CN108414358A - A kind of device measuring tensile sample elongation after fracture and the contraction percentage of area - Google Patents
A kind of device measuring tensile sample elongation after fracture and the contraction percentage of area Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明属于检测设备技术领域，涉及一种测量拉伸试样断后延伸率和断面收缩率的装置。所述的装置包括显微照相系统、旋转夹头和控制箱，所述的显微照相系统用于拍摄所述的拉伸试样在不同位置的照片；所述的旋转夹头在所述的控制箱的遥控操作下实现所述的拉伸试样的夹紧和旋转。利用本发明的测量拉伸试样断后延伸率和断面收缩率的装置，能够在不破坏断口的情况下通过简单的操作测量拉伸试样断后延伸率和断面收缩率，并尤其适用于有毒有害拉伸失效样品的测量。
The invention belongs to the technical field of testing equipment, and relates to a device for measuring the elongation rate and the shrinkage rate of a tensile sample after breaking. The device includes a photomicrograph system, a rotary chuck and a control box, and the photomicrograph system is used to take photos of the tensile sample at different positions; the rotary chuck is in the The clamping and rotation of the tensile sample is realized under the remote control of the control box. Utilizing the device for measuring the elongation after fracture and the reduction of area of a tensile sample of the present invention can measure the elongation after fracture and the reduction of area of a tensile sample through simple operations without destroying the fracture, and is especially suitable for toxic and harmful Measurement of tensile failure samples.
Description
技术领域technical field
本发明属于检测设备技术领域，涉及一种测量拉伸试样断后延伸率和断面收缩率的装置。The invention belongs to the technical field of testing equipment, and relates to a device for measuring the elongation rate and the shrinkage rate of a tensile sample after breaking.
背景技术Background technique
拉伸性能是材料的基础力学性能，通过拉伸测试可以得到材料塑性和强度等性能表征参数，主要包括：断后延伸率(A)、断面收缩率(Z)、屈服强度和抗拉强度等，其中A和Z是表征材料塑性的重要参数。Tensile properties are the basic mechanical properties of materials. Performance characterization parameters such as plasticity and strength of materials can be obtained through tensile tests, mainly including: elongation after fracture (A), reduction of area (Z), yield strength and tensile strength, etc. Among them, A and Z are important parameters to characterize the plasticity of materials.
如图1所示，测量A和Z时，一般需要先将材料断开的两部分的拉伸断口21彼此重合对接，而且对接时必须使拉伸断口21完全重合且断面同轴，以复型拉伸失效样品在断开时的整体形貌；然后再测量复型后的标距段以及颈缩段的长度；最后分别通过标准公式计算得到A和Z。As shown in Figure 1, when measuring A and Z, it is generally necessary to overlap and butt the tensile fractures 21 of the two parts of the material disconnection first, and the tensile fractures 21 must be completely overlapped and the sections are coaxial when docking, so as to replicate The overall shape of the tensile failure sample when it is broken; then measure the length of the gauge length section and the neck section after the replica; finally calculate A and Z by standard formulas.
以上A和Z测量过程的关键在于拉伸失效样品的拉伸断口21对接复型，该操作较为精细，一般通过人手操作完成。但利用人手操作拉伸断口21对接复型存在以下缺点：The key to the above A and Z measurement process is the butt joint replica of the tensile fracture 21 of the tensile failure sample. This operation is relatively delicate and is generally completed by manual operation. However, there are the following disadvantages in utilizing the manually operated tension fracture 21 docking replica:
(1)人手操作拉伸断口21对接复型时，不可避免的拉伸断口21间的接触、摩擦会对试样的拉伸断口21的形貌造成破坏，从而影响后续的拉伸断口21的微观分析；(1) When manually operating the tensile fracture 21 butt joint replica, the inevitable contact and friction between the tensile fracture 21 will cause damage to the morphology of the tensile fracture 21 of the sample, thereby affecting the subsequent tensile fracture 21. micro analysis;
(2)人手操作拉伸断口21对接复型时，对操作人员的操作技巧和工作状态要求高，拉伸断口21的对接操作的过紧、过松或者不同轴，都会出现人为操作引起的偏差；(2) When manually operating the butt joint replica of the tensile fracture 21, the operator's operating skills and working conditions are highly required. If the butt joint operation of the tensile fracture 21 is too tight, too loose or out of axis, there will be problems caused by human operation. deviation;
(3)对于一些特殊的，有毒有害的拉伸失效样品，例如放射性样品和腐蚀样品，由于样品对人体有害，无法进行人手操作。(3) For some special, toxic and harmful tensile failure samples, such as radioactive samples and corrosion samples, manual operation cannot be performed because the samples are harmful to the human body.
