CN108447341A - A kind of gold lattice copybook - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention discloses a kind of gold lattice copybooks, including at least carrier of the one page for writing, are provided at least one gold lattice in the carrier at least one side, the gold lattice include：The box of square；A horizontally disposed medium line of box left side and right edge is connected, box is divided into along the symmetrical top area in the centre and lower zone by the medium line；Connect two trisection lines being vertically arranged of box upper side edge and lower side；Trisection line is divided into the top trisection line being located above and underlying lower section trisection line by the medium line；Four golden section points of top trisection line and lower section trisection line are respectively arranged at, the ratio of distance and golden section point distance apart from box of the golden section point apart from medium line is golden section proportion.The copybook of the present invention is capable of the askew unrest of specification writing Chinese character, and the Chinese character of writing is made to have more aesthetic feeling.

Description

A kind of gold lattice copybook

Technical field

The present invention relates to teaching aid technical fields, and in particular to a kind of gold lattice copybook.

Background technology

Copybook is that children's character learning is practised handwriting and used when being handwriting practicing shape, has the function of modeling font.

Notification number is that the Chinese patent literature of CN204288575U discloses a kind of copybook, belongs to hard-tipped pen calligraphical works practice articles for use Technical field, including copying page, the lower section of the copying page are equipped with check and correction page, on the check and correction page on the copying page there are The hard-tipped pen calligraphical works letter training lattice position corresponding of practice position is arranged with check and correction word, is equipped between copying page and check and correction page Replication layer, the replication layer is located at the upper surface of check and correction page, and the replication layer and check and correction page setting are integrated.This is specially Profit solves current letter training lattice difficulty and finds the accurate first stroke of a Chinese character and receive a position, is not easy to grasp the technical issues of writing main points, extensively In practicing applied to hard-tipped pen calligraphical works.

Notification number is that the Chinese patent literature of CN204010395U discloses a kind of Chinese character digitalized copybook.The Chinese-character digital It includes digitlization component practice pages layer and example word practice pages layer to change copybook, and digitlization component practice pages layer includes that substrate and setting exist Basic components on the substrate, basic components are transported for the writing of stroke or radical in great master of calligraphy's running hand works at all times The digitlization type matrix printing layer or digitlization type matrix groove of track, digitize type matrix printing layer and the digitlization type matrix groove It is corresponding to the shape of Arabic numerals or its deformation, pass through the white silk of Chinese character digitalized copybook basic components and example word practice pages layer It practises, the existing tracing over red characters for Chinese character pattern pattern or groove, which is changed into the writing for finger, wrist and arm, wields the pen The practice of example word, keeps practice targetedly and scientific, practice shown in the basic components practice and basic components combination of action Measure small, practice effect is good, simplify the practice of complicated Chinese character digitize and.

Notification number is that the Chinese patent literature of CN105810042A discloses a kind of copy-book, is used as practising handwriting.It is a kind of Copy-book, including flat copy-book ontology, the copy-book ontology include cavity plate area and plane area.The patent can be directed to Different font typefaces is standardized under the guiding of cavity plate area groove to be practiced with standardization；Cavity plate area is set simultaneously with plane area It sets so that the study of handwriting practicing person is incremental, and practice effect is good.

Notification number is that the Chinese patent literature of CN206524034U discloses a kind of five degree of novel lattice copy-books, belongs to religion Appliance technology is learned, can solve existing copybook can not provide fine reference, the ineffective problem of handwriting practicing for handwriting practicing person. Five degree of lattice copy-books of the utility model include that at least carrier of the one page for writing, the carrier at least side is equipped at least One five degree of lattice, five degree of lattice include：The frame of square；It is connected to the left side between the upper side edge and lower side of the frame Vertical line, middle vertical line, right vertical line, the left vertical line, middle vertical line, right vertical line are vertical with the lower side of the frame；It is connected to institute Upper oblique line, bend, the lower oblique line between the left side of frame and right edge are stated, the upper oblique line, bend, lower oblique line are mutual It is parallel, and be obliquely installed on to the right from lower-left.

