CN108412570A - Seat ring, scavenging air valve and the method for manufacturing seat ring of scavenging air valve - Google Patents
Seat ring, scavenging air valve and the method for manufacturing seat ring of scavenging air valve Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN108412570A CN108412570A CN201810134030.XA CN201810134030A CN108412570A CN 108412570 A CN108412570 A CN 108412570A CN 201810134030 A CN201810134030 A CN 201810134030A CN 108412570 A CN108412570 A CN 108412570A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- seat ring
- scavenging air
- air valve
- valve body
- valve
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01L—CYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
- F01L3/00—Lift-valve, i.e. cut-off apparatus with closure members having at least a component of their opening and closing motion perpendicular to the closing faces; Parts or accessories thereof
- F01L3/22—Valve-seats not provided for in preceding subgroups of this group; Fixing of valve-seats
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01L—CYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
- F01L3/00—Lift-valve, i.e. cut-off apparatus with closure members having at least a component of their opening and closing motion perpendicular to the closing faces; Parts or accessories thereof
- F01L3/08—Valves guides; Sealing of valve stem, e.g. sealing by lubricant
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01L—CYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
- F01L3/00—Lift-valve, i.e. cut-off apparatus with closure members having at least a component of their opening and closing motion perpendicular to the closing faces; Parts or accessories thereof
- F01L3/02—Selecting particular materials for valve-members or valve-seats; Valve-members or valve-seats composed of two or more materials
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01L—CYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
- F01L2301/00—Using particular materials
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01L—CYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
- F01L2301/00—Using particular materials
- F01L2301/02—Using ceramic materials
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01L—CYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
- F01L2303/00—Manufacturing of components used in valve arrangements
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01L—CYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
- F01L2810/00—Arrangements solving specific problems in relation with valve gears
- F01L2810/01—Cooling
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01L—CYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
- F01L2820/00—Details on specific features characterising valve gear arrangements
- F01L2820/01—Absolute values
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Lift Valve (AREA)
- Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
Abstract
A kind of seat ring of the scavenging air valve of cylinder for internal combustion engine（10）, wherein the valve body of scavenging air valve can be leaned against to be closed scavenging air valve on seat ring, and wherein valve body can be removed from seat ring to open scavenging air valve.Seat ring（10）I.e. in the first part of the first material（13）Neutralize the second part of the second material（14）Include different material, wherein the first material intensity with bigger compared with the second material, and wherein the second material with the first material compared with higher thermal conductivity.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the seat rings of the scavenging air valve of internal combustion engine.In addition, the present invention relates to for internal combustion engine scavenging air valve and
The method for manufacturing seat ring.
Background technology
Known internal combustion engine includes scavenging air valve in practice, i.e. air inlet side scavenging air valve, can be incited somebody to action by the air inlet side scavenging air valve
Pressurized air is supplied to the cylinder and exhaust side crossover valve of internal combustion engine, can will be vented from internal combustion by exhaust side crossover valve
The cylinder of machine is discharged.
Each scavenging air valve of internal combustion engine includes valve body, and wherein seat ring interacts with valve body.For the scavenging air valve of closure,
Valve body is leaned against or is seated with the region limited in the surface region of the restriction of seat ring, and for open scavenging air valve, valve body
The region be not carried against on seat ring, or be moved away from or be lifted away from from seat ring.
The seat ring of known scavenging air valve is all by a kind of and identical material manufacture in practice, and is partly arranged
There is wear protection（Surface hardened layer）.Due to pressure and temperature higher and higher in the combustion chamber of cylinder, for the valve seat of scavenging air valve
Requirement of the circle especially in terms of intensity, thermal conductivity and wearability improves.For known seat ring in practice, these requirements are only
Can deficiently it be met.
Invention content
Based on this, the present invention is based on a kind of seat ring of novel scavenging air valve of creation, changing with such seat ring
The purpose of the method for air valve and manufacture seat ring.
