gal表位结合抗Gal时发生(Tanemura M等人J. Clin. Invest.2000; 105: 301-10)。
通过抗原呈递细胞摄取肿瘤细胞膜可产生针对自体肿瘤抗原的保护性免疫应答的诱导以便消退和/或破坏化学疗法难治性微转移。经由抗Gal依赖性补体活化结合至靶细胞上插入膜的α-Gal糖脂或沉积的C3b上的α-Gal表位的抗Gal IgG抗体刺激抗原呈递细胞内化表达肿瘤抗原(即,例如,肿瘤相关抗原,TAA)的细胞膜。内化的肿瘤抗原然后可通过抗原呈递细胞从所治疗的肿瘤病变转运至引流淋巴结。这些肿瘤抗原然后可进一步通过抗原呈递细胞加工且呈递为活化肿瘤特异性T细胞的免疫源性肿瘤肽。此过程产生全身性保护性抗肿瘤免疫应答(即,例如,自体肿瘤疫苗)的诱导。因此,注射有α-Gal糖脂的肿瘤病变最终转化成原位自体肿瘤疫苗,所述疫苗引发针对表达肿瘤抗原(如在所治疗的肿瘤病变中的那些肿瘤抗原)的微转移的免疫应答。
作为临床治疗模式,糖脂可通过各种方法施用至癌症病变,所述方法包括但不限于皮内注射(即,例如注射至黑素瘤肿瘤中);内窥镜注射(即,例如注射至结肠直肠肠道转移中);腹腔镜注射(即,例如注射至腹部卵巢、结肠、胃、肝或胰腺癌转移中(例如,注射在腹膜上或在肝中));经皮成像引导的针注射(即,例如注射至肺肿瘤中);支气管镜注射(即,例如注射至肺肿瘤中);结肠镜注射;或膀胱镜注射(即,例如注射至膀胱癌中)。
因此,在一个实施方案中,引入包括以下步骤,所述步骤包括但不限于注射、成像引导的注射、内窥镜检查、支气管镜检查、膀胱镜检查、结肠镜检查、腹腔镜检查以及导管插入术。
在一个实施方案中,引入包括非手术肿瘤内注射。例如,引入包括选自以下各项的步骤:皮内注射、经皮成像引导的注射、内窥镜注射、支气管镜注射、膀胱镜注射、结肠镜注射以及腹腔镜注射。
在一个实施方案中,将本发明的糖脂注射在选自下组的药学上可接受的溶液(即无菌溶液)中,所述组包括但不限于磷酸盐缓冲盐水(PBS)、盐水、公认安全(GRAS)的其他水溶液或其他赋形剂。在一个实施方案中,糖脂的溶液还可包含脱氧胆酸盐(deoxycholate),或可增加糖脂渗透至细胞膜中的其他温和洗涤剂。
在一个实施方案中,本发明涵盖将本发明的糖脂肿瘤内注射至原发性肿瘤中作为在肿瘤切除手术之前提供的新辅助疗法。在一个实施方案中,通过糖脂的手术前注射诱导的快速炎症应答导致减小肿瘤病变大小,以及将所述肿瘤病变转化成原位自体肿瘤疫苗。虽然不必理解发明机制,但据信所治疗肿瘤的免疫应答可最终帮助诱导在原发性肿瘤的手术切除时不可检测到的微转移的免疫破坏。进一步据信手术前施用可帮助预防疾病的复发,这是由于对常规辅助疗法(即,例如化学疗法和辐射)具有抗性且如原发性肿瘤一样表达肿瘤抗原的微转移的免疫破坏。这种新辅助疗法可施用至任何实体肿瘤或淋巴瘤,所述施用可以是直接注射或通过引导成像或任何其他已知的方法注射。
根据本发明的另一方面,提供一种试剂盒,所述试剂盒包括如本文定义的药物组合物以及任选地根据如本文定义的方法来使用所述试剂盒的说明书。
在一个实施方案中,所述试剂盒另外包括递送装置,如肿瘤内递送装置。
在本说明书中引用的所有出版物和专利均以引用的方式并入本文,所述引用的程度就如同具体地且个别地指示将各个公布或专利以引用的方式并入,并且以引用的方式并入本文以公开和描述与所述公布引用的内容相关的方法和/或材料。引用任何公布都是因为它的公开内容在提交日期之前,而不应解释为认可本公开由于在先公开而无权先于所述公布。
以下实施例意图仅作为本发明的实施方案的说明性实施例。所述实施例不应被视为限制本发明。
材料和方法
丙酮、苯、氯仿、乙酸乙酯、甲醇、邻二甲苯、甲苯、2-丙醇和邻二甲苯来自Chimmed(俄罗斯联邦)。乙腈来自Cryochrom(俄罗斯联邦)。DMSO、DMF、CF3COOH、Et3N、N,N’-二环己基碳二亚胺和N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺来自Merck (德国)。N-甲基吗啉(NMM)、2-马来酰亚胺丙酸和二琥珀酰亚胺碳酸盐(disuccimidilcarbonate)由Fluka提供。亚氨基二乙酸二甲酯盐酸盐来自Reakhim(俄罗斯联邦)。四胺(H2N-CH2)4C x 2H2SO4如Litherland和Mann (1938) The amino-derivatives of pentaerythritol Part I. Preparation Journal of theChemical Society, 1588-95所述合成。
Dowex 50X4-400和Sephadex LH-20来自Amersham Biosciences AB (瑞典)。硅胶60来自Merck (德国)。使用硅胶60 F254铝片(Merck, 1.05554)进行薄层色谱,其中在7%H3PO4浸泡或茚三酮之后通过炭化进行检测。
在30℃下用Bruker WM 500 MHz仪器或Bruker DRX-500光谱仪使用溶剂的残余质子的信号作为参照([D6]DMSO, 2.500 ppm; [D2]H2O, 4.750 ppm; CD3OD)记录1H NMR谱。
实施例1:式(I)化合物“Galili-CMG2-DOPE”的制备
3-三氟乙酰胺基丙基-3,4-二-О-乙酰基-2,6-二-O-苄基-α-D-吡喃半乳糖基-(1
→3)-2,4-二-О-乙酰基-6-O-苄基-β-D-吡喃半乳糖基-(1→4)-2-乙酰胺基-3-О-乙酰
基-6-O-苄基-2-脱氧-β-D-吡喃葡糖苷 (3)的制备(方案I)
根据Pazynina等人(2008)的出版物中公开的方法制备糖基受体(3-三氟乙酰胺基丙基)-2-乙酰胺基-3-O-乙酰基-6-O-苄基-2-脱氧-4-O-(2,4-二-O-乙酰基-6-O-苄基-β-D-吡喃半乳糖基)-β-D-吡喃葡糖苷(2)。将糖基受体2 (500 mg, 0.59 mmol)、硫代吡喃半乳糖苷1 (576 mg, 1.18 mmol)、NIS (267 mg, 1.18 mmol)、无水CH2Cl2 (25 ml)和分子筛4 Å (500 mg)的混合物在-45℃下在Ar气氛下搅拌30分钟。然后添加TfOH (21 μl, 0.236mmol)于无水CH2Cl2 (0.5 ml)中的溶液。将反应混合物在-45℃下搅拌2小时,然后将温度经4小时增加至-20℃。将混合物在-20℃下保持过夜。然后添加额外量的硫代吡喃半乳糖苷1(144 mg, 0.295 mmol)、NIS (66 mg, 0.295 mmol)和TfOH (5 μl, 0.06 mmol),并在-20℃下维持搅拌2小时,然后使其缓慢温热直至室温(1小时)。然后添加Na2S2O3的饱和水溶液并过滤混合物。将滤液用CHCl3 (300 ml)稀释,用H2O (2 x 100 ml)洗涤,通过过滤通过棉绒来干燥,并浓缩。在LH-20 (CHCl3-MeOH)上进行凝胶过滤,得到作为白色泡沫的产物3(600 mg, 80%)。
1Н NMR (700 MHz, CDCl3, 特征性信号), δ, ppm: 1.78–1.82 (m, 4H, CHCHC,OC(O)CH 3), 1.84-1.90 (m, 1H, CHCHC), 1.91, 1.94, 1.97, 1.98, 2.06 (5 s, 5x3Н, 4 OC(O)CH 3, NH(O)CH 3), 3.23–3.30(m, 1H, NCHH), 3.59–3.65 (m, 1H, NCHH),4.05 (m, 1H, H-2I), 4.33 (d, 1H, J 1,2 7.55, H-1I), 4.40 (d, 1H, J 12.04,PhCHH), 4.42 (d, 1H, J 1,2 8.07, H-1II), 4.45 (d, 1H, J 11.92, PhCHH), 4.48 (d,1H, J 12.00, PhCHH), 4.50 (d, 1H, J 12.00, PhCHH), 4.52 (d, 1H, J 12.04,PhCHH), 4.54 (d, 1H, J 12.00, PhCHH), 4.57 (d, 1H, J 12.00, PhCHH), 4.64(d,1H, J 11.92, PhCHH), 4.99 (dd ≈ t, 1H, J 8.24, H-2II), 5.08–5.13 (m, 2H, H-3I, H-3III), 5.23 (d, 1H, J 1,2 3.31, H-1III), 5.46 (d, 1H, J 3,4 2.25, H-4II), 5.54(d, 1H, J 3,4 3.11, H-4III), 7.20–7.40 (m, 20H, ArH); 7.49–7.54 (m, 1H, NHC(O)CF3)。R f 0.4 (PhCH3–AcOEt, 1:2)。
3-氨基丙基-α-D-吡喃半乳糖基-(1→3)-β-D-吡喃半乳糖基-(1→4)-2-乙酰胺
基-2-脱氧-β-D-吡喃葡糖苷 (5)的制备(方案I)
将产物3 (252 mg, 0.198 mmol)根据Zemplen (8h,40℃)脱乙酰化,用AcOH中和并浓缩。获得的产物的TLC (CH3Cl-MeOH, 10:1)分析显示两个点:具有R f 0.45的主要点,
和在起始线上的另一个点(茚三酮阳性点),其指示三氟乙酰基的部分损失。因此,将产物通过用CF3COOMe (0.1 ml)和Et3N (0.01 ml)/MeOH (10 ml)处理1小时来进行N-三氟乙酰化,浓缩并进行硅胶上的柱色谱(CHCl3-MeOH, 15:1)以得到作为白色泡沫的产物4(163 mg, 77%), R f 0.45 (CH3Cl-MeOH, 10:1)。将产物4进行氢解(200 mg Pd/C, 10 mlMeOH, 2小时),过滤,N-脱氟乙酰化(5% Et3N/ H2O, 3小时)并浓缩。Dowex 50X4-400 (H+)上的阳离子交换色谱(用5%氨水洗脱)得到作为白色泡沫的产物5 (90 mg, 98%)。
1Н NMR (D2O, 特征性信号), δ, ppm:1.94–1.98 (m, 2H, CCH 2C), 2.07 (s,3H, NHC(O)CH 3), 3.11 (m, J 6.92, 2H, NCH 2), 4.54和4.56 (2d, 2H, J 1,2 8.06, J 1,27.87, H-1I和H-1II), 5.16 (d, 1H, J 1,2 3.87, H-1III)。R f 0.3 (EtOH–BuOH–Py–H2O–AcOH; 100:10:10:10:3)。
方案I
{[2-(2-叔丁氧基羰基氨基-乙酰基氨基)-乙酰基]-甲氧基羰基甲基-氨基}-乙酸
甲酯(8)的制备(方案II)
将N-甲基吗啉(11.0 ml, 0.1 mol)添加至Boc-甘氨酰-甘氨酸(23.2 g, 0.1mol)于150 ml二氯甲烷中的搅拌悬浮液中,将溶液冷却至-15℃,并添加氯甲酸异丁酯(13.64 g, 0.1 mol),持续10分钟;
然后将1-羟基苯并三唑和(甲氧基羰基甲基氨基)-乙酸甲酯(7) (16.1 g, 0.1mol)于50 ml DMF中的溶液在相同温度下添加至反应混合物中。将所得混合物在0℃下搅拌30分钟,然后在环境温度下搅拌2小时并蒸发至干燥。将残余物溶解于200 ml二氯甲烷中并用100 ml 0.5 M HCl和200 ml 2% NaHCO3水溶液洗涤。溶剂在真空中蒸发,并将残余物用硅胶上的柱色谱(3% MeOH/CHCl3)纯化,以得到作为无色玻璃状物的纯目标化合物(34.08g, 91%)。TLC: Rf = 0.40 (5% MeOH/CHCl3), R f =0.49 (7:1 (v/v) 氯仿/甲醇)。
1H NMR (500 MHz, [D6]DMSO, 30 ºC) δ, ppm:7.826 (t, J=5.1 Hz, 1H;NHCO), 6.979 (t, J=5.9 Hz, 1H; NHCOO), 4.348和4.095 (s, 2H; NCH 2COO), 3.969(d, J=5.1 Hz, 2H; COCH 2NH), 3.689和3.621 (s, 3H; OCH 3), 3.559 (d, J=5.9 Hz,2H; COCH 2NHCOO), 1.380 (s, 9H; C(CH3)3)。R f 0.49 (7:1 (v/v) 氯仿/甲醇)。
{[2-(2-叔丁氧基羰基氨基-乙酰基氨基)-乙酰基]-甲氧基羰基甲基-氨基}-乙酸