为了减小人手操作断口对接造成的偏差，目前已开发了一些辅助装置用于圆棒样品的断口对接。但此类辅助装置需要试验人员将试样安装在装置夹头上锁紧，并旋转样品使断口吻合对接，存在以下问题：In order to reduce the deviation caused by manual fracture docking, some auxiliary devices have been developed for the fracture docking of round bar samples. However, this type of auxiliary device requires the tester to install the sample on the chuck of the device and lock it, and rotate the sample to make the fractures fit together, which has the following problems:
(1)装置操作时无法避免对试样断口造成损伤；(1) Damage to the specimen fracture cannot be avoided during device operation;
(2)装置需要试验人员进行操作，因此只适用于普通材料的操作，无法适用于有毒有害试样，例如放射性样品和腐蚀样品的操作；(2) The device needs to be operated by test personnel, so it is only suitable for the operation of ordinary materials, and cannot be applied to the operation of toxic and harmful samples, such as radioactive samples and corrosive samples;
(3)装置的操作对于试验人员来说较为简单，但对自动化辅助装置来说仍较为复杂，因此在开展有毒有害样品的试验时，由于自动化辅助装置(如：远程机械手)仅能实现简单操作动作而无法胜任。(3) The operation of the device is relatively simple for the test personnel, but it is still relatively complicated for the automatic auxiliary device. action and can't do it.
发明内容Contents of the invention
本发明的目的是提供一种测量拉伸试样断后延伸率和断面收缩率的装置，以能够在不破坏断口的情况下通过简单的操作测量拉伸试样断后延伸率和断面收缩率，并尤其适用于有毒有害拉伸失效样品的测量。The object of the present invention is to provide a kind of device that measures elongation after fracture and reduction of area of tensile sample, to be able to measure elongation after fracture and reduction of area of tensile sample by simple operation under the situation of not destroying fracture, and It is especially suitable for the measurement of toxic and harmful tensile failure samples.
为实现此目的，在基础的实施方案中，本发明提供一种测量拉伸试样断后延伸率和断面收缩率的装置，所述的装置包括显微照相系统、旋转夹头和控制箱，To achieve this purpose, in a basic embodiment, the present invention provides a device for measuring elongation after fracture and reduction of area of a tensile sample, said device comprising a photomicrograph system, a rotating chuck and a control box,
所述的显微照相系统用于拍摄所述的拉伸试样在不同位置的照片；The photomicrograph system is used to take photos of the tensile sample at different positions;
所述的旋转夹头在所述的控制箱的遥控操作下实现所述的拉伸试样的夹紧和旋转。The rotating chuck realizes the clamping and rotating of the tensile sample under the remote control operation of the control box.
在一种优选的实施方案中，本发明提供一种测量拉伸试样断后延伸率和断面收缩率的装置，其中所述的显微照相系统包括高清镜头、图像采集/控制单元和显示器，In a preferred embodiment, the present invention provides a device for measuring tensile specimen elongation after fracture and reduction of area, wherein said photomicrograph system includes a high-definition lens, an image acquisition/control unit and a display,
所述的图像采集/控制单元分别与所述的高清镜头、所述的显示器连接，用于将所述的高清镜头采集的图像信号转换传送至所述的显示器进行显示，并控制保存所述的高清镜头采集的高清图片。The image acquisition/control unit is respectively connected with the high-definition lens and the display, and is used to convert and transmit the image signal collected by the high-definition lens to the display for display, and control and save the High-definition pictures collected by high-definition lens.