Nowadays almost instead of pen and paper, the form of record, which becomes, uses mobile phone photograph for computer and mobile phone；Minutes are only Need recording pen, computer cooperation typewriting just；Lattice, the friendship a variety of materials of filling in a form also all are directly to fill in print i.e. on computers It can.When really start to write write when, it is found that the askew unrest write of word is ugly, Chinese write the strange phenomenon table leakage of bad Chinese characters undoubtedly.

Invention content

The purpose of the present invention is to provide a kind of gold lattice copybook, copybook of the invention is capable of the askew of specification writing Chinese character Disorderly, the Chinese character of writing is made to have more aesthetic feeling.

To achieve the above object, the present invention provides a kind of gold lattice copybook, including at least carrier of the one page for writing, institute It states and is provided at least one gold lattice in carrier at least one side, the gold lattice include：

The box of square；

A horizontally disposed medium line of box left side and right edge is connected, box is divided into along institute by the medium line State intermediate symmetrical top area and lower zone；

Two trisection lines being vertically arranged of box upper side edge and lower side are connected, box is divided by the medium line Identical left hand edge area, body region and right hand edge area；Trisection line is divided into the top trisection being located above by the medium line Line and underlying lower section trisection line；

Be respectively arranged at top trisection line and lower section trisection line four golden section points, the golden section point away from With a distance from medium line and the ratio of distance of the golden section point apart from box is golden section proportion.

Optionally, the box is made of solid line.

Optionally, the medium line and trisection line are made of dotted line.

Optionally, the diameter of the golden section point accounts for the 0.05-0.15 of the trisection line length.

Optionally, the length of the box is 1-20 centimetres.

Optionally, the carrier further includes the illiteracy note paper covered above it.

Optionally, the material of the carrier is paper, timber or plastics.

Optionally, the one side of every page of carrier is at least provided with multiple gold lattice.

Optionally, the medium line, trisection line are respectively strip bulge or groove, and the golden section point is round convex It rises or is recessed.

The invention has the advantages that：

The copybook of the present invention is practised handwriting lattice compared to existing market, is not copied, is not learnt to write by tracing over characters printed in red, gold lattice meet the knot of Chinese character Structure feature has regulations to abide by so can reach when starting to write and writing, and there are laws to abide by.Gold lattice integrated structure theoretical system, The ugly problem of the askew unrest of Chinese character of writing, effect that is rapid and permanently reaching beauty can be thoroughly given up in a short time.It improves Personal soft power.

Description of the drawings

Fig. 1 is a kind of structural schematic diagram of specific implementation mode of copybook provided by the invention.

Specific implementation mode

Detailed description below is not limited to the scope of the present invention for illustrating the present invention.

Existing copybook has following problem：

One, direction is misled, and is gone astray：Pen copybook on the market is not that learn to write by tracing over characters printed in red be exactly that thin paper is imitated or groove The practice of type matrix, it is well known that the method that these emphasis are tried one's hand produces little effect.It practises handwriting in fact experienced not instead of hand, passes through white silk It practises the word in copybook, forms permanent memorizing in images in handwriting practicing person's brain.It is exactly only the pen passed through in hand to write, brain Marine font image is shown.Therefore, the mental process to be formed and rule training will be remembered just according to image by practising handwriting It is the right way.In addition, the formation of movement memory takes than the formation that image is remembered is up to hundred times.

Two, it is ignorant of principle, is blindly imitated：Whether font is beautiful, scheme structure is depended primarily on.About scheme structure, thousand Use 36 methods of the Tang Dynasty Ouyang Xun always over 100 years.But it only teaches that stroke will be write as what, and structure is wanted What is accomplished, why do not teach that will be in this way.In fact just it is suitble to the structure of beginner to manage without being formed since the dawn of human civilization By system, it is always the imitation copybook of blindness, cannot achieve the learning effect singled out one thing and bring out its bearings.

Three, it is coarse face write, the memory of rotten word：Successive dynasties calligraphy famous expert is known as facing copy-book being the only effective penmanship practice method, I.e.:It first sees the word on the copybook, then is directly write out on ready paper.It is memorizing in images that this method, which is got, due to Do not understand the cardinal principle of scheme structure, traditional writing lattice there are functional defect, beginner be difficult do precisely to face and write, it is, Write word on word and note completely unlike or like the rotten word memory of disease pen as non-picture, can be formed instead, first impressions are strongest, it is deep-rooted, It is difficult to correct.Universal is all further conversion of first following bad examples in this way, has walked many detours.

