CN108450205A - 一种减轻梨幼果冻害的方法 - Google Patents
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G13/00—Protecting plants
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N37/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most two bonds to halogen, e.g. carboxylic acids
- A01N37/36—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most two bonds to halogen, e.g. carboxylic acids containing at least one carboxylic group or a thio analogue, or a derivative thereof, and a singly bound oxygen or sulfur atom attached to the same carbon skeleton, this oxygen or sulfur atom not being a member of a carboxylic group or of a thio analogue, or of a derivative thereof, e.g. hydroxy-carboxylic acids
- A01N37/38—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most two bonds to halogen, e.g. carboxylic acids containing at least one carboxylic group or a thio analogue, or a derivative thereof, and a singly bound oxygen or sulfur atom attached to the same carbon skeleton, this oxygen or sulfur atom not being a member of a carboxylic group or of a thio analogue, or of a derivative thereof, e.g. hydroxy-carboxylic acids having at least one oxygen or sulfur atom attached to an aromatic ring system
- A01N37/40—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most two bonds to halogen, e.g. carboxylic acids containing at least one carboxylic group or a thio analogue, or a derivative thereof, and a singly bound oxygen or sulfur atom attached to the same carbon skeleton, this oxygen or sulfur atom not being a member of a carboxylic group or of a thio analogue, or of a derivative thereof, e.g. hydroxy-carboxylic acids having at least one oxygen or sulfur atom attached to an aromatic ring system having at least one carboxylic group or a thio analogue, or a derivative thereof, and one oxygen or sulfur atom attached to the same aromatic ring system