The purpose is solved by seat ring according to claim 1.According to the present invention, seat ring is i.e. in the first material
The second part that first part neutralizes the second material includes different material, wherein the first material has compared with the second material
The intensity of bigger, and wherein the second material thermal conductivity with bigger compared with the first material.Therefore, the present invention proposes one
Kind seat ring is not manufactured continuously by a kind of and identical material, has the different materials in the form of composite construction
Part.The first part of first material undertakes the static state of seat ring and the major function of resistance to vibration.The second of second material
Part undertakes the function that high heat is conveyed out to seat ring.Alternatively, both materials support the corresponding of corresponding another material
Major function.It is had the advantage that using different materials：Material is individually selected in which can be suitble to its major function, and single
Material need not meet the requirement in terms of high intensity and good heat-conductivity simultaneously.
Preferably, seat ring is formed in Part III by third material, wherein third material and the first material and second
Material compares the ductility with bigger.It, especially can be to scavenging air valve using the third material in the third region of seat ring
Closing performance generates active influence.Pass through the high ductibility in Part III, it is ensured that even if in very short run time
It can realize the sealing effect between the seat ring of scavenging air valve and valve body, therefore reduce operation fluctuation.
According to advantageous further development, seat ring is formed with multiple components, and wherein valve body interacts therewith and cold
But the first component includes part made of different materials, and wherein be used to be assembled in seat ring in internal combustion engine second
Component is all made of a kind of material, and two of which component is connected to each other in a fixed manner.This is for economically fabricating valve seat
Circle is advantageous.Only the region crucial in terms of intensity and thermal conductivity and sealing effect of seat ring is by different materials
Part manufactures.That component for seat ring to be assembled in the seat ring in internal combustion engine traditional approach can be used by a kind of and
Identical material manufacture.
Scavenging air valve according to the present invention limits as claimed in claim 11.The method of seat ring is manufactured in claim 12 or 13
Middle restriction.
Description of the drawings
Preferably further developing for the present invention is obtained from dependent claims and following description.Pass through attached drawing（And it is unlimited
In this）Exemplary embodiment of the present invention is described in more detail.There is shown with：
Fig. 1 is in the region of the seat ring of scavenging air valve according to the present invention from the extraction part in internal combustion engine according to the present invention.
Specific implementation mode
The present invention relates to the seat ring of the scavenging air valve for internal combustion engine, the scavenging air valve with such seat ring and manufactures
The method of seat ring.
Fig. 1 shows the extraction of the seat ring 10 of the scavenging air valve from the cylinder for internal combustion engine in a highly schematic manner
Part.Scavenging air valve can be the air inlet side scavenging air valve for pressurized air or the exhaust side scavenging air valve for exhaust.
Seat ring 10 shown in FIG. 1 interacts with unshowned valve body, and wherein valve body is also been described as spool or valve disc.
In order to be closed scavenging air valve, valve body can be made to lean against on seat ring 10, wherein formed the valve body of contact and the part of seat ring 10 or
Surface region provides sealing effect.In order to open scavenging air valve, valve body can be displaced from seat ring 10, especially be lifted away from seat ring
10。
Seat ring 10 shown in FIG. 1 includes two components 11,12, they are connected to each other in a fixed manner, i.e., in Fig. 1
It is connected to each other by weld seam 18.The first component 11 of seat ring 10 is that component to interact with valve body, and must be
Design appropriate is carried out in terms of intensity, thermal conductivity and sealing effect.The second component 12 of seat ring 10 is used for 10 groups of seat ring
In the cylinder head of internal combustion engine.
For seat ring 10 to be assembled in the seat ring 10 being especially assembled in internal combustion engine in the cylinder head of internal combustion engine
Second component 12 is continuously manufactured by a kind of and identical material, wherein the second component 12 can especially through such as milling or
The cutting working method of turning manufactures.
The first component 11 of the seat ring 10 of Fig. 1（It interacts with valve body）By different material manufactures.
Therefore, the component 11 of seat ring 10 includes the second part 14 of the first part 13 and the second material of the first material,
Wherein the first material of first part 13 intensity with bigger compared with the second material of second part 14, and wherein second
Second material of part 14 thermal conductivity with bigger compared with the first material of first part 13.
The enough static state and resistance to vibration of seat ring 10 is mainly ensured by the first part 13 of the first material manufacture.Second
The second part 14 of material mainly provides appropriate high thermal conductivity, so that high heat can be conveyed out to wanting for seat ring 10
Temperature controlled surface.Two parts of different materials undertake corresponding another region of another material with respectively in addition supporting
Function.