在一种优选的实施方案中，本发明提供一种测量拉伸试样断后延伸率和断面收缩率的装置，其中所述的旋转夹头包括嗦咀机构和旋转驱动机构，In a preferred embodiment, the present invention provides a device for measuring the elongation after fracture and the reduction of area of the tensile sample, wherein the rotary chuck includes a blowing mechanism and a rotary drive mechanism,
所述的嗦咀机构用于夹持所述的拉伸试样，其嗦咀夹持部位呈圆形，嗦咀张开时内径尺寸略大于所述的拉伸试样夹持部位尺寸，嗦咀夹紧时内径尺寸略小于所述的拉伸试样夹持部位尺寸；The said Suozui mechanism is used to clamp the tensile sample, and the Suozui clamping position is circular. When tight, the inner diameter is slightly smaller than the size of the clamping part of the tensile sample;
所述的旋转驱动机构用于驱动夹持的所述的拉伸试样的旋转。The rotation driving mechanism is used to drive the rotation of the clamped tensile sample.
在一种更加优选的实施方案中，本发明提供一种测量拉伸试样断后延伸率和断面收缩率的装置，其中所述的控制箱包括嗦咀控制单元和旋转控制单元，In a more preferred embodiment, the present invention provides a device for measuring elongation after fracture and reduction of area of a tensile sample, wherein said control box includes a mouthful control unit and a rotation control unit,
所述的嗦咀控制单元与所述的嗦咀机构相连，用于控制嗦咀的张开和夹紧；The said Suo Tsui control unit is connected with the said Suo Tsui mechanism, and is used to control the opening and clamping of the Suo Tsui;
所述的旋转控制单元与所述的旋转驱动机构相连，用于控制所述的嗦咀机构的旋转。The rotation control unit is connected with the rotation driving mechanism and is used to control the rotation of the blowing mechanism.
本发明的有益效果在于，利用本发明的测量拉伸试样断后延伸率和断面收缩率的装置，能够在不破坏断口的情况下通过简单的操作测量拉伸试样断后延伸率和断面收缩率，并尤其适用于有毒有害拉伸失效样品的测量。The beneficial effect of the present invention is that, by using the device for measuring the elongation after fracture and the reduction of area of the tensile sample of the present invention, the elongation after fracture and the reduction of area of the tensile sample can be measured through simple operations without destroying the fracture , and is especially suitable for the measurement of toxic and harmful tensile failure samples.
本发明的有益效果具体体现在：The beneficial effects of the present invention are embodied in:
(1)操作简单。除了需要将测试样品端部放入旋转夹头外，其他操作均可通过控制箱实现。(1) Easy to operate. Except for the need to place the end of the test sample into the rotating chuck, other operations can be realized through the control box.
(2)不破坏测试样品断口。测试样品的对接复型是通过照片进行的，测试样品断口间不用接触。(2) Do not destroy the fracture of the test sample. The butt joint replica of the test sample is carried out through photos, and there is no contact between the fractures of the test sample.
(3)可方便地应用于有毒有害样品的测量。在测量有毒有害样品时，可将显微照相系统和旋转夹头置于屏蔽区域(如：热室)内，将控制箱置于安全区域外，然后利用机械手或其他简易辅助装置将拉伸失效样品装入气动旋转夹头中即可完成测试样品的测量。(3) It can be conveniently applied to the measurement of toxic and harmful samples. When measuring toxic and harmful samples, the photomicrograph system and the rotating chuck can be placed in a shielded area (such as: a hot chamber), the control box can be placed outside the safe area, and then the tensile failure can be achieved by using a manipulator or other simple auxiliary devices. The sample is loaded into the pneumatic rotary chuck to complete the measurement of the test sample.
附图说明Description of drawings
图1为现有技术的拉伸失效材料样品的人工断口对接复型原理示意图。Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of the principle of artificial fracture butt joint replica of a tensile failure material sample in the prior art.