(9)的制备(方案II)
将0.2 M NaOH水溶液(325 ml)添加至{[2-(2-叔丁氧基羰基氨基-乙酰基氨基)-乙酰基]-甲氧基羰基甲基-氨基}-乙酸甲酯(8)(24.42 g, 65.12 mmol)于甲醇(325 ml)中的搅拌溶液中,将反应混合物在环境温度下保持15分钟,用乙酸(5 ml)酸化并蒸发至干燥。残余物在硅胶(甲醇 - 乙酸乙酯1:1)上进行柱色谱,得到作为Na-盐的目标化合物(20.44g),将其溶于甲醇/水/吡啶混合物(20:10:1, 350ml)中,并通过离子交换柱(Dowex 50X4-400,吡啶形式,300 ml)以除去Na阳离子。用相同的混合物洗涤柱,蒸发洗脱液并在真空中干燥,以得到作为白色固体的纯目标化合物(20.15 g, 86%)。TLC: Rf= 0.47 (iPrOH/乙酸乙酯/水 4:3:1)。
1H NMR (500 MHz, [D6]DMSO, 30 ºC), N-羧甲基甘氨酸单元的顺式和反式构象异构体的混合物c.3:1。主要构象异构体; δ, ppm:7.717 (t, J=5 Hz, 1H; NHCO), 7.024(t, J=5.9 Hz, 1H; N H COO), 4.051 (s, 2H; NCH 2COOCH3), 3.928 (d, J=5 Hz, 2H;COC H 2NH), 3.786 (s, 2H; NCH 2COOH), 3.616 (s, 3H; OCH 3), 3.563 (d, J=5.9 Hz,2H; COC H 2NHCOO), 1.381 (s, 9H; C(CH3)3) ppm; 次要构象异构体, δ = 7.766 (t, J=5Hz, 1H; NHCO), 7.015 (t, J=5.9 Hz, 1H; N H COO), 4.288 (s, 2H; NCH 2COOCH3),3.928 (d, J=5 Hz, 2H; COC H 2NH), 3.858 (s, 2H; NCH 2COOH), 3.676 (s, 3H; OCH 3),3.563 (d, J=5.9 Hz, 2H; COC H 2NHCOO), 1.381 (s, 9H; C(CH3)3)。R f 0.47 (4:3:1 (v/v/v) i-PrOH/乙酸乙酯/水)。
{[2-(2-叔丁氧基羰基氨基-乙酰基氨基)-乙酰基]-甲氧基羰基甲基-氨基}-乙酸
N-氧基琥珀酰亚胺酯(Boc-Gly
2
(MCM)GlyOSu)(10)的制备(方案II)
将N,N’-二环己基碳二亚胺(14.03 g, 68.10 mmol)添加至{[2-(2-叔丁氧基羰基氨基-乙酰基氨基)-乙酰基]-甲氧基羰基甲基-氨基}-乙酸(26.40 g, 73.13 mmol)和N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺(8.70 g, 75.65 mmol)于DMF (210 ml)中的冰冷却的搅拌溶液中。将混合物在0℃下搅拌30分钟,然后在环境温度搅拌2小时。将沉淀的N,N’-二环己基脲滤出,用DMF(80 ml)洗涤。将滤液和洗涤液浓缩并将残余物与Et2O (500 ml)一起搅拌1小时。将乙醚萃取物倾析并将残余物浓缩,以得到作为白色泡沫的目标化合物(32.57 g, 97%)。TLC: Rf =0.71 (丙酮/乙酸 40:1)。
1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO[D6], 30 ºC),N-羧甲基甘氨酸单元的顺式和反式构象异构体的混合物c. 3:2。
主要构象异构体; δ, ppm:7.896 (t, J=5.1 Hz, 1H; NHCO), 6.972 (t, J=5.9Hz, 1H; NHCOO), 4.533 (s, 2H; NCH 2COON), 4.399 (s, 2H; NCH 2COOCH3), 3.997 (d,J=5.1 Hz, 2H; COCH 2NH), 3.695 (s, 3H; OCH 3), 3.566 (d, J=5.9 Hz, 2H;COCH 2NHCOO), 1.380 (s, 9H; C(CH3)3)。
次要构象异构体; δ, ppm: 7.882 (t, J=5.1 Hz, 1H; NHCO), 6.963 (t, J=5.9 Hz, 1H; NHCOO), 4.924 (s, 2H; NCH 2COON), 4.133 (s, 2H; NCH 2COOCH3), 4.034(d, J=5.1 Hz, 2H; COCH 2NH), 3.632 (s, 3H; OCH 3), 3.572 (d, J=5.9 Hz, 2H;COCH 2NHCOO), 1.380 (s, 9H; C(CH3)3)。
R f 0.71 (40:1 (v/v) 丙酮/乙酸)。
方案II
CMG(2) 二胺 (16)的制备(方案III和IV)
将乙二胺 (11) (808 mg, 13.47 mmol)和Et3N (1.87 ml, 13.5 mmol)于DMSO(5 ml)中的溶液添加至Boc-Gly2-(MCM)Gly-OSu (10) (15.42 g, 33.68 mmol)于DMSO(50 ml)中的搅拌溶液中。将反应混合物在环境温度下搅拌30分钟并用乙酸(1.2 ml)酸化,然后用Sephadex LH-20柱(柱体积1200 ml,洗脱液-MeOH/水 2:1 + 0.2% AcOH)分级分离。将含有化合物Boc2MCMG (12)的级分合并,蒸发溶剂并将残余物在真空中浓缩。另外通过使用2-丙醇/乙酸乙酯/水(2:6:1)作为洗脱液的硅胶柱色谱来纯化产物。将含有纯Boc2MCMG(12)的级分合并,蒸发溶剂并将残余物在真空中干燥,以得到作为无色泡沫的目标Boc2MCMG (12) (8.41 g, 84 %)。TLC: Rf= 0.48 (iPrOH/乙酸乙酯/水 2:3:1)。
1H NMR (500 MHz, [D6]DMSO, 30℃), 构象异构体的混合物 ~3:2: 8.166,8.125, 7.917和7.895 (m, 总共2H; 2 CONHCH2), 7.793 (m, 2H; NHCH2CH2NH), 7.001(br. t, 2H; 2 NHCOO), 4.277-3.893 (总共12H; 2 CH2COO, 4 NCH2CO), 3.690和3.635(s, 总共6H; 2 COOCH3), 3.567 (d, J=5.8 Hz, 4H; 2 CH 2NHCOO), 3.131 (m, 4H;NHCH 2CH 2NH), 1.379 (s, 18H; 2 C(CH3)3) ppm.
MS, m/z: 769 [M+Na], 785 [M+K]。
将三氟乙酸(25 ml)添加至Boc2MCMG (12) (4.88 g, 6.535 mmol)于二氯甲烷(25 ml)中的搅拌溶液中,并将该溶液在环境温度下保持1小时。然后将反应混合物浓缩并将残余物用无水MeOH (50 ml)蒸发三次,然后将残余物用Et2O (100 ml)萃取三次以除去痕量的三氟乙酸。将所得沉淀物(作为白色固体)干燥,以得到5.06 g (~100 %)作为双-三氟乙酸盐的MCMG (13)。TLC: Rf= 0.23 (乙醇/水/吡啶/乙酸 5:1:1:1)。
1H NMR (500 MHz, D2O, 30℃), 构象异构体的混合物 ~5:4: 4.400-4.098 (总共12H; 2 CH2COO, 4 NCH2CO), 3.917 (s, 4H; 2 COCH 2NH2), 3.829和3.781 (s, 总共6H; 2 COOCH3), 3.394 (m, 4H; NHCH 2CH 2NH) ppm。
MS, m/z: 547 [M+H], 569 [M+Na], 585 [M+K]。
将Boc-Gly2-(MCM)Gly-OSu (10)(7.79 g, 16.994 mmol)于DMSO (17 ml)和Et3N(2.83 ml, 20.4 mmol)中的溶液添加至MCMG (13)(5.06 g, 6.796 mmol)于DMSO (13 ml)中的搅拌溶液中。将反应混合物在环境温度下搅拌2小时之后用乙酸(4.0 ml)酸化,并用Sephadex LH-20柱色谱(柱体积1200 ml,洗脱液-MeOH/水 2:1 + 0.2% AcOH)分级分离。将含有纯Boc2MCMG (14)的级分合并,蒸发溶剂并将残余物在真空中干燥,以得到作为无色泡沫的目标Boc2MCMG (14) (8.14 g, 97 %)。TLC: Rf= 0.25 (iPrOH/乙酸乙酯/水 2:3:1)。
1H NMR (500 MHz, [D6]DMSO, 30℃), 构象异构体的混合物: 8.393-7.887 (总共6H; 6 CONHCH2), 7.775 (m, 2H; NHCH2CH2NH), 6.996 (br. t, 2H; 2 NHCOO),4.299-3.730 (总共28H; 4 CH2COO, 10 NCH2CO), 3.691和3.633 (s, 总共12H; 4COOCH3), 3.564 (d, J=5.8 Hz, 4H; 2 CH 2NHCOO), 3.129 (m, 4H; NHCH 2CH 2NH), 1.380(s, 18H; 2 C(CH3)3) ppm。
MS, m/z: 1256 [M+Na], 1271 [M+K]。
将Boc2MCMG (14) (606 mg, 0.491 mmol)溶解于CF3COOH (2 ml)中,并将溶液在室温下保持30分钟。在真空中蒸发三氟乙酸,并将残余物用Et2O萃取三次(用25ml Et2O研磨,随后过滤)以除去残余的CF3COOH,并将获得的白色粉末在真空中干燥。将粉末溶解于4mL水中,然后冷冻干燥。MCMG (15)(TFA盐)的产率估计为定量的(由于水合物的稳定性,实际重量比理论值大~ 10%)。TLC: Rf = 0.21 (乙醇/水/吡啶/乙酸 5:1:1:1)。
1H NMR (500 MHz, [D2]H2O, 30℃), 构象异构体的混合物: 4.430-4.014 (总共28H; 4 CH2COO, 10 NCH2CO), 3.911 (s, 4H; 2 COCH 2NH2), 3.823和3.772 (s, 总共12H; 4 COOCH3), 3.386 (m, 4H; NHCH 2CH 2NH) ppm。
MS, m/z: 1034 [M+H], 1056 [M+Na]。
向MCMG (15) (~0.49 mmol)于水 (20 mL)中的溶液中添加Et3N (0.5 mL),并将溶液在室温下保持15小时。将反应混合物蒸发至干燥,并将残余物在Sephadex LH-20柱上脱盐(两种方法):
方法A。将残余物溶解于水(3 ml)中并将溶液在Sephadex LH-20柱(柱体积250mL,洗脱液-MeOH /水 1:1 + 0.05 M吡啶乙酸盐)上脱盐。将含有被盐污染的CMG (16)的级分分别合并,蒸发并将残余物再次脱盐。将含有纯CMG (16)的合并级分蒸发至~4 ml体积并冷冻干燥。CMG (16)(内盐)的产率为431 mg (90%)。
方法B。将残余物溶解于水(3 ml)中,并将溶液在Sephadex LH-20柱(柱体积250mL,洗脱液-MeOH /水 1:1 + 1% 浓氨水)上脱盐。将含有纯CMG (16)的级分蒸发至~4 ml体积并冷冻干燥。将残余物(CMG (16)的氨盐)溶解于iPrOH/水1:1混合物(10 mL)中,添加Et3N(0.2 mL),并将溶液蒸发至干燥。将该步骤重复两次;将残余物溶解于4 mL水中并冷冻干燥。CMG (16)的二-Et3N盐的产率为549 mg (95%)。
TLC: Rf = 0.50 (iPrOH/MeOH/乙腈/水 4:3:3:4 + 3% 浓氨水),或Rf = 0.43(iPrOH/EtOH/MeOH/水 1:1:1:1, 0.75M NH3)。
CMG (16)内盐(500 MHz, [D2]H2O, 30℃)的1H NMR,构象异构体的混合物:4.328-4.006 (总计 28H; 4 CH2COO, 10 NCH2CO), 3.907 (s, 4H; 2 COCH 2NH2), 3.381 (m,4H; NHCH 2CH 2NH) ppm。