Four, word word is all practiced, it is difficult to persistently：Perhaps, the word that the word practiced can be finished writing, and not practice write certainly it is bad, have to word Word will be practiced, the numerous excessive cycles of Chinese character, so that current era, almost no one can persistently practise handwriting.It is whole to want the raising whole people Body writing level only captures above-mentioned difficulty, improves outmoded method, innovates a kind of science, simplicity, efficient calligraphy practice method to fit The demand in seasonable generation.

Chinese the stagnant of Chinese-character writing level moves back, it will be apparent that shows the low change state of national the true, the good and the beautiful.The Chinese of China Word absolutely not can be used as symbol and treat and use, its font is graceful, and interest and charm is rich and varied, and the tone rhythm is interesting to listen to, image and image It is combined, the bearing capacity with powerful life；Its lining is deep to contain moral character and life philosophic theory, civilized thought and Aesthetic View It reads.So it is very urgent to solve the phenomenon that bad Chinese characters are write by China.

As shown in Figure 1, the present invention provides a kind of gold lattice copybook, including at least carrier of the one page for writing, the load At least one gold lattice are provided in body at least one side, which is characterized in that the gold lattice include：The box 1 of square；Connection One horizontally disposed medium line 2 of 1 left side of box and right edge, the medium line 2 divide box 1 for along the medium line Symmetrical top area and lower zone；Two trisection lines 3 being vertically arranged for connecting 1 upper side edge of box and lower side, in described Between line 3 box 1 is divided into identical left hand edge area, body region and right hand edge area；The medium line 2 divides trisection line 3 The top trisection line 31 and underlying lower section trisection line 32 being located above；It is respectively arranged at top 31 He of trisection line Four golden section points 4 of lower section trisection line 32, distance of the golden section point 4 apart from medium line 2 and the gold point The ratio of distance of the cutpoint 4 apart from box 1 is golden section proportion.This method summarizes forefathers by the structural analysis to Chinese character On the basis of experience of writing, by writing main points, Hanzi structure theoretical system is formed, so that Chinese character is found in writing specific Position, achieve the effect that rapid beauty, can be singled out one thing and bring out its bearings by method.The present invention highlights hard-tipped writing instrument Practicability and timeliness.

In the present invention, as shown in Figure 1, the box 1 is preferably made of solid line, the medium line 2 and trisection line 3 are preferred It is made of dotted line, the diameter of the golden section point 4 preferably accounts for the 0.05-0.15 of 3 length of the trisection line.

Box can be adjusted according to required writing Chinese characters size in the present invention, for example, the length of the box 1 can be with It is 1-20 centimetres.

In order to cost-effective, the carrier can also include the illiteracy note paper covered above it, and the material of the carrier can be with For paper, timber or plastics.

In the present invention, the medium line 2, trisection line 3 are respectively to print and be formed, or strip bulge or groove, The golden section point 4 can be that printing is formed, or circular protrusions or recess.

In the present invention, the one side of every page of carrier is preferably at least provided with multiple gold lattice.

The application method of copybook of the present invention is explained below, but not thereby limiting the invention.

Gold point：Region control point, first stroke of a Chinese character point, starts to write a little；

Trisection line：Left area left hand edge area；

Intermediate region body region；

Right area right hand edge area；

Medium line：Transversary reference line.

Chinese character is divided into single character and combinde rqdical character.

Only there are one components for single character.

Write main points：Font main body is fallen in body region, in case of cross member will wear out two lines of left and right.

Combinde rqdical character has multiple components, and according to the position relation of component and component, combinde rqdical character structure mainly has following 12 kinds：

1. tiled configuration

Such as：It earns, is big, splashing, thanking

Write main points：The first stroke of a Chinese character of radical portion is fallen at gold point, and the main body of radical part is fallen on left line, if any erecting, is erected and is fallen On the line.Right structure main body is fallen on right line, if any erecting, is erected and is fallen on the line.The whole control of word is in 4 gold points Portion, in case of cross member will be worn out.Left, center, right structure intermediate member is fallen in body region.

2. up-down structure

Such as：Will seedling, is reported, is treated with irreverence

Write main points：Font main body is fallen in body region, and the whole control of word is inside 4 gold points, the whole control of word Inside 4 gold points, in case of cross member will wear out two lines of left and right.Up-Center-Down Structure intermediate member is fallen in body region.