图2为示例性的本发明的测量拉伸试样断后延伸率和断面收缩率的装置的组成结构图。Fig. 2 is a compositional structure diagram of an exemplary device for measuring elongation after fracture and reduction of area of a tensile sample according to the present invention.
图3为利用示例性的本发明的测量拉伸试样断后延伸率和断面收缩率的装置实现拉伸试样复型合成的原理示意图。Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of the principle of using the exemplary device for measuring the elongation after fracture and the reduction of area of a tensile sample of the present invention to realize the synthesis of a tensile sample replica.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
示例性的本发明的测量拉伸试样断后延伸率和断面收缩率的装置的组成结构如图2所示，包括显微照相系统8、旋转夹头9和控制箱10。The composition and structure of an exemplary device for measuring the elongation after fracture and the reduction of area of a tensile sample according to the present invention is shown in FIG. 2 , including a photomicrograph system 8 , a rotating chuck 9 and a control box 10 .
显微照相系统8用于拍摄拉伸试样11在不同位置的照片。显微照相系统8包括高清镜头1、图像采集/控制单元3和显示器2。图像采集/控制单元3分别与高清镜头1、显示器2连接，用于将高清镜头1采集的图像信号转换传送至显示器2进行显示，并控制保存高清镜头1采集的高清图片。The photomicrograph system 8 is used to take pictures of the tensile sample 11 at different positions. The photomicrograph system 8 includes a high-definition lens 1 , an image acquisition/control unit 3 and a display 2 . The image acquisition/control unit 3 is respectively connected with the high-definition lens 1 and the display 2, and is used to convert and transmit the image signal collected by the high-definition lens 1 to the display 2 for display, and control and save the high-definition pictures collected by the high-definition lens 1.
旋转夹头9在控制箱10的遥控操作下实现拉伸试样11的夹紧和旋转。旋转夹头9包括嗦咀机构5和旋转驱动机构4。嗦咀机构5用于夹持拉伸试样11，其嗦咀夹持部位呈圆形，嗦咀张开时内径尺寸略大于拉伸试样11夹持部位尺寸，嗦咀夹紧时内径尺寸略小于拉伸试样11夹持部位尺寸。旋转驱动机构4用于驱动夹持的拉伸试样11的旋转。The rotary chuck 9 realizes the clamping and rotation of the tensile sample 11 under the remote control of the control box 10 . The rotary chuck 9 includes a blowing mechanism 5 and a rotary driving mechanism 4 . The mouthpiece mechanism 5 is used to clamp the tensile sample 11, and the holding part of the mouthpiece is circular. When the mouthpiece is opened, the inner diameter is slightly larger than the size of the clamping part of the tensile sample 11. When the mouthpiece is clamped, the inner diameter is slightly smaller than Dimensions of clamping part of tensile sample 11. The rotation drive mechanism 4 is used to drive the rotation of the clamped tensile sample 11 .
控制箱10包括嗦咀控制单元7和旋转控制单元6。嗦咀控制单元7与嗦咀机构5相连，用于控制嗦咀的张开和夹紧。旋转控制单元6与旋转驱动机构4相连，用于控制嗦咀机构5的旋转。The control box 10 includes a mouthpiece control unit 7 and a rotation control unit 6 . The mouthpiece control unit 7 is connected with the mouthpiece mechanism 5, and is used to control opening and clamping of the mouthpiece. The rotation control unit 6 is connected with the rotation driving mechanism 4 and is used for controlling the rotation of the blowing mechanism 5 .