MS, m/z: 977 [M+H], 999 [M+Na], 1015 [M+K]。
H
2
N-CMG(16)-DOPE (20)的制备(方案V)
向CMG (16) (425 mg, 0.435 mmol内盐)于i-PrOH/水混合物(i-PrOH/水 3:2,10 mL)中的强烈搅拌的溶液中添加NaHCO3的1 M水溶液(0.435 mL, 0.435 mmol),然后添加DOPE-Ad-OSu (16) (211 mg, 0.218 mmol)于二氯乙烷(0.4 mL)中的溶液。将反应混合物搅拌2小时,且然后用0.2 mL AcOH酸化,并在35℃下蒸发至最小体积。将固体残余物在真空中干燥(固体泡沫),且然后用CHCl3/MeOH混合物(CHCl3/MeOH 4:1,用10 mL几次,TLC对照)彻底萃取。萃取的残余物由未反应的CMG(2)和盐组成(根据CMG (16)合成中所述的步骤,通过在硅胶上色谱之后将合并的残余物和级分脱盐来回收约50%的CMG (16))。将合并的CHCl3/MeOH萃取物(CMG (16)-Ad-DOPE 胺、DOPE-Ad- CMG (16)-Ad-DOPE、N-氧基琥珀酰亚胺和一些CMG (16)的溶液)在真空中蒸发并干燥。将获得的混合物在硅胶柱(2.8 x 33cm,~ 200 mL硅胶,在CHCl3/MeOH 5:1中)上分离。将混合物在MeOH/CHCl3/水混合物(MeOH/CHCl3/水 6:3:1 + 0.5%吡啶)中置于柱上,并将组分以逐步三元梯度洗脱:MeOH/CHCl3/水组合物从6:3:1至6:2:1,然后至6:2:2(所有都含有0.5%吡啶)。首先洗脱DOPE-Ad-CMG(16)-Ad-DOPE (Rf = 0.75, MeOH/CHCl3/水 3:1:1),随后洗脱期望的DOPE-Ad-CMG(16)胺(Rf = 0.63, MeOH/CHCl3/水 3:1:1),最后洗脱CMG (16) (Rf = 0.31, MeOH/CHCl3/水3:1:1)。将含有纯CMG(16)-Ad-DOPE胺(20)的级分合并并蒸发至干燥。为了除去任何低分子量杂质和溶解的硅胶,将残余物溶解于iPrOH/水1:2混合物(2 mL)中,并通过Sephadex LH-20柱(柱体积130mL,洗脱液 - iPrOH/水1:2 + 0.25%吡啶)。将含有纯CMG(16)-Ad-DOPE胺(20)的级分合并并蒸发(添加~ 20% 2-丙醇以防止起泡)至干燥,将残余物溶解于水(~4mL)中并冷冻干燥。CMG(16)-Ad-DOPE胺(20)的产率为270 mg(在DOPE-Ad-OSu上为68%或在CMG (16)上为34%)。
1H NMR (500 MHz, [D2]H2O/[D4]CH3OH 2:1, 30℃): 5.505 (m, 4H; 2 CH2CH=CHCH2), 5.476 (m, 1H; OCH2CHCH2O), 4.626 (dd, Jgem=11.6 Hz, 1H; OCHCHCH2O),4.461-4.084 (总共37H; 4 CH2COO, 11 NCH2CO, OCHCHCH 2O, OCH2CH2N), 4.002 (s, 2H;COCH 2NH2), 3.573 (m, 4H; NHCH 2CH 2NH), 2.536-2.463 (m, 总共8H; 4 CH2CO), 2.197(m, 8H; 2 CH 2CH=CHCH 2), 1.807 (m, 8H; 4 CH 2CH2CO), 1.480 (m, 40H; 20 CH2),1.063 (~t, J≈6 Hz, 6H; 2 CH3) ppm。
MS, m/z: 1831 [M+H]。
Galili-CMG(2)-DOPE(22)的制备(方案VI)
向化合物21(66mg,0.079mmol)于干燥DMSO(6mL)中的搅拌溶液中以3份添 加15μlEt3N和粉末状H2N-CMG(2)-DOPE(20)(95mg,0.0495mmol)。将混合物 在室温下搅拌24小时,然后进行柱色谱(Sephadex LH-20,i-PrOH–H2O,1:2,0.5v% Py,0.25v%AcOH),以得到Py盐形式的粗制化合物22;将化合物从水中冷冻干 燥两次,然后再次溶解于10ml水中,添加NaHCO3水溶液(50mM)至pH 6.5, 用于获得钠盐形式的化合物22,并将该溶液进行冷冻干燥。化合物22(Na-盐)的 产率为114mg(86%,基于NH2-CMG2-DE),Rf0.6(i-PrOH–MeOH–MeCN–H2O,4:3:6:4)。1НNMR(700MHz,D2O-CD3OD,1:1(v/v),40℃;选择的信号) δ,ppm:1.05(t,J7.03Hz,6H;2CH 3),1.40-1.58(m,40H;20CH 2),1.73-1.87(m, 12H;2×-COCH2CH 2CH 2CH2CO和2×-COCH2CH 2-),1.90-1.99(m,2H; OCH2CH 2CH2N),2.15-2.25(m,11H;2×-CH 2CH=CHCH 2-,NHC(O)CH 3), 2.39-2.59(2m,总共12H,2×-COCH2CH 2CH 2CH2CO-和2×-COCH2CH 2-)4.63 (dd,1H,J 2.51,J 12.20,C(O)OCHHCHOCH2O-),4.67和4.69(2d×1H,J1,27.81, J1,27.95,H-1I,H-1II),5.30(d,1H,J1,23.88,H-1III),5.42-5.46(m,1H, -OCH2-CHO-CH2O-),5.49–5.59(m,4H,2×-CH=CH-);MALDI TOF质谱,M/Z: 2567(M+Na);2583(M+K);2589(MNa+Na);2605(MNa+K);2611(MNa2+Na)。
实施例2:式(II)化合物 “Galili-T17 DOPE”的制备
3-三氟乙酰胺基丙基-3,4-二-О-乙酰基-2,6-二-O-苄基-α-D-吡喃半乳糖基-(1
→3)-2,4-二-О-乙酰基-6-O-苄基-β-D-吡喃半乳糖基-(1→4)-2-乙酰胺基-3-О-乙酰
基-6-O-苄基-2-脱氧-β-D-吡喃葡糖苷 (3)的制备(方案I)
根据Pazynina等人(2008) Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry 34(5),625-631的出版物中公开的方法制备糖基受体(3-三氟乙酰胺基丙基)-2-乙酰胺基-3-O-乙酰基-6-O-苄基-2-脱氧-4-O-(2,4-二-O-乙酰基-6-O-苄基-β-D-吡喃半乳糖基)-β-D-吡喃葡糖苷(2)。将糖基受体2 (500 mg, 0.59 mmol)、硫代吡喃半乳糖苷1 (576 mg, 1.18mmol)、NIS (267 mg, 1.18 mmol)、无水CH2Cl2 (25 ml)和分子筛4 Å (500 mg)的混合物在-45℃下在Ar气氛下搅拌30分钟。然后添加TfOH (21 μl, 0.236 mmol)于无水CH2Cl2(0.5 ml)中的溶液。将反应混合物在-45℃下搅拌2小时,然后将温度经4小时增加至-20℃。将混合物在-20℃下保持过夜。然后添加额外量的硫代吡喃半乳糖苷1 (144 mg, 0.295mmol)、NIS (66 mg, 0.295 mmol)和TfOH (5 μl, 0.06 mmol),并在-20℃下维持搅拌2小时,然后使其缓慢温热直至室温(1小时)。然后添加Na2S2O3的饱和水溶液并过滤混合物。将滤液用CHCl3 (300 ml)稀释,用H2O (2 x 100 ml)洗涤,通过经棉绒过滤来干燥,并浓缩。在LH-20 (CHCl3-MeOH)上进行凝胶过滤,得到作为白色泡沫的产物3 (600 mg, 80%)。
1Н NMR (700 MHz, CDCl3, 特征性信号), δ, ppm: 1.78–1.82 (m, 4H, CHCHC,OC(O)CH 3), 1.84-1.90 (m, 1H, CHCHC), 1.91, 1.94, 1.97, 1.98, 2.06 (5 s, 5x3Н, 4 OC(O)CH 3, NH(O)CH 3), 3.23–3.30(m, 1H, NCHH), 3.59–3.65 (m, 1H, NCHH),4.05 (m, 1H, H-2I), 4.33 (d, 1H, J 1,2 7.55, H-1I), 4.40 (d, 1H, J 12.04,PhCHH), 4.42 (d, 1H, J 1,2 8.07, H-1II), 4.45 (d, 1H, J 11.92, PhCHH), 4.48 (d,1H, J 12.00, PhCHH), 4.50 (d, 1H, J 12.00, PhCHH), 4.52 (d, 1H, J 12.04,PhCHH), 4.54 (d, 1H, J 12.00, PhCHH), 4.57 (d, 1H, J 12.00, PhCHH), 4.64(d,1H, J 11.92, PhCHH), 4.99 (dd ≈ t, 1H, J 8.24, H-2II), 5.08–5.13 (m, 2H, H-3I, H-3III), 5.23 (d, 1H, J 1,2 3.31, H-1III), 5.46 (d, 1H, J 3,4 2.25, H-4II), 5.54(d, 1H, J 3,4 3.11, H-4III), 7.20–7.40 (m, 20H, ArH); 7.49–7.54 (m, 1H, NHC(O)CF3)。R f 0.4 (PhCH3–AcOEt, 1:2)。
3-氨基丙基-α-d-吡喃半乳糖基-(1→3)-β-d-吡喃半乳糖基-(1→4)-2-乙酰胺
基-2-脱氧-β-d-吡喃葡糖苷 (5)的制备(方案I)
将产物3 (252 mg, 0.198 mmol)根据Zemplen (8h,40℃)脱乙酰化,用AcOH中和并浓缩。获得的产物的TLC (CH3Cl-MeOH, 10:1)分析显示两个点:具有R f 0.45的主要点,和在起始线上的另一个点(茚三酮阳性点),其指示三氟乙酰基的部分损失。因此,将产物通过用CF3COOMe (0.1 ml)和Et3N (0.01 ml)/MeOH (10 ml)处理1小时来N-三氟乙酰化,浓缩并进行硅胶上的柱色谱(CHCl3-MeOH, 15:1)以得到作为白色泡沫的产物4 (163 mg, 77%),R f 0.45 (CH3Cl-MeOH, 10:1)。将产物4进行氢解(200 mg Pd/C, 10 ml MeOH, 2小时),过滤,N-脱氟乙酰化(5% Et3N/ H2O, 3小时)并浓缩。Dowex 50X4-400 (H+)上的阳离子交换色谱(用5%氨水洗脱)得到作为白色泡沫的产物5 (90 mg, 98%)。
1Н NMR (D2O, 特征性信号), δ, ppm:1.94–1.98 (m, 2H, CCH 2C), 2.07 (s,3H, NHC(O)CH 3), 3.11 (m, J 6.92, 2H, NCH 2), 4.54和4.56 (2d, 2H, J 1,2 8.06, J 1,27.87, H-1I和H-1II), 5.16 (d, 1H, J 1,2 3.87, H-1III)。R f 0.3 (EtOH–BuOH–Py–H2O–AcOH; 100:10:10:10:3)。
方案I
(CF
3
COOH·H-Gly
2
-NHCH
2
)
4
C (9)的制备(方案II)
四胺(H2N-CH2)4C (7)根据Litherland和Mann (1938) The amino-derivatives of pentaerythritol Part I. Preparation Journal of the Chemical Society, 1588-95的出版物中公开的方法合成。向四胺 7 (500 mg, 1.52 mmol)于1M NaHCO3水溶液(18.2ml)和i-PrOH (9 ml)的混合物中的搅拌溶液中添加Boc-GlyGlyNos (6) (4012 mg, 12.18mmol)(CO2释放,起泡)。将反应混合物搅拌30分钟,然后添加6ml 1M NaHCO3水溶液并将混合物搅拌过夜。将(Boc-Gly2-HNCH2)4C (8)的沉淀物过滤,用甲醇/水混合物(1:1, 20ml)充分洗涤并在真空中干燥。产率1470 mg (98%),白色固体。