3. semi-surrounding structure：

(1) upper right surrounds structure

Such as：Sentence can, be taken charge of, formula

Write main points：Font main body is fallen in body region, and left line, which runs through, is surrounded structure.

(2) upper left surrounds structure

Such as：Mausoleum, disease, room, Buddhist nun

Write main points：Font main body is fallen in body region, and right line, which runs through, is surrounded structure.

(3) lower-left surrounds structure

Such as：It builds, connect, is blanket, awkward

Write main points：Font main body is fallen in body region, is surrounded structure and is fallen on left line, besieged main body is fallen on right line

(4) three guarantees closed structure on

Such as：Together, it asks, make a noise, week

Write main points：Font main body is fallen in body region, and left and right two is perpendicular and left line, right line overlap, and besieged component is fallen in master Body area.

(5) three guarantees closed structure under

Such as：Hit, act of violence, letter, picture

Write main points：Font main body falls the left and right ends that structure is surrounded in body region and left line, and right line overlaps, and is surrounded Component is fallen in body region.

(6) left three guarantees closed structure

Such as：Area, huge, circle, casket, minister

Write main points：Font main body, which is fallen, surrounds the left end of structure in body region and is overlapped with left line, and right line, quilt are worn out in bottom end Main structure body is surrounded close to left line and to be left white.

4. surrounding structure entirely

Such as：Prisoner, group, because, jail, circle

Write main points：Font main body is fallen in body region, and left and right two is perpendicular and left line, right line overlap, and besieged component is fallen in master Body area.

5. mosaic texture

Such as：It sits, is refreshing, press from both sides, is shocking

Write main points：Font main body is fallen in body region, in case of cross member will wear out two lines of left and right.

6. product word structure, matrix pattern structure

Write main points：Font main body is fallen in body region, and two lines of left and right extend through two component of font architecture lower end or so, in Between component fall in body region.

The component combination of all Chinese characters can be referred to above-mentioned a certain physique structure.Only how gold lattice are known above Road Chinese character start to write and writing part, be not the method for rapidly going to U.S. word, will also in conjunction with Chinese character structure composition main points, side It can achieve the effect that rapidly change askew unrest ugly.This method forms Chinese character knot by the structural analysis to Chinese character by writing main points Structure theoretical system enables Chinese character to find specific position in writing, achievees the effect that rapid beauty, can be lifted by method One anti-three, understand the rest by analogy.The present invention protrudes the practicability and timeliness of hard-tipped writing instrument.

Being used as below to regular script instructs font to explain.Structure of Chinese Regular Script person is discussed at all times, is that opinions vary, not inner feelings one It is.Gu has " 36 method " of Ou Yangxun, and " 84 method " of Li Chun, " 92 method " of Huang Ziyuan is each has something to recommend him, but not Comprehensively.The present has " 100 method ", also has " 131 method ", has their own characteristics each, but lack method, messy unordered.It published in recent years A large amount of copybooks, some copy by rote ancients discussion and not specified (NS)；Some only says the cloth gesture of word, does not say that specific write is advised Then；Some what is said or talked about scale width, and the Crack cause of undeclared size width；Some only slightly expresses one's own views, but it is complete to owe accurate Whole systems.Though these word-building methods have certain reference value, since public clamour can confound right and wrong, inevitable theory causes confusion state, lacks Weary comprehensive systematicness and science.

The basic analyzing method of Structure of Chinese Regular Script, basic characteristics, classification, writing are required below and structure word mode carries out theory It illustrates.

A structure piece

One, tiled configuration

Left part have radical that perpendicular (including lifting-hook, erect skim) occur (it is perpendicular by it is transversal then not counting, such as mountain, account for, soil),

If right part has long perpendicular (including lifting-hook, oblique hook are perpendicular to carry) to occur, left part write it is short, write it is small, in it is upper neat.Right part will write length, It is straight.

If right part occurs without downward situation, left part writes length, and right part is located at middle and lower part,

If right part has perpendicular crotch, Nun, lower 2 components occur, about the same length of.

Left and right is supported or opposed, and centre is left white 1/3,1/2.