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
- A01N43/90—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having two or more relevant hetero rings, condensed among themselves or with a common carbocyclic ring system
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
- Agronomy & Crop Science (AREA)
- Plant Pathology (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Dentistry (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种减轻梨幼果冻害的方法,在霜冻前喷施防冻剂水溶液,所述的防冻剂为6‑苄氨基腺嘌呤和水杨酸中的任意一种或其组合。本发明筛选出的抗冻剂由6‑苄氨基腺嘌呤和水杨酸配制而成,水溶液中6‑苄氨基腺嘌呤浓度为0.30~0.70mg/L,水杨酸浓度为为3.0~4.2mmol/L。霜冻前2天喷施该抗冻剂可显著减轻梨幼果冻害。本发明筛选出的抗冻剂可为预防梨幼果晚霜冻害提供理论依据和现实指导,减少因梨花期前后经常发生的霜冻给果农带来的意外经济损失。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于梨幼果抗冻剂技术领域,具体涉及减轻梨幼果冻害的方法。
背景技术
霜冻,又称为冻害,是指0℃或0℃以下的低温使植物组织内结冰引起的伤害。我国地域广阔,农作物栽培面积广,每年平均霜冻危害面积达34万km2,最严重的年份达到77万km2,至少造成30亿元的损失。近年来,我国北方地区晚霜冻害尤其严重,一些春季开花早的果树经常遇到晚霜危害,轻者减产,重者绝收。
霜冻的种类有多种。依据霜冻发生的季节,分为春霜冻(俗称‘倒春寒’)、秋霜冻和冬霜冻。其中,春季霜冻对果树危害最严重,因为此时果树多处于花期或幼果期,器官对低温的抵抗能力较弱。冻害程度与植物的种类、器官、生育时期、生理状态等有很大的关系。对果树而言,树势越弱,冻害越严重;霜冻强大,持续时间愈长,受害程度也愈重。
研究表明,霜冻导致落花落果多是由于花和幼果细胞膜被破坏而引起的。活性氧自由基和脂氧合酶共同启动了膜质过氧化。在正常植物细胞中存在酶促和非酶促抗氧化防御系统,使活性氧自由基保持在一定范围内,阻止其对细胞膜的攻击。在低温胁迫下植物细胞中活性氧清除能力下降,活性氧快速积累,膜质过氧化加剧,使膜透性增加,胞内含物大量流失而导致细胞死亡。丙二醛是膜脂过氧化的最终产物,它是由体内活性氧自由基引发的不饱和脂肪酸的降解而产生的。丙二醛的积累在一定程度上反映了体内活性氧自由基活动的状态。
梨(Pyrus.spp)是世界性的重要落叶果树。依据世界粮农组织的报告,1994-2014年间世界和我国梨树栽培总面积和梨果总产量总体呈现上升趋势(附图1)。我国是世界上最大的梨生产国。2014年我国梨树栽培总面积156.90万公顷,总产量1872.69万吨,分别占世界梨树栽培总面积和梨果总产量的66.15%和56.41%。我国梨主产区主要分布在河北、辽宁、山东、江苏等省;梨树春季开花较早,经常遭遇晚霜危害。多年来,国内外许多学者围绕果树冻害方面做了一些研究,但有关梨幼果冻害的研究相对较少。
“翠玉”梨原名“5-18”,是浙江省农业科学院园艺研究所于1995年以“西子绿”为母本、“翠冠”为父本杂交选育出的早熟梨新品种,2011年8月通过浙江省非主要农作物品种审定委员会的品种认定,并定名为“翠玉”。翠玉梨属早熟砂梨品种,产量较高;果实圆形,果皮浅绿色,果肉白色,肉质细嫩,化渣,汁多,品质优;适宜在年均气温小于18.5℃区域种植。由于“翠玉”梨开花早,经常遭遇晚霜危害。因此,筛选出可减轻‘翠玉’梨幼果冻害的防冻剂具有重要的现实意义。
发明内容
针对梨花期前后经常发生的霜冻给果农带来的意外经济损失这一现实问题,经文献查阅和实验验证筛选出一种能减轻梨幼果冻害的抗冻剂,为预防果树晚霜冻危害提供现实指导,提供一种采用筛选出的防冻剂减轻梨幼果冻害的方法。