1H NMR (500 MHz, [D6]DMSO, 30 ºC) δ, ppm: 8.491 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 1H;NHCO),7.784 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 1H; C-CH2-NHCO), 6.858 (t, J=6 Hz, 1H; NHCOO),3.696 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 2H; COCH 2NH), 3.675 (d, J=6 Hz, 2H; COCH 2NHCOO), 2.685 (d,J=6.6 Hz, 2H; C-CH 2NH), 1.375 (s, 9H; C(CH3)3。
将(Boc-Gly2-HNCH2)4C (8) (1450 mg, 1.466 mmol)溶解于CF3COOH (5 ml)中并将溶液在室温下保持2小时。在真空下除去三氟乙酸,并将残余物用(CH3CH2)2O萃取三次(用30 ml (CH3CH2)2O轻微搅动30分钟,然后倾析),以除去残余的CF3COOH。将固体残余物在真空下干燥,溶解于最小体积的水中并通过Sephadex LH-20柱并用水洗脱。将含有产物9的级分合并,蒸发至c. 5 ml并冷冻干燥。产率1424 mg (93%),白色固体。TLC: Rf 0.5 (乙醇/浓NH3; 2:1 (v/v))。
1H NMR (500 MHz, [D2]H2O, 30 ºC) δ, ppm: 4.028 (s, 2H; COCH 2NH), 3.972(s, 2H; COCH 2NH), 2.960 (s, 2H; C-CH 2NH)。
方案II
{[2-(2-叔丁氧基羰基氨基-乙酰基氨基)-乙酰基]-甲氧基羰基甲基-氨基}-乙酸
甲酯(11)的制备(方案III)
向(甲氧基羰基甲基-氨基)-乙酸甲酯盐酸盐(10) (988 mg, 5 mmol)于DMF (15ml)中的搅拌溶液中添加Boc-GlyGlyNos (6) (3293 mg, 10 mmol),并添加(CH3CH2)3N(3475 μL, 25 mmol)。将混合物在室温下搅拌过夜,且然后用邻二甲苯(70 ml)稀释并蒸发。在硅胶上的快速柱色谱(在甲苯中填充,并用乙酸乙酯洗脱)产生粗产物。将粗产物溶解于氯仿中,并依次用水、0.5 M NaHCO3和饱和KCl洗涤。将氯仿萃取液蒸发,并将产物在硅胶柱上纯化(在氯仿中填充,并用15:1 (v/v)氯仿/甲醇洗脱)。级分的蒸发和残余物在真空下的干燥,提供产物11的无色稠浆液。产率1785 mg (95%)。TLC: R f =0.49 (7:1 (v/v) 氯仿/甲醇)。
1H NMR (500 MHz, [D6]DMSO, 30 ºC) δ, ppm:7.826 (t, J=5.1 Hz, 1H;NHCO), 6.979 (t, J=5.9 Hz, 1H; NHCOO), 4.348和4.095 (s, 2H; NCH 2COO), 3.969(d, J=5.1 Hz, 2H; COCH 2NH), 3.689和3.621 (s, 3H; OCH 3), 3.559 (d, J=5.9 Hz,2H; COCH 2NHCOO), 1.380 (s, 9H; C(CH3)3)。
{[2-(2-叔丁氧基羰基氨基-乙酰基氨基)-乙酰基]-甲氧基羰基甲基-氨基}-乙酸
(12)的制备(方案III)
向11 (1760 mg, 4.69 mmol)于甲醇(25 ml)中的搅拌溶液中添加0.2M NaOH水溶液(23.5 ml),并将溶液在室温下保持5分钟。然后将溶液用乙酸(0.6 ml)酸化并蒸发至干燥。残余物在硅胶上的柱色谱(在乙酸乙酯中填充,并用2:3:1 (v/v/v) i-PrOH/乙酸乙酯/水洗脱),产生回收的11 (63 mg, 3.4%)和目标化合物12 (1320 mg)。然后将中间产物溶解于甲醇/水/吡啶混合物(20:10:1, 30 ml)中并通过离子交换柱(Dowex 50X4-400,吡啶形式,5 ml)以除去残余的钠阳离子。然后用相同的溶剂混合物洗涤柱,将洗脱液蒸发,将残余物溶解于氯仿/苯混合物(1:1, 50 ml)中,且然后蒸发并在真空下干燥。产物12的产率为1250 mg (74%),白色固体。TLC: R f 0.47 (4:3:1 (v/v/v) i-PrOH/乙酸乙酯/水)。
1H NMR (500 MHz, [D6]DMSO, 30 ºC),N-羧甲基甘氨酸单元的顺式和反式构象异构体的混合物c.3:1。主要构象异构体; δ, ppm:7.717 (t, J=5 Hz, 1H; NHCO), 7.024(t, J=5.9 Hz, 1H; NHCOO), 4.051 (s, 2H; NCH 2COOCH3), 3.928 (d, J=5 Hz, 2H;COCH 2NH), 3.786 (s, 2H; NCH 2COOH), 3.616 (s, 3H; OCH 3), 3.563 (d, J=5.9 Hz,2H; COCH 2NHCOO), 1.381 (s, 9H; C(CH3)3) ppm; 次要构象异构体, δ = 7.766 (t, J=5Hz, 1H; NHCO), 7.015 (t, J=5.9 Hz, 1H; NHCOO), 4.288 (s, 2H; NCH 2COOCH3),3.928 (d, J=5 Hz, 2H; COCH 2NH), 3.858 (s, 2H; NCH 2COOH), 3.676 (s, 3H; OCH 3),3.563 (d, J=5.9 Hz, 2H; COCH 2NHCOO), 1.381 (s, 9H; C(CH3)3)。
{[2-(2-叔丁氧基羰基氨基-乙酰基氨基)-乙酰基]-甲氧基羰基甲基-氨基}-乙酸
N-氧基琥珀酰亚胺酯(Boc-Gly
2
(MCMGly)Nos) (13)的制备(方案III)
向12 (1200 mg, 3.32 mmol)和N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺(420 mg, 3.65 mmol)于DMF(10 ml)中的冰冷却的搅拌溶液中添加N,N`-二环己基碳二亚胺(754 mg, 3.65 mmol)。将混合物在0℃下搅拌30分钟,然后在室温下搅拌2小时。将N,N`-二环己基脲的沉淀物滤出,用DMF (5 ml)洗涤,并蒸发滤液至最小体积。然后将残余物用(CH3CH2)2O (50 ml)搅动1小时,并通过倾析除去乙醚萃取物。将残余物在真空下干燥,提供作为白色泡沫的酯13 (1400mg, 92%)。TLC: R f 0.71 (40:1 (v/v) 丙酮/乙酸)。
1H NMR (500 MHz, [D6]DMSO, 30 ºC),N-羧甲基甘氨酸单元的顺式和反式构象异构体的混合物c. 3:2。
主要构象异构体; δ, ppm:7.896 (t, J=5.1 Hz, 1H; NHCO), 6.972 (t, J=5.9Hz, 1H; NHCOO), 4.533 (s, 2H; NCH 2COON), 4.399 (s, 2H; NCH 2COOCH3), 3.997 (d,J=5.1 Hz, 2H; COCH 2NH), 3.695 (s, 3H; OCH 3), 3.566 (d, J=5.9 Hz, 2H;COCH 2NHCOO), 1.380 (s, 9H; C(CH3)3)。
次要构象异构体; δ, ppm: 7.882 (t, J=5.1 Hz, 1H; NHCO), 6.963 (t, J=5.9 Hz, 1H; NHCOO), 4.924 (s, 2H; NCH 2COON), 4.133 (s, 2H; NCH 2COOCH3), 4.034(d, J=5.1 Hz, 2H; COCH 2NH), 3.632 (s, 3H; OCH 3), 3.572 (d, J=5.9 Hz, 2H;COCH 2NHCOO), 1.380 (s, 9H; C(CH3)3)。
将酯11 (1380 mg)溶解于DMSO中以提供6 ml的体积并用作0.5 M溶液(储存在-18℃)。
方案III
{CF
3
COOH·H-[Gly
2
(MCMGly)]Gly
2
-NHCH
2
}
4
C (15)的制备(方案IV)
向(CF3COOH·H-Gly2-HNCH2)4C (9) (277 mg, 0.265 mmol)于DMSO (2 ml)中的搅拌溶液中添加酯11 (1.591 mmol, 3.18 ml的DMSO中的0.5 M溶液)和(CH3CH2)3N (295 μL, 2.121 mmol)。将混合物在室温下搅拌过夜,用150 μL AcOH酸化,并在真空下除去溶剂(冷冻干燥)。将残余物用(CH3CH2)2O萃取三次(用20 ml (CH3CH2)2O轻微搅动30分钟,随后倾析)。将固体残余物溶解于最小体积的丙酮中并在硅胶柱上分级分离(在丙酮中填充,并用丙酮、20:2:1 (v/v/v) 丙酮/甲醇/水和15:2:1 (v/v/v) 丙酮/甲醇/水洗脱)。将选择的级分蒸发并将残余物在真空下干燥。纯{Boc-[Gly2(MCMGly)]Gly2-NHCH2}4C (14)的产率为351 mg (68%),白色固体。TLC: R f 0.38 (15:2:1 (v/v/v) 丙酮/甲醇/水)。
1H NMR (500 MHz, [D6]DMSO, 30 ºC),链中的N-羧甲基甘氨酸单元的顺式和反式构象异构体的混合物c. 3:2。
主要构象异构体; δ, ppm:8.593 (t, J=5 Hz, 1H; NHCO), 8.335 (t, J=5.4Hz, 1H; NHCO), 7.821 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 1H; C-CH2-NHCO), 7.786 (t, J=5.1 Hz, 1H;NHCO), 6.993 (t, J=6 Hz, 1H; NHCOO), 4.139 (s, 2H; NCH 2CO), 4.074 (s, 2H;NCH 2COO(CH3)), 3.985 (d, J=5 Hz, 2H; COCH 2NH), 3.887 (d, J=5.4 Hz, 2H;COCH 2NH), 3.726 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 2H; COCH 2NH), 3.634 (s, 3H; OCH 3), 3.567 (d, J=6Hz, 2H; COCH 2NHCOO), 2.686 (宽. d, J=6.4 Hz, 2H; C-CH 2NH), 1.379 (s, 9H; C(CH3)3)。
次要构象异构体; δ, ppm: 8.511 (t, J=5 Hz, 1H; NHCO), 8.158 (t, J=5.4Hz, 1H; NHCO), 7.821 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 1H; C-CH2-NHCO), 7.786 (t, J=5.1 Hz, 1H;NHCO), 6.993 (t, J=6 Hz, 1H; NHCOO), 4.292 (s, 2H; NCH 2CO), 3.998 (s, 2H;NCH 2COOCH3), 3.954 (d, J=5 Hz, 2H; COCH 2NH), 3.826 (d, J=5.4 Hz, 2H; COCH 2NH),3.715 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 2H; COCH 2NH), 3.692 (s, 3H; OCH 3), 3.567 (d, J=6 Hz, 2H;COCH 2NHCOO), 2.686 (宽. d, J=6.4 Hz, 2H; C-CH 2NH), 1.379 (s, 9H; C(CH3)3)。
将{Boc-[Gly2(MCMGly)]Gly2-NHCH2}4C (14) (330 mg, 0.168 mmol)溶解于CF3COOH (2 ml)中并将溶液在室温下保持40分钟。