利用上述示例性的装置测量拉伸试样断后延伸率和断面收缩率的示例性的方法包括如下步骤(部分原理参见图3)：Utilize above-mentioned exemplary device to measure the exemplary method of elongation after fracture and reduction of area of tensile sample comprising the following steps (partial principle is referring to Fig. 3):
(1)将拉伸试样11断裂后的两段先后装入嗦咀机构5；(1) The two sections after the fracture of the tensile sample 11 are successively packed into the mouthpiece mechanism 5;
(2)利用控制箱10实现拉伸试样11的夹紧和旋转，并利用显微照相系统8先后拍下拉伸试样11断裂后的两段的标距段34的照片；(2) Utilize the control box 10 to realize the clamping and rotation of the tensile sample 11, and utilize the photomicrograph system 8 to successively take photos of the two sections of the gauge length section 34 after the tensile sample 11 breaks;
(3)对不同照片上的拉伸试样11断裂后的两段进行拼合，以使断口完全吻合；(3) Assemble the two sections after the fracture of the tensile specimen 11 on different photos, so that the fractures are completely matched;
(4)测量断后拼接样品的断后标距Lu(即图3的下图中的A4，为第一标距线31与第二标距线32之间的距离)及断后最小直径du(即图3的下图中的B2，即拼接样品的断口的最小直径)的像素长度，利用测量前标定得到的照片像素长度与实际尺寸的关系，换算得到Lu及du的实际尺寸，由此计算得到断后延伸率A和断面收缩率Z，计算公式分别如下：(4) Measure the gauge length L u after splicing after fracture (that is, A4 in the lower figure of Fig. 3, which is the distance between the first gauge line 31 and the second gauge line 32) and the minimum diameter du after fracture ( That is, the pixel length of B2 in the lower figure of Figure 3, namely the minimum diameter of the fracture of the spliced sample), using the relationship between the photo pixel length and the actual size obtained by calibration before measurement, the actual size of Lu and du is obtained by conversion, by This calculation obtains the elongation after fracture A and the reduction of area Z, and the calculation formulas are as follows:
式中，In the formula,
Lu为试样断开后紧密对接在一起，并且保证两部分的轴线位于同一条直线上时测量得到的标距长度，单位mm；L u is the gauge length measured when the sample is disconnected and butted closely together, and the axes of the two parts are on the same straight line, in mm;
L0为根据拉伸标准制定的原始样品的第一标距线31与第二标距线32之间的标距长度(见图3的上图，即该图中的距离A1)，单位mm；L 0 is the gauge length between the first gauge line 31 and the second gauge line 32 of the original sample formulated according to the tensile standard (see the upper figure of Figure 3, that is, the distance A1 in this figure), in mm ;
du为试样断开后紧密对接在一起，并且保证两部分的轴线位于同一条直线上时测量的最小直径，单位mm；d u is the minimum diameter measured when the sample is disconnected and butted together tightly, and the axes of the two parts are guaranteed to be on the same straight line, in mm;
d0为原始样品标距段的最小横截面直径(见图3的上图，即该图中的距离B1)，单位mm。d 0 is the minimum cross-sectional diameter of the gauge length section of the original sample (see the upper picture of Figure 3, that is, the distance B1 in this figure), in mm.
此外，对上述示例性的本发明的方法中未提及到的图3中的其它相关原理解释如下。In addition, other relevant principles in FIG. 3 that are not mentioned in the above exemplary method of the present invention are explained as follows.
第一标距线31与第二标距线32为分别在拉伸试样11断裂前的合二为一的试样平行段33上刻画的两条垂直于拉伸试样11轴线的直线。标距段34为拉伸试样11位于第一标距线31与第二标距线32之间的一段。标距段34的长度一般取5mm的整数倍，如5mm、10mm等，具体值根据拉伸试验标准进行制定。在图3的中图中，对于拉伸试样11断裂后的两段，A2为第一标距线31至断面的距离，A3为第二标距线32至断面的距离。The first gauge line 31 and the second gauge line 32 are two straight lines perpendicular to the axis of the tensile sample 11 respectively drawn on the parallel section 33 of the sample 11 before fracture. The gauge section 34 is a section of the tensile sample 11 located between the first gauge line 31 and the second gauge line 32 . The length of the gauge section 34 is generally an integer multiple of 5mm, such as 5mm, 10mm, etc., and the specific value is determined according to the tensile test standard. In the middle diagram of FIG. 3 , for the two sections of the tensile sample 11 after fracture, A2 is the distance from the first gauge line 31 to the section, and A3 is the distance from the second gauge line 32 to the section.