本发明的目的可以通过以下技术方案实现:
一种减轻梨幼果冻害的方法,在霜冻前喷施防冻剂水溶液,所述的防冻剂为6-苄氨基腺嘌呤和水杨酸中的任意一种或其组合。优选的,所述的防冻剂为6-苄氨基腺嘌呤和水杨酸的组合。进一步优选的,所述的防冻剂为6-苄氨基腺嘌呤时,6-苄氨基腺嘌呤水溶液的浓度为0.30~0.70mg/L;所述的防冻剂为水杨酸时,水杨酸水溶液的浓度为3.0~4.2mM;所述的防冻剂为6-苄氨基腺嘌呤和水杨酸的组合时,该防冻剂水溶液中6-苄氨基腺嘌呤的浓度为0.30~0.70mg/L,水杨酸的浓度为3.0~4.2mM。最优选的,所述的防冻剂为6-苄氨基腺嘌呤时,6-苄氨基腺嘌呤水溶液的浓度为0.50mg/L;所述的防冻剂为水杨酸时,水杨酸水溶液的浓度为3.62mM;所述的防冻剂为6-苄氨基腺嘌呤和水杨酸的组合时,该防冻剂水溶液中6-苄氨基腺嘌呤的浓度为0.50mg/L,水杨酸的浓度为3.62mM。
防冻剂在减轻梨幼果冻害中的应用,所述的防冻剂为6-苄氨基腺嘌呤和水杨酸中的任意一种或其组合。优选的,上述的防冻剂为6-苄氨基腺嘌呤和水杨酸的组合。
上述的应用,其在于:在霜冻前喷施所述防冻剂的水溶液。所述防冻剂水溶液的浓度如上所述。
本发明技术人员针对梨花期前后经常发生的霜冻给果农带来的意外经济损失这一现实问题,经实验验证筛选出一种能减轻梨幼果冻害的抗冻剂,该抗冻剂筛选的筛选过程为:
(1)以“翠玉”梨幼果为研究试材,利用人工气候室模拟自然界的霜降过程,于授粉后10天即幼果期喷施10种化学防冻剂500mL,以清水处理为对照,2天后放入人工气候室进行低温处理。取大小一致,位置不同的幼果测定丙二醛含量。
所述的10种防冻剂为:必博PBO、天达2116、调环酸钙、水杨酸、维生素E+丙三醇、6-苄氨基腺嘌呤、甜菜碱、脯氨酸、γ-氨基丁酸和壳聚糖。
其中所述的‘必博PBO’为300倍液,‘必博PBO’主要成分有稀效唑、细胞分裂素BA、生长素衍生物ORE和增糖着色剂、早熟剂、膨大剂、防冻剂、防裂素、杀菌剂、光亮洁净剂以及10多种微量元素,是一种功能较齐全的果树营养型生长调节剂。由四川省(农科院)月兰科技开发公司出品。
其中所述的‘天达2116’为1000倍液,‘天达2116’主要成分为海洋生物活性物质、细胞膜稳态物质、诱导抗病物质,内含复合氨基低聚糖、有机质、微量元素等23种成分,具有肥药双功能。对植物遭受霜冻后,有一定的修复作用。由山东天达生物制药股份有限公司出品。
其中所述的调环酸钙为50.00mg/L调环酸钙。
其中所述的水杨酸、维生素E+丙三醇、6-苄氨基腺嘌呤、甜菜碱、脯氨酸、γ-氨基丁酸和壳聚糖分别为3.62mM水杨酸、0.25%(g/100ml)维生素E+5%(v/v)丙三醇、0.50mg/L6-苄氨基腺嘌呤、10.00mM甜菜碱、5.00mM脯氨酸、10.00mMγ-氨基丁酸和0.75%(g/100ml)壳聚糖。
(2)霜冻前喷施0.50mg/L 6-苄氨基腺嘌呤或3.62mM水杨酸或组合抗冻剂500mL。其中,组合抗冻剂由6-苄氨基腺嘌呤和水杨酸配制而成,水溶液中6-苄氨基腺嘌呤浓度为0.50mg/L,水杨酸浓度为3.62mmol/L。以清水处理为对照,2天后放入人工气候室进行低温处理。取大小一致,位置不同的幼果测定丙二醛含量。
(3)霜冻前喷施组合防冻剂500mL。组合抗冻剂由6-苄氨基腺嘌呤和水杨酸配制而成,水溶液中6-苄氨基腺嘌呤浓度为0.50mg/L,水杨酸浓度为3.62mmol/L。以清水处理为对照,2天后放入人工气候室进行低温处理。取大小一致,位置不同的幼果测定丙二醛含量。
本研究以“翠玉”梨幼果为试材,模拟田间霜降过程,比较10种化学防冻剂(必博PBO、天达2116、调环酸钙、水杨酸、维生素E+丙三醇、6-苄氨基腺嘌呤、甜菜碱、脯氨酸、γ-氨基丁酸和壳聚糖)处理对幼果膜质过氧化的影响,进一步对选出的防冻剂进行组合验证,筛选出可减轻“翠玉”梨幼果冻害的防冻剂,为预防梨幼果晚霜冻危害提供现实指导和理论依据。
本发明的有益效果体现在:
本发明筛选出的抗冻剂对减轻梨幼果冻害的效果较好。霜冻前喷施0.50mg/L 6-苄氨基腺嘌呤或3.62mM水杨酸500mL均可有效抑制膜脂过氧化,减轻幼果冻害。如附图4所示,冷前6-苄氨基腺嘌呤或水杨酸处理可分别将幼果冻害减轻了18.46%和17.78%。霜冻前喷施组合抗冻剂对减轻幼果冻害效果更好。组合抗冻剂由6-苄氨基腺嘌呤和水杨酸配制而成,水溶液中6-苄氨基腺嘌呤浓度为0.50mg/L,水杨酸浓度为3.62mmol/L。冷冻处理后,组合抗冻剂处理的果实丙二醛含量与6-苄氨基腺嘌呤或水杨酸单独处理的相比分别下降了7.00%和10.74%(附图5),6-苄氨基腺嘌呤或水杨酸进行组合具有显著的协同增效作用。
本发明筛选出的抗冻剂可为预防梨幼果晚霜冻害提供理论依据和现实指导,减少因梨花期前后经常发生的霜冻给果农带来的意外经济损失。
附图说明
图1是1991-2014年间中国和世界梨树种植面积和梨果实产量图。
图2是幼果膜脂过氧化程度随冷冻时间变化趋势图。
图3是人工气候室降温变化示意图。
图4是喷施不同化学防冻剂500mL对减轻梨幼果冻害的效果。
图5是喷施0.50mg/L6-苄氨基腺嘌呤、3.62mmol/L水杨酸或组合防冻剂500mL对减轻梨幼果冻害的效果(组合抗冻剂由6-苄氨基腺嘌呤和水杨酸配制而成,水溶液中6-苄氨基腺嘌呤浓度为0.50mg/L,水杨酸浓度为3.62mmol/L)。
图6是喷施组合防冻剂500mL对减轻梨幼果冻害的效果(组合抗冻剂由6-苄氨基腺嘌呤和水杨酸配制而成,水溶液中6-苄氨基腺嘌呤浓度为0.50mg/L,水杨酸浓度为3.62mmol/L)。
具体实施方式
下面举实施例说明本发明,但是,本发明并不限于下述的实施例。
实施例一:霜冻时间对幼果膜脂过氧化的影响
(一)实验过程
“翠玉”梨幼果授粉10天后,利用人工气候室模拟自然界的霜降过程:以4℃/小时的速度从18℃开始降温,在-2℃下维持0、1、2、3、4和5小时后,分别在不同时间点取大小一致,位置不同的幼果测定丙二醛含量的测定。
(二)实验结果
霜冻导致落花落果多是由于花和幼果细胞膜被破坏而引起的,活性氧自由基在这一过程中起到重要作用。低温胁迫下幼果丙二醛含量的变化可直接反映出细胞膜脂被氧化的程度以及细胞膜的通透性。冷冻起始时,“翠玉”梨幼果丙二醛含量为2.73nmol/g。随着低温处理时间的延长,细胞膜的破坏程度越大,具体表现为丙二醛含量越多。低温处理3小时和5小时后,幼果中丙二醛含量分别为3.82nmol/g和4.98nmol/g;与起始时相比,分别提高了39.93%和82.42%(附图2)。
依据丙二醛-冻害时间变化曲线,选择丙二醛含量提高40%左右的时间点作为以下实验的低温处理时间(附图3)。具体的温度变化为:以4℃/小时的速度从18℃开始降温,在-2℃下维持3小时后,再以5℃/小时的速度升温至18℃,分别在不同时间点取大小较为一致,位置不同的幼果测定丙二醛含量(附图3)。
实施例二:防冻剂的筛选
(一)实验过程
对授粉10天后的幼果喷施10种化学防冻剂500mL,以清水处理为对照,2天后放入人工气候室进行低温处理。取大小一致,位置不同的幼果测定丙二醛含量。
丙二醛含量测定:硫代巴比妥酸比色法。取0.50g幼果样品,加5%(g/100ml)三氯乙酸5mL,研磨后所得的研浆在3000r/min下离心10min。取2ml上清液,加入0.67%(g/100ml)硫代巴比妥酸2mL,混合后100℃水浴30min,冷却后离心。分别测定450nm、532nm和600nm处的吸光值。
所述的10种化学防冻剂为必博PBO、天达2116、调环酸钙、水杨酸、维生素E+丙三醇、6-苄氨基腺嘌呤、甜菜碱、脯氨酸、γ-氨基丁酸和壳聚糖。
其中所述的‘必博PBO’为300倍液,‘必博PBO’主要成分有稀效唑、细胞分裂素BA、生长素衍生物ORE和增糖着色剂、早熟剂、膨大剂、防冻剂、防裂素、杀菌剂、光亮洁净剂以及10多种微量元素,是一种功能较齐全的果树营养型生长调节剂。
其中所述的‘天达2116’为1000倍液,‘天达2116’主要成分为海洋生物活性物质、细胞膜稳态物质、诱导抗病物质,内含复合氨基低聚糖、有机质、微量元素等23种成分,具有肥药双功能。对植物遭受霜冻后,有一定的修复作用。
其中所述的调环酸钙为50.00mg/L调环酸钙。
其中所述的水杨酸、维生素E+丙三醇、6-苄氨基腺嘌呤、甜菜碱、脯氨酸、γ-氨基丁酸和壳聚糖分别为3.62mM水杨酸、0.25%维生素E+5%丙三醇、0.50mg/L 6-苄氨基腺嘌呤、10.00mM甜菜碱、5.00mM脯氨酸、10.00mMγ-氨基丁酸、0.75%壳聚糖。