在真空下蒸发三氟乙酸,将残余物用(CH3CH2)2O萃取三次(用20 ml (CH3CH2)2O轻微搅动30分钟,随后倾析)以除去残余的CF3COOH,且然后在真空下干燥。{CF3COOH·H-[Gly2(MCMGly)]Gly2-NHCH2}4C (15)的产率为337 mg (99%),白色固体。
1H NMR (500 MHz, [D2]H2O, 30 ºC),链中的N-羧甲基甘氨酸单元的顺式和反式构象异构体的混合物c. 11:10。
主要构象异构体; δ, ppm: 4.370 (s, 2H; NCH 2CO), 4.265 (s, 2H;NCH 2COOCH3), 4.215 (s, 2H; COCH 2NH), 4.138 (s, 2H; COCH 2NH), 3.968 (s, 2H;COCH 2NH), 3.919 (s, 2H; COCH 2NH2 +), 3.775 (s, 3H; OCH 3), 2.914 (s, 2H; C-CH 2NH)。
次要构象异构体; δ, ppm:4.431 (s, 2H; NCH 2CO), 4.241 (s, 2H;NCH 2COOCH3), 4.239 (s, 2H; COCH 2NH), 4.074 (s, 2H; COCH 2NH), 3.960 (s, 2H;COCH 2NH), 3.919 (s, 2H; COCH 2NH2 +), 3.829 (s, 3H; OCH 3), 2.914 (s, 2H; C-CH 2NH)。
方案IV
{CF
3
COOH • H-[Gly
2
(MCMGly)]
2
Gly
2
-NHCH
2
}
4
C的制备(方案V)
向(CF3COOH·H-[Gly2(MCMGly)]Gly2-HNCH2)4C (15) (272 mg, 0.135 mmol)于DMSO (2 ml)中的搅拌溶液中添加酯(13) (0.809 mmol, 1.62 ml的DMSO中的0.5 M溶液)和(CH3CH2)3N(112 μL, 0.809 mmol)。将混合物在室温下搅拌过夜,用70 μL AcOH酸化,并在真空下除去溶剂(冷冻干燥)。将残余物用CH3CH2)2O萃取三次(用15 ml (CH3CH2)2O轻微搅动30分钟,随后倾析)。将固体残余物溶解于最小体积的7:1 (v/v)丙酮/甲醇混合物中,并在硅胶柱上分级分离(在丙酮中填充,并用7:1 (v/v) 丙酮/甲醇、10:2:1 (v/v/v)、9:2:1(v/v/v)、8:2:1 (v/v/v) 丙酮/甲醇/水洗脱)。将选择的级分蒸发并将残余物在真空中干燥。纯{Boc-[Gly2(MCMGly)]2Gly2-NHCH2}4C (16)的产率为279 mg (71%),白色固体。TLC:R f 0.42 (8:2:1 (v/v/v) 丙酮/甲醇/水)。
1H NMR (500 MHz, [D6]DMSO, 30 ºC),每条链的两个N-羧甲基-甘氨酸单元的构象异构体的混合物,δ, ppm: 8.604, 8.519, 8.397, 8.388, 8.346, 8.211, 8.200,8.167, 8.034, 8.024, 7.925, 7.912, 7.819和7.773 (t, 6H; 6 NHCO), 6.992 (t, J=5.9 Hz, 1H; NHCOO), 4.302-3.723 (18H; 2 NCH 2CO, 2 NCH 2COOCH3, 5 COCH 2NH),3.692, 3.689和3.632 (s, 6H; 2 OCH 3), 3.566 (d, J=5.9 Hz, 2H; COCH 2NHCOO),2.686 (宽. d, 2H; C-CH 2NH), 1.380 (s, 9H; C(CH3)3)。
将{Boc-[Gly2(MCMGly)]2Gly2-NHCH2}4C (16) (269 mg, 91.65 µmol)溶解于CF3COOH (2 ml)中并将溶液在室温下保持40分钟。在真空下蒸发三氟乙酸,将残余物用(CH3CH2)2O萃取三次(用15 ml (CH3CH2)2O轻微搅动30分钟,随后倾析)以除去残余的CF3COOH,且然后在真空下干燥。{CF3COOH·H-[Gly2(MCMGly)]2Gly2-NHCH2}4C的产率为270mg (98%),白色固体。
1H NMR (500 MHz, [D2]H2O, 30 ºC),每条链的两个N-羧甲基-甘氨酸单元的构象异构体的混合物,δ, ppm: 4.441-3.963 (单峰, 18H; 2 NCH 2CO, 2 NCH 2COOCH3, 5COCH 2NH), 3.920 (s, 2H; COCH 2NH2 +), 3.833, 3.824, 3.780和3.773 (s, 6H; 2 OCH 3),2.918 (s, 2H; C-CH 2NH)。
{CF
3
COOH • H-[Gly
2
(MCMGly)]
3
Gly
2
-NHCH
2
}
4
C的制备(方案V)
向(CF3COOH·H-[Gly2(MCMGly)]2Gly2-HNCH2)4C (175 mg, 58.5 µmol)于DMSO (2ml)中的搅拌溶液中添加酯13 (0.351 mmol, 0.702 ml的DMSO中的0.5 M溶液)和(CH3CH2)3N(49 μL, 0.351 mmol)。将混合物在室温下搅拌过夜,用30 μL AcOH酸化,并在真空下除去溶剂(冷冻干燥)。将残余物溶解于最小体积的1:1 (v/v) 乙腈/水的混合物中,并在Sephadex LH-20柱上分级分离(用1:1 (v/v) 乙腈/水洗脱)。将选择的级分蒸发并将残余物在真空中干燥。纯{Boc-[Gly2(MCMGly)]3Gly2-NHCH2}4C的产率为279 mg (71%),白色固体。TLC: R f 0.42 (8:2:1 (v/v/v) 丙酮/甲醇/水)。将含有{Boc-[Gly2(MCMGly)]3Gly2-NHCH2}4C的级分合并,蒸发至c. 2 ml体积,并冷冻干燥。初始产率为215 mg (94%)。硅胶柱上的额外纯化(在乙腈中填充,并用4:5:2 (v/v/v) i-PrOH/乙腈/水洗脱)产生169 mgBoc-[Gly2(MCMGly)]3Gly2-NHCH2}4C (产率74%,白色固体)。TLC: R f 0.45 (4:5:2 (v/v/v)i-PrOH/乙腈/水)。
1H NMR (500 MHz, [D6]DMSO, 30 ºC),每条链的三个N-羧甲基-甘氨酸单元的构象异构体的混合物,δ, ppm:8.594-7.772 (三重峰,8H一起; 8 NHCO), 6.989 (t, J=5.6Hz, 1H; NHCOO), 4.303-3.722 (26H; 3 NCH 2CO, 3 NCH 2COOCH3, 7 COCH 2NH), 3.692和3.632 (s, 9H; 3 OCH 3), 3.565 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 2H; COCH 2NHCOO), 2.687 (宽. d, 2H;C-CH 2NH), 1.380 (s, 9H; C (CH3)3)。
将{Boc-[Gly2(MCMGly)]3Gly2-NHCH2}4C (146 mg, 37.36 µmol)溶解于CF3COOH(1 ml)中并将溶液在室温下保持40分钟。在真空下蒸发三氟乙酸,将残余物用(CH3CH2)2O萃取三次(用10 ml (CH3CH2)2O轻微搅动30分钟,随后倾析)以除去残余的CF3COOH,且然后在真空下干燥。{CF3COOH·H-[Gly2(MCMGly)]3Gly2-NHCH2}4C的产率为147 mg (99%),白色固体。
1H NMR (500 MHz, [D2]H2O, 30 ºC),每条链的三个N-羧甲基-甘氨酸单元的构象异构体的混合物,δ, ppm: 4.446-3.964 (单峰, 26H; 3 NCH 2CO, 3 NCH 2COOCH3, 7COCH 2NH), 3.924 (s, 2H; COCH 2NH2 +), 3.836, 3.828, 3.824, 3.783, 3.778和3.773(s, 9H; 3 OCH 3), 2.919 (s, 2H; C-CH 2NH)。
{CF
3
COOH • H-[Gly
2
(MCMGly)]
4
Gly
2
-NHCH
2
}
4
C的制备(方案V)
向(CF3COOH·H-Gly2(MCMGly)]3-HNCH2)4C (68 mg, 17.16 µmol)于DMSO (1 ml)中的搅拌溶液中添加酯13 (0.137 mmol, 0.275 ml的DMSO中的0.5 M溶液)和(CH3CH2)3N(14.3 μL, 0.103 mmol)。将混合物在室温下搅拌过夜,用100 μL AcOH酸化,并在真空下除去溶剂(冷冻干燥)。将残余物溶解于最小体积的1:1 (v/v) 乙腈/水(0.25% AcOH)的混合物中,并在Sephadex LH-20柱上分级分离(用1:1 (v/v) 乙腈/水(0.25% AcOH)洗脱)。将含有{Boc-[Gly2(MCMGly)]4Gly2-NHCH2}4C的级分合并,蒸发至c. 2 ml体积,并冷冻干燥。产率为81 mg (96%),白色固体。TLC: R f 0.24 (4:5:2 (v/v/v) i-PrOH/乙腈/水)。
1H NMR (500 MHz, [D6]DMSO, 30 ºC),每条链的四个N-羧甲基-甘氨酸单元的构象异构体的混合物,δ, ppm:8.590-7.773 (三重峰, 10H; 10 NHCO), 6.989 (t, J=5.6Hz, 1H; NHCOO), 4.303-3.722 (34H; 4 NCH 2CO, 4 NCH 2COOCH3, 9 COCH 2NH), 3.691和3.631 (s, 12H; 4 OCH 3), 3.565 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 2H; COCH 2NHCOO), 2.684 (宽. d, 2H;C-CH 2NH), 1.379 (s, 9H; C(CH3)3)。
将{Boc-[Gly2(MCMGly)]4Gly2-NHCH2}4C (74 mg, 15.16 µmol)溶解于CF3COOH (1ml)中并将溶液在室温下保持40分钟。在真空下蒸发三氟乙酸,将残余物用(CH3CH2)2O萃取三次(用10 ml (CH3CH2)2O轻微搅动30分钟,随后倾析)以除去残余的CF3COOH,且然后在真空下干燥。{CF3COOH·H-[Gly2(MCMGly)]4Gly2-NHCH2}4C的产率为72 mg (96%),白色固体。
1H NMR (500 MHz, [D2]H2O, 30 ºC),每条链的四个N-羧甲基-甘氨酸单元的构象异构体的混合物,δ, ppm: 4.446-3.964 (单峰, 34H; 4 NCH 2CO, 4 NCH 2COOCH3, 9COCH 2NH), 3.925 (s, 2H; COCH 2NH2 +), 3.836, 3.829, 3.827, 3.822, 3.783, 3.779,3.777和3.772 (s, 12H; 4 OCH 3), 2.919 (s, 2H; C-CH 2NH)。
{CF
3
COOH • H-[Gly
2
(MCMGly)]
5
Gly
2
-NHCH
2
}
4
C (23)的制备(方案V)
向(CF3COOH·H-Gly2(MCMGly)]4-HNCH2)4C (16.8 mg, 3.403 µmol)于DMSO (1ml)中的搅拌溶液中添加酯13 (27.2 µmol, 63 µl的DMSO中的0.5 M溶液)和(CH3CH2)3N(3µl , 21.6 µmol)。将混合物在室温下搅拌过夜,用100 μL AcOH酸化,并在真空下除去溶剂(冷冻干燥)。将残余物溶解于最小体积的1:1 (v/v) 乙腈/水(0.25% AcOH)的混合物中,并在Sephadex LH-20柱上分级分离(用1:1 (v/v) 乙腈/水(0.25% AcOH)洗脱)。将含有{Boc-[Gly2(MCMGly)]5Gly2-NHCH2}4C (22)的级分合并,蒸发至c. 1 ml体积,并冷冻干燥。产率为19 mg (95%),白色固体。TLC: R f 0.15 (4:3:2 (v/v/v) i-PrOH/乙腈/水)。