当上述方法测量的拉伸试样11为有毒有害样品，尤其是放射性样品或腐蚀性样品时，将显微照相系统8和旋转夹头9置于屏蔽区域(如热室)内，将控制箱10置于屏蔽区域外，并利用机械手或其他简易辅助装置将拉伸试样11装入嗦咀机构5中。When the tensile sample 11 measured by the above method is a poisonous and harmful sample, especially a radioactive sample or a corrosive sample, the photomicrograph system 8 and the rotating chuck 9 are placed in a shielded area (such as a thermal chamber), and the control box 10 is placed outside the shielded area, and the tensile sample 11 is loaded into the blowing mechanism 5 by using a manipulator or other simple auxiliary devices.
上述示例性的方法的操作举例如下。The operation of the above exemplary method is illustrated as follows.
(1)将拉伸试样11断裂后的一段(图3中左段)放置在嗦咀机构5中(为松开状态)；(1) A section (the left section in Fig. 3) after the fracture of the tensile sample 11 is placed in the mechanism 5 (for the unclamped state);
(2)操作控制箱10，使嗦咀机构5夹紧拉伸试样11的端部；(2) Operate the control box 10 to make the mouthpiece mechanism 5 clamp the end of the tensile sample 11;
(3)操作控制箱10，使拉伸试样11的第一标距线31正面朝向显微照相系统8；(3) Operate the control box 10 so that the front of the first gauge line 31 of the tensile sample 11 faces the photomicrograph system 8;
(4)操作显微照相系统8，拍下能清晰反映拉伸试样11标距段34形貌的照片；(4) operate the photomicrograph system 8, and take photos that can clearly reflect the appearance of the gauge length section 34 of the tensile sample 11;
(5)重复步骤(1)至(4)，拍下拉伸试样11断裂后的另一段(图3中右段)的标距段34形貌的照片；(5) Repeat steps (1) to (4), take a photo of the gauge length section 34 topography of another section (the right section in Fig. 3 ) after the tensile sample 11 is broken;
(6)通过图片合成，将拉伸试样11断裂后的两段样品合成为一个整体；(6) Synthesize the two sections of samples after the fracture of the tensile sample 11 into a whole through picture synthesis;
(7)测量合成图片中标距段34及断后最小直径du的像素长度；(7) Measuring the pixel length of the gauge length segment 34 and the minimum diameter du after breaking in the composite picture;
(8)根据试验前标定好的单位像素长度-实际尺寸关系，进行简单换算得到标距段34及断后最小直径du的实际尺寸长度；(8) According to the unit pixel length-actual size relationship calibrated before the test, a simple conversion is performed to obtain the actual size length of the gauge length section 34 and the minimum diameter du after breaking;
(9)最后，通过如前所述的计算公式计算即可得到断后延伸率A和断面收缩率Z。(9) Finally, the elongation after fracture A and the reduction of area Z can be obtained through the calculation formula as mentioned above.
显然，本领域的技术人员可以对本发明进行各种改动和变型而不脱离本发明的精神和范围。这样，倘若对本发明的这些修改和变型属于本发明权利要求及其同等技术的范围之内，则本发明也意图包含这些改动和变型在内。上述实施例或实施方式只是对本发明的举例说明，本发明也可以以其它的特定方式或其它的特定形式实施，而不偏离本发明的要旨或本质特征。因此，描述的实施方式从任何方面来看均应视为说明性而非限定性的。本发明的范围应由附加的权利要求说明，任何与权利要求的意图和范围等效的变化也应包含在本发明的范围内。Obviously, those skilled in the art can make various changes and modifications to the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Thus, if these modifications and variations of the present invention fall within the scope of the claims of the present invention and equivalent technologies, the present invention also intends to include these modifications and variations. The above-mentioned embodiments or implementations are only examples of the present invention, and the present invention can also be implemented in other specific ways or other specific forms without departing from the gist or essential features of the present invention. Accordingly, the described embodiments should be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive. The scope of the present invention should be described by the appended claims, and any changes equivalent to the intention and scope of the claims should also be included in the scope of the present invention.
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