(二)实验结果
研究发现,6-苄氨基腺嘌呤和水杨酸处理均可有效减轻“翠玉”梨幼果冻害——处理组幼果丙二醛含量低于对照组(p<0.05)。冷冻处理后对照组丙二醛含量为6.73nmol/g,采用6-苄氨基腺嘌呤和水杨酸处理可分别将冻害减轻18.46%和17.78%(附图4)。
另一方面,调环酸钙、脯氨酸、天达2116、γ-氨基丁酸、壳聚糖、必博PBO、甜菜碱和维生素E+丙三醇处理对减轻果实冻害无明显效果(附图4)。
实施例三:对筛选出来的抗冻剂进行验证和组合
(一)实验过程
将实施例二筛选出来的防冻剂进行单独/组合喷施500mL。组合抗冻剂由6-苄氨基腺嘌呤和水杨酸配制而成,水溶液中6-苄氨基腺嘌呤浓度为0.50mg/L,水杨酸浓度为3.62mmol/L。以清水处理为对照,2天后放入人工气候室进行低温处理。取大小一致,位置不同的幼果测定丙二醛含量。
(二)实验结果
研究发现,6-苄氨基腺嘌呤、水杨酸及组合抗冻剂均可显著抑制幼果冻害;其中,组合防冻剂处理效果更好(附图5)。冷冻处理后,组合防冻剂喷施的果实丙二醛含量为5.14nmol/g;与对照组相比,下降了20.14%;与6-苄氨基腺嘌呤和水杨酸单独处理组相比,效率分别提高了7.00%和10.74%(附图5)。
实施例四:进一步验证抗冻剂的效果
(一)实验过程
为了进一步验证实验三的结果,于授粉后10天即幼果期喷施组合防冻剂500mL。组合抗冻剂由6-苄氨基腺嘌呤和水杨酸配制而成,水溶液中6-苄氨基腺嘌呤浓度为0.50mg/L,水杨酸浓度为3.62mmol/L。以清水处理为对照,2天后放入人工气候室进行低温处理。取大小较为一致,位置不同的幼果测定丙二醛含量。
(二)实验结果
低温胁迫后,对照组和处理组果实中丙二醛含量分别为7.02和5.74nmol/g,两者差异显著(p<0.05)(附图6)。因此,冷前喷施组合防冻剂可显著减轻“翠玉”梨幼果冻害。
Claims (9)
1.一种减轻梨幼果冻害的方法,其特征在于:在霜冻前喷施防冻剂水溶液,所述的防冻剂为6-苄氨基腺嘌呤和水杨酸中的任意一种或其组合。
2.根据权利要求1所述的减轻梨幼果冻害的方法,其特征在于:所述的防冻剂为6-苄氨基腺嘌呤和水杨酸的组合。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的减轻梨幼果冻害的方法,其特征在于:所述的防冻剂为6-苄氨基腺嘌呤时,6-苄氨基腺嘌呤水溶液的浓度为0.30~0.70mg/L;所述的防冻剂为水杨酸时,水杨酸水溶液的浓度为3.0~4.2mM;所述的防冻剂为6-苄氨基腺嘌呤和水杨酸的组合时,该防冻剂水溶液中6-苄氨基腺嘌呤的浓度为0.30~0.70mg/L,水杨酸的浓度为3.0~4.2mM。
4.根据权利要求3所述的减轻梨幼果冻害的方法,其特征在于:所述的防冻剂为6-苄氨基腺嘌呤时,6-苄氨基腺嘌呤水溶液的浓度为0.50mg/L;所述的防冻剂为水杨酸时,水杨酸水溶液的浓度为3.62mM;所述的防冻剂为6-苄氨基腺嘌呤和水杨酸的组合时,该防冻剂水溶液中6-苄氨基腺嘌呤的浓度为0.50mg/L,水杨酸的浓度为3.62mM。
5.防冻剂在减轻梨幼果冻害中的应用,其特征在于:所述的防冻剂为6-苄氨基腺嘌呤和水杨酸中的任意一种或其组合。
6.根据权利要求5所述的应用,其特征在于:所述的防冻剂为6-苄氨基腺嘌呤和水杨酸的组合。
7.根据权利要求5或6所述的应用,其特征在于:在霜冻前喷施所述防冻剂的水溶液。
8.根据权利要求7所述的应用,其特征在于:所述的防冻剂为6-苄氨基腺嘌呤时,6-苄氨基腺嘌呤水溶液的浓度为0.30~0.70mg/L;所述的防冻剂为水杨酸时,水杨酸水溶液的浓度为3.0~4.2mM;所述的防冻剂为6-苄氨基腺嘌呤和水杨酸的组合时,该防冻剂水溶液中6-苄氨基腺嘌呤的浓度为0.30~0.70mg/L,水杨酸的浓度为3.0~4.2mM。
9.根据权利要求8所述的应用,其特征在于:所述的防冻剂为6-苄氨基腺嘌呤时,6-苄氨基腺嘌呤水溶液的浓度为0.50mg/L;所述的防冻剂为水杨酸时,水杨酸水溶液的浓度为3.62mM;所述的防冻剂为6-苄氨基腺嘌呤和水杨酸的组合时,该防冻剂水溶液中6-苄氨基腺嘌呤的浓度为0.50mg/L,水杨酸的浓度为3.62mM。
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