1H NMR (500 MHz, [D6]DMSO, 30 ºC),每条链的五个N-羧甲基-甘氨酸单元的构象异构体的混合物,δ, ppm:8.595-7.772 (三重峰, 12H; 12 NHCO), 6.989 (t, J=5.6Hz, 1H; NHCOO), 4.303-3.723 (42H; 5 NCH 2CO, 5 NCH 2COOCH3, 11 COCH 2NH), 3.692和3.631 (s, 15H; 5 OCH 3), 3.565 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 2H; COCH 2NHCOO), 2.686 (宽. d, 2H;C-CH 2NH), 1.380 (s, 9H; C(CH3)3)。
将{Boc-[Gly2(MCMGly)]5Gly2-NHCH2}4C (22) (19 mg, 3.25 µmol)溶解于CF3COOH (0.5 ml)中并将溶液在室温下保持40分钟。在真空下蒸发三氟乙酸,将残余物用(CH3CH2)2O萃取三次(用5 ml (CH3CH2)2O轻微搅动30分钟,随后倾析)以除去残余的CF3COOH,且然后在真空下干燥。{CF3COOH·H-[Gly2(MCMGly)]5Gly2-NHCH2}4C (23)的产率为20 mg (99%),白色固体。
1H NMR (500 MHz, [D2]H2O, 30 ºC),每条链的五个N-羧甲基-甘氨酸单元的构象异构体的混合物,δ, ppm: 4.446-3.965 (单峰, 42H; 5 NCH 2CO, 5 NCH 2COOCH3, 11COCH 2NH), 3.924 (s, 2H; COCH 2NH2 +), 3.835, 3.829, 3.827, 3.825, 3.823, 3.783,3.779, 3.777和3.773 (s, 15H; 5 OCH 3), 2.919 (s, 2H; C-CH 2NH)。
[CF
3
COOH • H-(Gly
2
CMGly)
5
Gly
2
-NHCH
2
]
4
C, Et
3
N-盐(24)的制备(方案V)
向产物23 (463 mg, 0.07835 mmol)于水(26 mL)中的溶液中添加Et3N (523 μL,3.761 mmol),并将溶液在室温下保持18小时。在蒸发之后,将残余物在真空中冷冻干燥。产物24的产率为587 mg (98%),白色固体。TLC: R f 0.39 (1:2:1 (v/v/v) CHCl3/MeOH/水)。
1H NMR (600 MHz, [D2]H2O, 30 ºC) δ, ppm: 4.309-3.919 (176 H; 20NCH 2CO, 20 NCH 2COOH, 48 COCH 2NH), 3.226 (q, 120 H, J = 7.3 Hz; 60 NCH 2CH3),2.964 (宽.s, 8 H; 4 C-CH 2NH), 1.305 (t, 180 H, J = 7.3 Hz; 60 NCH2CH 3)。
MALDI TOF质谱, M/Z: 5174, M+H; 5196, M+Na。
方案V
活化的1,2-O-二油酰基-sn-甘油基-3-磷脂酰乙醇胺 (DE-Ad-OSu)(27)的制备 (方案VI)
向己二酸双(N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺基)酯(25) (70 mg, 205 μmol)于干燥N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(1.5 ml)中的溶液中添加1,2-O-二油酰基-sn-甘油基-3-磷脂酰乙醇胺(7) (40μmol)/氯仿(1.5 ml),随后添加三乙胺(7μl)。将混合物在室温下保持2小时,然后用乙酸中和并在真空下部分浓缩。残余物的柱色谱(Sephadex LH-20,1:1氯仿-甲醇,0.2%乙酸)得到作为无色糖浆的产物27 (37 mg, 95%)。
方案VI
1H NMR (CDCl3/CD3OD, 2:1) 5.5 (m, 4H, 2×(-CH=CH-), 5.39(m, 1H, -OCH2-CHO-CH2O-), 4.58 (dd, 1H, J=3.67, J=11.98, -CCOOHCH-CHO-CH2O-), 4.34 (dd, 1H,J=6.61, J=11.98, -CCOOHCH-CHO-CH2O-), 4.26 (m, 2H, PO-CH2 -CH2-NH2), 4.18 (m,2H, -CH2 -OP), 3,62 (m, 2H, PO-CH2-CH2 -NH2), 3.00 (s, 4H, ONSuc), 2.8 (m, 2H, -CH2 -CO (Ad), 2.50 (m, 4H, 2×(-CH2 -CO), 2.42 (m, 2H, -CH2 -CO (Ad), 2.17 (m,8H, 2×(-CH2 -CH=CH-CH2 -), 1.93 (m, 4H, COCH2CH2 CH2 CH2CO), 1.78 (m, 4H, 2×(COCH2CH2 -), 1,43, 1.47 (2 bs, 40H, 20 CH2), 1.04 (m, 6H, 2 CH3)。Rf 0.5 (氯仿-甲醇-水, 6:3:0.5。
[H-(Gly
2
CMGly)
5
Gly
2
-NHCH
2
]
3
[DE-CO(CH
2
)
4
CO-(Gly
2
CMGly)
5
Gly
2
-NHCH
2
]C, Na,
Et
3
N-盐(28)的制备(方案VI)
向产物24 (522 mg, 0.06821 mmol)于水/2-丙醇混合物(16 mL, 2:3)中的搅拌溶液中添加1M NaHCO3 (547 μL, 0.547 mmol)和DE-Ad-OSu (27) (66.1 mg, 0.06821mmol)于二氯乙烷(368 μL)中的溶液,并将该溶液在室温下搅拌1.5小时。在用AcOH (94 μL)酸化之后,将溶液蒸发并将残余物在真空中干燥。将干燥的混合物溶解于3 mL水/ MeOH(15:1)中并置于C18反相柱上(~45 mL相,用75% MeOH洗涤,然后用水/MeOH 15:1洗涤)。将物质用水/MeOH (15:1 – 50 mL; 9:1 – 50 mL; 7.5:2.5 – 50 mL; 1:1 – 50 mL; 2.5:7.5 – 100 mL)依次洗脱。将未反应的24用水/ MeOH 15:1(通过NMR数据的Na盐,116 mg,30.8%回收率)和用水/MeOH 9:1(通过NMR数据的Et3N盐,63 mg,回收率13.6%)洗脱。目标(H-CMG5)3C(CMG5-Ad-DE) (28)用水/MeOH 1:1洗脱;
纯的冷冻干燥的产物28的产率为135 mg(对于(24),25.5%),白色固体。TLC (1:2:1 (v/v/v) MeOH/乙酸乙酯/水): 24 Rf 0.06; 28 Rf 0.17。
(H-CMG5)3C(CMG5-Ad-DE) Na1(Et3N)20 (28): 1H NMR (700 MHz, [D2]H2O/[D4]CH3OH 2:1 (v/v), 30 ºC) δ, ppm: 5.561 (m, 4 H; DE的2个顺式CH=CH), 5.454 (m, 1H; DE的OCH2-CH(OCO)CH2O), 4.629 (dd, 1 H, J = 12.3 Hz / 2 Hz; DE的OCH2-CH(OCO)CHOCO), 4.462-4.057 (181 H; 20 NCH 2CO, 20 NCH 2COOH, 48 COCH 2NH, DE的OCH 2-CH(OCO)CHOCO,DE的OCH 2CH2NH), 3.597 (t, 2 H, J= 5 Hz; DE的OCH2CH 2NH), 3.226 (q,102 H, J = 7.3 Hz; 51 NCH 2CH3), 3.099 (宽.s, 8 H; 4 C-CH 2NH), 2.557, 2.532,2.522和2.456 (三重峰, 总共8 H; 4 CO-CH 2CH2), 2.203 (~dd, 8 H, J = 12 Hz / 5.8Hz; DE的2 CH 2-CH=CH-CH 2), 1.807和1.783 (多重峰, 8 H; 4 CO-CH2CH 2), 1.526和1.475 (重叠的m和t, 总共193 H; m, DE的20 CH2; t, J = 7.3 Hz, 51 NCH2CH 3), 1.063(t, 6 H, J = 7 Hz; DE的2 CH3)。
MALDI TOF质谱, M/Z: 6028, M+H; 6050, M+Na。
方案VII
Galili-T-17-DE (30)的制备(方案VII)
在1.5小时期间将化合物28 (4.3 mg, 5 µmol)和Et3N (0.5 µl)/H2O (0.75 ml)以3份添加至化合物29 (5 mg, 6 µmol)于干燥DMSO (0.3 mL)中的搅拌溶液中。将混合物在室温下搅拌24小时,然后进行柱色谱(Sephadex LH-20, MeOH–H2O, 3:7),以得到粗产物30。将产物从水中冷冻干燥,将残余物溶解于3 ml水中,将NaHCO3水溶液(10 mM)添加至pH6.5并将该溶液冷冻干燥,以提供3.7 mg作为Na-盐的化合物30。
1H NMR (700 MHz, D2O/CD3OD, 2:1 (v/v), 选择的化学位移) δ, ppm: 1.06(t, J 7.03 Hz, DE的CH3 ), 1.28-1.61 (m, DE的CH2 ), 1.71-1.88 (m, -COCH2CH 2CH 2CH2CO和-COCH2CH 2-), 1.90-1.99 (m, OCH2CH 2CH2N), 2.13-2.27 (m, -CH 2CH=CHCH 2-, NHC(O)CH 3 ), 2.35-2.58 (m, COCH2CH 2CH 2CH2CO-和-COCH2CH 2-), 2.93-3.24(宽.s, 8 H; 4 C-CH 2NH), 4.63 (dd, J 2.49, J 12.32, C(O)OCHHCHOCH2O-), 4.67和4.70 (2d, J1,2 7.81, J1,2 7.95, H-1I, H-1II), 5.30 (d, J1,2 3.92, H-1III), 5.42-5.47 (m, -OCH2-CHO-CH2O-), 5.52–5.58 (m, 4H, 2×-CH=CH-)。MALDI TOF质谱, M/Z:8188 (M+Na); 8204 (M+K); 8226 (MNa+K)。
实施例3:式(III)化合物“GalNAc-Gal-GlcNAc-Ad-DOPE”的制备
3-氨基丙基 2-乙酰胺基-2-脱氧-α-D-吡喃半乳糖基-(1→3)-β-D-吡喃半乳糖
基-(1→4)-2-乙酰胺基-2-脱氧-β-D-吡喃葡糖苷 (5)的制备(方案I)
根据Paulsen等人(1978) Darstellung selektiv blockierter 2-azido-2- desoxy- d -gluco-und- d -galactophyranosylhalogenide:Reaktivität und 13 C-NMR- Spektren Carbohydrate Research, 64, 339-364的出版物中公开的方法制备糖基氯化物3,4,6-三-O-乙酰基-2-叠氮基-2-脱氧(desoxy)-β-D-吡喃半乳糖基氯化物(1)。根据Pazynina等人(2008) Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry 34(5), 625-631的出版物中公开的方法制备糖基受体(3-三氟乙酰胺基丙基)-2-乙酰胺基-3-O-乙酰基-6-O-苄基-2-脱氧-4-O-(2,4-二-O-乙酰基-6-O-苄基-β-D-吡喃半乳糖基)-β-D-吡喃葡糖苷(2)。
将糖基受体(420 mg, 0.5 mmol)、三氟甲磺酸银(257 mg, 1.0 mmol)、四甲基脲(120 μl, 1.0 mmol)和新煅烧的4 Å分子筛于干燥二氯甲烷(20 ml)中的溶液在室温下在黑暗中搅拌30分钟。添加另一部分的4Å分子筛,并添加糖基氯化物(350 mg, 1.0 mmol)于无水二氯甲烷(3 ml)中的溶液。将混合物在室温下搅拌20小时。将树脂过滤并用甲醇(4 ×10 ml)洗涤,然后蒸发溶剂。在硅胶上的色谱(用5-7%异丙醇/氯仿洗脱),得到407 mg(70%)作为端基异构体混合物的产物3(α/β= 3.0,如通过1H-NMR光谱法测定)。