Left and right is without perpendicular

1, in left small and right large upper neat (size refers to character form structure),

It is 2, lower neat in left large and right small,

3, it is left it is smaller on make even and (be less than or equal to 3 to draw),

4, the left and right quite right side is big,

5, left and right is with left lower than right with word,

In the structure of left, center, right, middle right part is considered as one.Middle part must be write just, if right part has lateral chief editor or length horizontal, 1:1:2 It writes, such as right is vertical chief editor, 1:1:1 writes.

Two, up-down structure

1, there are the component (long horizontal, Nun, horizontal hook erects crotch) of horizontal spreading, top and the bottom small letter in such as middle part.Centre expansion, It is tightened with exterior part, accounts for the 1/3 of long cross or Nun, if any frame structure, account for horizontal pen 1/2.

2, long horizontal or horizontal hook is arranged at such as top, and middle and lower part is without right-falling stroke or perpendicular crotch component, prefix capitalization.It is covered for day.

3, such as prefix has Nun, covers all following components.

4, top be tiled configuration, below single part, it is wide at the top and narrow at the bottom.

5, lower part is as right-falling stroke, erected crotch, heart word bottom, four point bottoms, youngster's word bottom, and word bottom is seen at a few word bottoms, clothing word bottom, anti-text bottom, Ware word bottom, is dragged in top.

Three, Up-Center-Down Structure：

Upper, middle and lower is suitable, and each 1/3,

Stroke more persons in middle part uphold, and shrink less up and down,

Middle part stroke lacks that person's width is short, and more person's height are narrow up and down.

Four, product word structure：Top wants bigger between two parties, and lower left quarter, which is drawn close, wants slightly smaller, and bottom right is slightly put.

Five, four stack structure：Outer four is folded：Entirety is square, and quadrangle is different.

Interior four is folded：It is compact top.

Surround structure

Six, it surrounds structure point semi-surrounding structure and surrounds structure entirely

1, bottom right is wrapped in upper left：The above is horizontal complete short, and the above is that head is entirely small, and besieged part moves to right out 1/2 to 1/3.

2, lower-left packet upper right：Being surrounded position top will write greatly, walk it, and that builds is surrounded the middle first stroke of a Chinese character, and cross break is anti-greatly Shoulder.Full packet is walked, is half packet.The upper first stroke of a Chinese character in perpendicular crotch component.

3, upper right packet lower-left：Besieged component moves to left out 1/2.It is less than or equal to 3 by packet component to draw, is crotch, is depicted as more than 3 It is perpendicular to hook.

4, left packet is right：It is leaned on by a packet component left side, the upper short bottom of cross is horizontally long, upper left Liu Kou, erects with outstanding needle.

5, it is wrapped under：It is less than or equal to 3 by packet component to draw, to open shoulder, is depicted as receiving shoulder more than 3.It leans on down, bottom transverse process.Packet 1/2 Place, pays attention to there is variant.

6, under upper packet：Stay mouth in left short right length, by packet position it is to the left on, account for 3/4,2/3, wind exception.Two is perpendicular opposite, erects and hooks Left crossbow is good-looking.If there is component on frame, the two of frame perpendicular receives inward.As, without component, two erect slightly abductions on frame.

7, Quan Bao：2 mouthfuls are stayed up and down, is wrapped on to the left.

8, gas word is leaned on by the packet component right side, and carrier head is turned right by packet component and leaned on, and is shooted a retrievable arrow word and is wrapped out half-word.

A stroke piece

It is horizontal

Divide long cross, middle cross, hyphen.

Literary style：Every have a cross, horizontal to resist shoulder to write, and raises up 5 ° -7 °

Main points：1, it is long it is horizontal be mostly chief editor, it is to the left be it is wonderful, such as it is long it is horizontal is chief editor, pay attention to Rule of Two and Three.

2, such as horizontal both ends are symmetrical, it is horizontal it is prominent

3, horizontal to do radical on a left side and become carrying

It is perpendicular

Divide outstanding needle perpendicular, the dew that hangs down is perpendicular.

Literary style：Have it is perpendicular must crossbow, hang needle it is non-it.

Vertical dew is erected in left crossbow, intermediate straight in right crossbow, alternative outstanding needle, otherwise can not.