将产物3 (407 mg, 0.352 mmol)于甲醇(30 ml)中的溶液在400 mg 10% Pd/C上进行氢解16小时。然后将树脂滤出,用甲醇(4 × 10 ml)洗涤并将产物在真空中浓缩。将干燥的残余物在20℃下用2:1吡啶-乙酸酐混合物(6 ml)乙酰化16小时,将试剂与甲苯共蒸发。在硅胶上的两个色谱步骤(用10%异丙醇/乙酸乙酯和5-10%甲醇/氯仿洗脱)产生160mg (42%)产物4和39 mg (10%)产物4β。
将2M甲醇钠于甲醇(200μl)中的溶液添加至产物4 (160 mg, 0.149 mmol)于无水甲醇(4 ml)中的溶液中。在1小时之后蒸发溶液,添加4 ml水并将溶液保持16小时,然后在Dowex-H+柱上进行色谱分离(用1M氨洗脱)。将洗脱液蒸发,冷冻干燥以得到87.2 mg (91%)3-氨基丙基三糖(5)。
在Bruker BioSpin GmbH光谱仪上在303K下记录1H NMR谱。使用HOD (4.750),CHCl3 (δ 7.270)作为参照以ppm提供特征性质子的化学位移(δ)。耦合常数(J)以Hz提供。使用自旋-自旋解耦(双共振)和2D-1H,1H-COSY实验的技术来确定1H NMR谱中的信号。
在数字旋光计Perkin Elmer 341上在25℃下测量旋光度的值。
在MALDI-TOF Vision-2000光谱仪上使用二羟基苯甲酸作为基质记录质谱。
4: 1H-NMR (700 MHz, CDCl3): 1.759–1.834 (m, 1H, CH sp); 1.853–1.927(m, 1H, CH sp); 1.972, 1.986, 1.996, 2.046, 2.053, 2.087, 2.106, 2.115,2.130, 2.224 (10s, 10×3H, COCH 3); 3.222-3.276 (m, 1H, NCH sp); 3.544-3.583(m, 1H, OCH sp); 3.591–3.661 (m, 2H, NCH sp, H-5a); 3.764 (dd ≈ t, 1H, H-4a,J 8.8); 3.787 (dd, 1H, H-3b, J 3,4 3.7, J 2,3 9.9); 3.836 (br. t, 1H, H-5b, J7.3); 3.882-3.920 (m, 1H, OCH sp); 3.950 (dd, 1H, H-6’c, J 6’,6’’ 10.6, J 5,6’5.2); 4.009 (ddd, 1H, H-2a, J 1,2 7.9, J2,3 10.0, J 2,NH 9.0); 4.076-4.188 (m, 5H,H-6’a, H-6’b, H-6”b, H-5c, H-6”c); 4.415 (d, 1H, H-1a, J 1,2 7.9); 4.443 (d,1H, H-1b, J 1,2 7.9); 4.529 (dd, 1H, H-6”a, J 6’,6’’ 12.0, J 5,6”2.5); 4.548 (ddd,1H, H-2c, J 1,2 3.4, J 2,3 11.6, J 2,NH 9.4); 4.893 (dd, 1H, H-3c, J 3,4 3.1, J 2,311.6); 5.021 (d, 1H, H-1c, J 1,2 3.4); 5.039-5.075 (m, 2H, H-3a, H-2b); 5.339(dd ≈ d, 1H, H-4b, J 2.9); 5.359 (dd, 1H, H-4c, J 3,4 2.7, J 4,5 0.9); 5.810 (d,1H, NHAc a, J 2,NH 9.0); 6.184 (d, 1H, NHAc c, J 2,NH 9.4); 7.310-7.413 (m, 1H,NHCOCF3 sp)。Rf 0.31 (EtOAc-iPrOH, 10:1)。MS, m/z [C43H60N3F3O25]H+的计算值:1076.35, 实测值1076。
4β: 1H-NMR (700 MHz, CDCl3): 1.766–1.832 (m, 1H, CH sp); 1.850–1.908(m, 1H, CH sp); 1.923, 1.969, 1.982, 2.059, 2.071, 2.099 (2), 2.120, 2.136,2.148 (10s, 10×3H, COCH 3); 3.230-3.289 (m, 1H, NCH sp); 3.521 (ddd, 1H, H-2c, J 1,2 8.2, J 2,3 11.2, J 2,NH 7.8); 3.548–3.591 (m, 1H, OCH sp); 3.591-3.648(m, 2H, NCH sp, H-5a); 3.743 (dd ≈ t, 1H, H-4a, J 8.6); 3.795 (br. t, 1H, H-5b, J 6.5); 3.852 (dd, 1H, H-3b, J 3,4 3.6, J 2,3 9.9); 3.873–3.923 (m, 2H, H-5c,OCH sp); 4.002 (ddd, 1H, H-2a, J 1,2 8.0, J 2,3 9.5, J 2,NH 8.9); 4.039 (dd, 1H, H-6’b, J 6’,6’’ 11.6, J 5,6’6.9); 4.087-4.144 (m, 3H, H-6’a, H-6”b, H-6’c); 4.160(dd, 1H, H-6”c, J 6’,6’’11.2, J 5,6” 6.0); 4.409, 4.417 (2d ≈ t, 2×1H, H-1a, H-1b, J 7.6); 4.519 (dd, 1H, H-6”a, J 6’,6’’ 11.8, J 5,6”2.5); 4.992 (d, 1H, H-1c,J 1,2 8.2); 5.043 (dd, 1H, H-3a, J 3,4 8.6, J 2,3 9.5); 5.066 (dd, 1H, H-2b, J 1,28.0, J 2,3 9.8); 5.350 (dd ≈ d, 1H, H-4c, J 3.2); 5.372 (dd ≈ d, 1H, H-4b, J3.4); 5.399 (d, 1H, NHAc c, J 2,NH 7.8); 5.449 (dd, 1H, H-3c, J 3,4 3.4, J 2,311.3); 5.856 (d, 1H, NHAc a, J 2,NH 8.9); 7.361-7.466 (m, 1H, NHCOCF3 sp)。Rf0.24 (EtOAc-iPrOH, 10:1)。MS, m/z [C43H60N3F3O25]H+的计算值: 1076.35, 实测值1076.。
5: 1H-NMR (700 MHz, D2O): 1.924-2.002 (m, 2H, CH 2 sp); 2.060, 2.064(2s, 2×3H, NCOCH 3); 3.102 (m ≈ t, 2H, NCH 2 sp, J 6.8); 3.592-3.644 (m, 1H,H-5a); 3.655 (dd, 1H, H-2b, J 1,2 7.9, J 2,3 9.9); 3.702 (br. dd, 1H, H-5b, J 5,6’3.8, J 5,6” 8.2, J 4,5 ≤ 1); 3.713-3.815 (m, 9H); 3.846 (dd, 1H, H-6’a, J 6’,6’’12.3, J 5,6’5.3); 3.984-4.062 (m, 4H, OCH sp, H-6”a, H-4b, H-3c); 4.123 (dd ≈d, 1H, H-4c, J 2.9); 4.206 (br. t, 1H, H-5c, J 6.3); 4.248 (dd, 1H, H-2c, J 1,23.6, J 2,3 11.0); 4.542 (2d ≈ t, 2H, H-1a, H-1b, J 7.4); 5.100 (d, 1H, H-1c,J 1,2 3.5)。Rf 0.55 (MeOH-1M aq. Py•AcOH, 5:1)。MS, m/z [C25H45N3O16]H+的计算值:644.28; 实测值644。[α]546 nm +128 (c 0.3; MeCN-H2O, 1:1)。
5β: 1H-NMR (700 MHz, D2O): 1.938-1.991 (m, 2H, CH 2 sp); 2.055, 2.062(2s, 2×3H, NCOCH 3); 3.100 (m ≈ t, 2H, NCH 2 sp, J 6.9); 3.610 (dd, 1H, H-2b,J 1,2 7.9, J 2,3 9.9); 3.603-3.636 (m, 1H, H-5a); 3.682 (br. dd, 1H, H-5b, J 5,6’4.9, J 5,6” 7.8, J 4,5 ≤1); 3.693-3.826 (m, 11H); 3.842 (dd, 1H, H-6’a, J 6’,6’’12.1, J 5,6’5.2); 3.934-3.972 (m, 2H, H-4b, H-2c); 4.012 (dd, 1H, H-6”a, J 6’,6’’12.2, J 5,6”2.0); 4.023-4.057 (m, 1H, OCH sp); 4.175 (dd ≈ d, 1H, H-4c, J2.9); 4.478 (d, 1H, H-1b, J 1,2 7.9); 4.531 (d, 1H, H-1a, J 1,2 8.1); 4.638 (d,1H, H-1c, J 1,2 8.4)。Rf 0.48 (MeOH-1M aq. Py•AcOH, 5:1)。MS, m/z [C25H45N3O16]H+的计算值: 644.28; 实测值644。[α]546 nm +6 (c 0.3; MeCN-H2O, 1:1)。
方案I
活化的1,2-O-二油酰基-sn-甘油基-3-磷脂酰乙醇胺 (DOPE-Ad-ONSu)(8)的制备
(方案II)
向己二酸双(N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺基)酯(6) (70 mg, 205 μmol)于干燥N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(1.5 ml)中的溶液中添加1,2-O-二油酰基-sn-甘油基-3-磷脂酰乙醇胺(7) (40 μmol)/氯仿(1.5 ml),随后添加三乙胺(7μl)。将混合物在室温下保持2小时,然后用乙酸中和并在真空下部分浓缩。残余物的柱色谱(Sephadex LH-20,1:1氯仿-甲醇,0.2%乙酸)得到作为无色糖浆的产物8 (37 mg, 95%)。
在Bruker DRX-500光谱仪上获取1H NMR谱。化学位移以相对于CD3OD的ppm (δ)提供。TLC在硅胶60 F254板(Merck)上进行,其中化合物通过用8%磷酸/水溶液染色、然后在高于200℃下加热来检测。
8: 1H NMR (CDCl3/CD3OD, 2:1) 5.5 (m, 4H, 2×(-CH=CH-), 5.39(m, 1H, -OCH2-CHO-CH2O-), 4.58 (dd, 1H, J=3.67, J=11.98, -CCOOHCH-CHO-CH2O-), 4.34 (dd,1H, J=6.61, J=11.98, -CCOOHCH-CHO-CH2O-), 4.26 (m, 2H, PO-CH2 -CH2-NH2), 4.18(m, 2H, -CH2 -OP), 3,62 (m, 2H, PO-CH2-CH2 -NH2), 3.00 (s, 4H, ONSuc), 2.8 (m,2H, -CH2 -CO (Ad), 2.50 (m, 4H, 2×(-CH2 -CO), 2.42 (m, 2H, -CH2 -CO (Ad), 2.17(m, 8H, 2×(-CH2 -CH=CH-CH2 -), 1.93 (m, 4H, COCH2CH2 CH2 CH2CO), 1.78 (m, 4H, 2×(COCH2CH2 -), 1,43, 1.47 (2 bs, 40H, 20 CH2), 1.04 (m, 6H, 2 CH3)。Rf 0.5 (氯仿-甲醇-水, 6:3:0.5。