Main points：1, cannot be crossbow when erecting for chief editor or when being that outstanding needle is perpendicular.

2, mostly perpendicular structure font equidistant parallel, left short right length do not hang needle.

3, two is perpendicular intermediate alongside left, such as by through two-not-depend.

4, short among three perpendicular structures.

5, left part radical has perpendicular, can be with lancet.

6, erecting should be peppery to skim antelope in left part end pen, debated.

It skims

Divide short oblique slash, short flat slash tiltedly to skim, erects and skim.

Main points：

1, short flat slash is that short flat slash is changed to " Dian " there are variant, such as the first stroke

2, it erects to skim and be skimmed again first to erect.

3, oblique slash the right encounters perpendicular, is changed to perpendicular slash.

4, skimming short right-falling stroke must grow, and skimming long right-falling stroke must raise.

5, it is high to skim low right-falling stroke.

Right-falling stroke

Divide tiltedly right-falling stroke, puts down right-falling stroke.

Main points：

1, above one right-falling stroke of only exhibition of two right-falling strokes, other become " Dian ".

2,3-4 is pressed down, and opens up last right-falling stroke.Meal.

3, right-falling stroke be surrounded becoming " Dian " because.

4, horizontally long to skim short right-falling stroke change " Dian ".

5, right-falling stroke is done radical on a left side and is changed to " Dian ".

6, in a word can only there are one right-falling stroke, remaining long point.

Folding

Divide cross break, erect folding, horizontal slash skims folding, apostrophe, the folding walked.

Main points：The bottom cross of perpendicular folding is convex.

It chooses and (carries)

Divide and tiltedly chooses, it is flat to choose, it is perpendicular to choose.

Main points：The perpendicular perpendicular left crossbow chosen, carries 45 °.

Hook

Horizontal hook, lifting-hook, oblique hook is divided to erect crotch (floated goose hook), arc hook, crouch heart hook, cross break hook.

Main points：

1, horizontal hook bill is directed at next record stroke-starting position.

2, oblique hook erects equal 90 ° of crotch.

3, lifting-hook, arc hook, crouch heart hook, and the bill of cross break hook is directed at this component or this font center.

Point

Right point, Zuo Dian, long point is divided to choose and (carry) point.

Point all plays balanced action in any position.

Main points：

1,2 points of the left and right of both sides is erected, with left lower than right, there are variants.

2, it is apostrophe that Nun is changeable.

Although above having used general explanation and specific embodiment, the present invention is described in detail, at this On the basis of invention, it can be made some modifications or improvements, this will be apparent to those skilled in the art.Therefore, These modifications or improvements without departing from theon the basis of the spirit of the present invention belong to the scope of protection of present invention.

Claims (9)

1. a kind of gold lattice copybook, including at least one page is used for the carrier of writing, is provided at least in the carrier at least one side One gold lattice, which is characterized in that the gold lattice include：

The box (1) of square；

A horizontally disposed medium line (2) of box (1) left side and right edge is connected, the medium line (2) is by box (1) It is divided into along the symmetrical top area in the centre and lower zone；

Two trisection lines (3) being vertically arranged of box (1) upper side edge and lower side are connected, the medium line (3) is by box (1) identical left hand edge area, body region and right hand edge area are divided into；Trisection line (3) is divided into positioned at upper by the medium line (2) The top trisection line (31) and underlying lower section trisection line (32) of side；

It is respectively arranged at four golden section points (4) of top trisection line (31) and lower section trisection line (32), the gold The ratio of distance and the golden section point (4) distance apart from box (1) of the cut-point (4) apart from medium line (2) is gold The ration of division.

2. copybook according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the box (1) is made of solid line.

3. copybook according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the medium line (2) and trisection line (3) are by dotted line structure At.

4. copybook according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the diameter of the golden section point (4) accounts for the trisection The 0.05-0.15 of line (3) length.

5. copybook according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the length of the box (1) is 1-20 centimetres.

6. copybook according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the carrier further includes the illiteracy note paper covered above it.

7. copybook according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the material of the carrier is paper, timber or plastics.

8. copybook according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the one side of every page of carrier is at least provided with multiple gold Lattice.

9. copybook according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the medium line (2), trisection line (3) are respectively bar shaped Protrusion or groove, the golden section point (4) are circular protrusions or recess.