方案II
GalNAcα1-3Galβ1-4GlcNAc-Ad-DOPE (9)的制备(方案III)
向产物8 (33μmol)于N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(1 ml)中的溶液中添加30μmol 3-氨基丙基三糖5和5μl三乙胺(Et3N)。将混合物在室温下搅拌2小时。硅胶上的柱色谱(CH2Cl2–EtOH–H2O; 6:5:1)提供构建体9的81%产率。
9: 1H NMR (700 MHz, CDCl3–CD3OD, 1:1 v/v, 选择的), δ, ppm: 1.05 (t,6H,J 7.05, 2 C H 3 ), 1.39 -1.55 (m, 40H, 20 C H 2 ), 1.75–1.84 (m, 8H,COCH2C H 2C H 2CH2CO和2× COCH2C H 2-), 1.84–1.96 (m, 2H, O-CH2C H 2CH2-NH), 2.15–2.22(m, 14H, 2×(-C H 2-CH=CH-C H 2-), 2× NHC(O)C H 3), 2.34–2.46 (m, 4H, 2×-C H 2-CO),2.36–2.44 (m, 4H, 2×-C H 2-CO), 3.29–3.34 (m, 1H, -CH2-C H H-NH),4.17–4.20 (m,2H, -CHO-C H 2OP-), 4.34-4.39 (m, 2H, -CH2OPO-C H 2 -CH2), 4.57 (d, 1H, J 1,2 8.39,H-1I), 4.50 (dd, 1H, J 3.78, J 10.82, -C(O)OCH H CHOCH2O-), 4.58- 4.61 (m, 2H,H-1II, C(O)OC H HCHOCH2O-), 5.15 (d, 1H, J 1,2 3.76, H-1III), 5.38-5.42 (m, 1H, -OCH2-C H O-CH2O-), 5.47–5.53 (m, 4H, 2×-C H =C H -)。R f 0.5 (CH2Cl2–EtOH–H2O; 6:5:1)。
方案III
生物学数据
抗Gal招募测定
从细胞培养瓶收获CHO-K1细胞,计数并重悬于PBS中至5 x 106个细胞/ml的细胞密度。将每种糖脂在PBS中在9个1.5 ml离心管间连续稀释,使得管中的最终体积为100 μl。向每个管中添加100 μl的CHO-K1细胞悬浮液,并将管在37℃下孵育1小时。一小时之后,通过以400 g离心3分钟使细胞沉淀,并重悬于500 μl 的 PBS+0.1% BSA中。将其再重复两次以洗涤细胞。最后洗涤之后,将细胞重悬于100μl PBS+0.1% BSA中1:8稀释的单克隆抗-GalIgG1中。将管在冰上孵育30分钟。30分钟之后,通过以400 g离心3分钟使细胞沉淀,并重悬于500 μl 的 PBS+0.1% BSA中。将其再重复两次以洗涤细胞。最后洗涤之后,将细胞重悬于100μl FITC-缀合的小鼠抗人IgG (Biolegend)中,并将管在冰上孵育30分钟。30分钟之后,通过以400 g离心3分钟使细胞沉淀,并重悬于500 μl 的 PBS+0.1% BSA中。将其再重复两次以洗涤细胞。最后洗涤之后,将细胞重悬于200 μl含有2.5 μl 7-AAD (Biolegend)的PBS+0.1% BSA中。在冰上孵育5分钟之后,在Cytomics FC500流式细胞仪(Beckman Coulter)上分析细胞。从分析排除死细胞。
在抗gal招募测定中测试如本文作为实施例1 (Galili-CMG2-DOPE)和实施例2(Galili-T17 DOPE)制备的化合物,且结果可见于图1和2中。这些结果表明,如本文作为实施例1制备的化合物(Galili-CMG2-DOPE)(其是在分子的单个α-Gal糖和单个脂质部分之间具有CMG间隔区的α-Gal糖脂)并入CHO-K1细胞的质膜并呈递α-Gal表位用于通过抗Gal抗体识别(参见图1)。结果还表明,如本文作为实施例2制备的化合物(Galili-T17 DOPE)(其为具有通过支链CMG接头连接至两个或三个α-Gal糖的单个脂质部分的糖脂的混合物)并入CHO-K1细胞的质膜并且比等效浓度的实施例1的单个α-Gal分子招募更多的抗Gal抗体。
补体依赖性细胞毒性测定
从细胞培养瓶收获CHO-K1细胞,计数并重悬于PBS中至5 x 106个细胞/ml的细胞密度。将每种糖脂在PBS中在9个1.5 ml离心管间连续稀释,使得管中的最终体积为100 μl。向每个管中添加100 μl的CHO-K1细胞悬浮液,并将管在37℃下孵育1小时。一小时之后,将管置于冰上5分钟,然后将细胞用500μl冰冷的PBS洗涤3次。将细胞重悬于最终体积为250μl的冰冷PBS中,并将50μl等分试样转移至96孔板的一式两份孔中。向含有细胞的各孔中添加50μl 100%正常或热灭活(在56℃下30分钟)的人血清补体(Innovative Research),使得人血清的最终浓度为50%。将板在37℃下孵育1小时,其后使用在EnVision读板器(PerkinElmer)上读取的CellTiter-Glo试剂(Promega)测量细胞活力。
在补体依赖性细胞毒性测定中测试如本文作为实施例1 (Galili-CMG2-DOPE)、实施例2 (Galili-T17 DOPE)和实施例3 (GalNAc-Gal-GlcNAc-Ad-DOPE)制备的化合物,且结果可见于下表1和图3至5中。
表 1:补体依赖性细胞毒性测定的结果
这些结果表明,用本文作为实施例1制备的化合物(Galili-CMG2-DOPE;即单个α-Gal CMG分子)标记的CHO-K1细胞被人血清补体裂解(参见图3)。结果还表明,用如本文作为实施例2制备的化合物(Galili-T17 DOPE;即二聚/三聚α-Gal分子)标记的CHO-K1细胞比与相同浓度的单个α-Gal分子(即如本文作为实施例1制备的化合物(Galili-CMG2-DOPE))孵育的细胞更易于被人血清补体裂解。结果还表明,用如本文作为实施例3制备的化合物(GalNAc-Gal-GlcNAc-Ad-DOPE;即具有GalNAc α糖抗原的糖脂分子)标记的CHO-K1细胞被人血清补体裂解。
Claims (25)
2.药物组合物,其包含如权利要求1中定义的糖脂化合物或其药学上可接受的盐。
3.如权利要求1中定义的糖脂化合物或其药学上可接受的盐或如权利要求2中定义的药物组合物在制备用于治疗肿瘤的药物中的用途。
4.根据权利要求3的用途,其中所述肿瘤是实体肿瘤、骨髓瘤或淋巴瘤。
5.根据权利要求3的用途,其中所述肿瘤是来源于选自以下的器官的肿瘤:腹膜、肝、胰腺、肺、膀胱、前列腺、子宫、子宫颈、阴道、骨髓、乳腺、皮肤、脑、淋巴结、头和颈、胃、肠、结肠、肾、睾丸以及卵巢。
6.根据权利要求3的用途,其中所述肿瘤包括原发性肿瘤和/或转移。
7.根据权利要求3的用途,其中所述肿瘤包括黑素瘤、肉瘤、神经胶质瘤或癌细胞。
8.根据权利要求3的用途,其中如权利要求1中定义的糖脂化合物或其药学上可接受的盐或如权利要求2中定义的药物组合物通过注射施用。
9.根据权利要求3的用途,其中如权利要求1中定义的糖脂化合物或其药学上可接受的盐或如权利要求2中定义的药物组合物以一个剂量或多个剂量施用。
10.根据权利要求3的用途,其中如权利要求1中定义的糖脂化合物或其药学上可接受的盐或如权利要求2中定义的药物组合物是局部应用。
11.根据权利要求10的用途,其中所述局部应用是局部软膏、局部洗剂或局部溶液。
12.根据权利要求3的用途,其中如权利要求1中定义的糖脂化合物或其药学上可接受的盐或如权利要求2中定义的药物组合物另外包含一种或多种药学上可接受的载体、稀释剂和/或赋形剂。
13.根据权利要求3的用途,其中如权利要求1中定义的糖脂化合物或其药学上可接受的盐或如权利要求2中定义的药物组合物另外包含一种或多种另外的治疗剂。
14.根据权利要求13的用途,其中所述一种或多种另外的治疗剂包含免疫系统下调的一种或多种系统抑制剂。
15.根据权利要求14的用途,其中所述一种或多种另外的治疗剂选自抗CTLA-4抗体、抗PD-1抗体和抗PD-L1抗体。
16.根据权利要求14或权利要求15的用途,其中所述一种或多种另外的治疗剂是抗PD-1抗体。
17.如权利要求1中定义的糖脂化合物或其药学上可接受的盐或如权利要求2中定义的药物组合物在制备用于治疗对象中的肿瘤的药物中的用途,其包括:
a)提供:
i)包括至少一种肿瘤的对象,所述肿瘤包含具有细胞表面的多个癌细胞;以及
ii)如权利要求1中定义的糖脂化合物或其药学上可接受的盐或如权利要求2中定义的药物组合物;以及
b)将所述糖脂化合物或药物组合物引入所述肿瘤中。
18.如权利要求17中定义的用途,其中所述对象是人或小鼠。
19.如权利要求17或权利要求18中定义的用途,其中所述对象是人。
20.如权利要求17中定义的用途,其中所述引入步骤包括选自以下的步骤:注射、成像引导的注射、内窥镜检查、支气管镜检查、膀胱镜检查、结肠镜检查、腹腔镜检查以及导管插入术。
21.如权利要求17中定义的用途,其另外包括诱导肿瘤内炎症。
22.如权利要求17中定义的用途,其中所述对象先前进行了治疗以手术去除所述肿瘤。
23.如权利要求17中定义的用途,其中所述对象先前未进行治疗来去除所述肿瘤。
24.如权利要求17中定义的用途,其中所述肿瘤经历消退或被破坏。
25.如权利要求17中定义的用途,其中所述引入步骤进一步包括所述对象中的第二肿瘤的消退或破坏。
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Intratumoral injection of alfa-gal glycolipids induces a protective anti-tumor T cell response which overcomes Treg activity;Ussama M. Abdel-Motal,等;《Cancer Immunol Immunother》;20090128;第58卷;第1545-1556页 * |
Synthetic Glycolipid-Like Constructs as Tools for Glycobiology Research, Diagnostics, and as Potential Therapeutics;E. Y. Korchagina,等;《BIOCHEMISTRY (Moscow)》;20150716;第80卷(第7期);摘要,第858-866页 * |
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AU2015414272A1 (en) | 2018-04-26 |
WO2017082753A1 (en) | 2017-05-18 |
MX2018005828A (es) | 2019-02-20 |
IL259205A (en) | 2018-07-31 |
KR102517641B1 (ko) | 2023-04-05 |
AU2015414272B2 (en) | 2021-04-22 |
JP2018533616A (ja) | 2018-11-15 |
HK1258843A1 (zh) | 2019-11-22 |
RU2018121273A (ru) | 2019-12-13 |
CN108463466A (zh) | 2018-08-28 |
BR112018009646A2 (pt) | 2018-12-11 |
CA3004107C (en) | 2023-10-17 |
KR20180099651A (ko) | 2018-09-05 |
EP3374367A1 (en) | 2018-09-19 |
US20180344805A1 (en) | 2018-12-06 |
RU2719486C2 (ru) | 2020-04-17 |
JP6758375B2 (ja) | 2020-09-23 |
IL259205B (en) | 2021-06-30 |
BR112018009646B1 (pt) | 2020-03-31 |
CA3004107A1 (en) | 2017-05-18 |
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