In this case, the part 13 and 14 of different materials forms composite construction.The material of two parts 13 and 14
Corresponding function can be each selected or is designed for respectively.First material is preferably the first metal material.Second material is same
Preferably the second metal material.
Preferably, the intensity of the first material of first part 13 reaches 740N/m 2To 1200N/m 2Between.As
The first material for first part 13 is, it is preferable to use following material：Si Taili 12.The heat conduction of second material of second part 14
Rate preferably reaches 250W/mK between 400W/mK.As the second material for second part 14, it is preferable to use with
Lower material：Copper.
The first part 13 formed by the first material with high intensity preferably forms three-dimensional structure, wherein second part
14 are formed by the second material with relatively high thermal conductivity, this is because true：The hollow space of three-dimensional structure is idle empty
Between with the second material fill.In this case, three-dimensional structure can be regular texture, especially honeycomb or frame knot
Structure, or even irregular structure, especially foaming structure.
For the present invention, seat ring 10 includes at least different materials in the region of component 11 to interact with valve body
Part 13,14, that is, be used for provide seat ring 10 static state and resistance to vibration major function the first material first part
13, and for providing temperature controlled part is wanted by what high heat was transported away from seat ring 10（Such as surface region）The second material
Second part 14.Fig. 1 shows cooling pipe or the cooling device of cooling duct form, in the region of the component 11 of seat ring 10
Middle coolant flows through the cooling pipe or cooling duct, wherein the second part 14 for passing through the second material, it is ensured that is filled along cooling
The good heat for setting 17 direction is most conveyed out.
In the preferred illustrative embodiment of seat ring according to the present invention 10 shown in Fig. 1 comprising limit seat ring
The Part III 15 of 10 surface region 16, valve body can lean against in the surface region 16 to be closed scavenging air valve.Forming valve body
Bottom section the Part III 15 in, seat ring 10 is preferably by third material manufacture, wherein third material and the first material
High or bigger ductility is compared and had compared with the second material to material.
Preferably, using following metal or ceramic material as third material：Nickel or zirconium oxide.
By the Part III 15 of metal or ceramic material with high ductibility, it can especially improve the valve seat of scavenging air valve
Sealing effect between circle 10 and valve body, so that realizing outstanding sealing in the case of seldom run time
Effect, and therefore reduce operation fluctuation.
In addition, the present invention relates to the scavenging air valve with such seat ring 10, wherein scavenging air valve further includes and seat ring 10
The unshowned valve body of interaction.
In addition, the present invention relates to the methods for manufacturing seat ring according to the present invention.Seat ring 10 shown in FIG. 1 is manufactured,
In pass through machining manufacturing method manufacture second component 12.In order to manufacture the first component 11 of seat ring 10, first by first
Material constructs the three-dimensional structure of such as hollow space structure, so that therefore in the first step, for manufacturing seat ring 10
The first part 13 of component 11 is first by the first material manufacture.Here, as already explained, three-dimensional structure can be for example with honeycomb
It realizes to the formal rule of structure, such as is irregularly realized in the form of foaming structure.Three-dimensional structure can for example lead to
Generative nature manufacturing method is crossed such as 3D printing to manufacture.After manufacturing three-dimensional structure, for example pass through infiltration with the second material
Hollow space or free space are filled, thus to provide the first part 13 of the first material, the second part 14 of the second material.
After two components 11,12 are provided, preferably they are connected to each other by welding.
In contrast, it is also possible to, manufacture the second of the first part 13 and the second material that include at least the first material
The first component 11 of part 14, wherein two kinds of materials of the component 11 of seat ring 10 and therefore two parts 13,4 are by means of life
Become second nature manufacturing method（Such as by means of multiple material 3D printing technique）Simultaneously or standard constructs simultaneously.
Before connecting two components 11,12 or even after connecting two components 11,12, the third of third material
Part 15 can be for example formed in by means of painting method on the component 11 of seat ring 10.Alternatively, the third portion of the first component 11
Divide 15 can also be manufactured by generative nature manufacturing method.
For seat ring 10 to be assembled in internal combustion engine（Especially in the cylinder head of internal combustion engine）Seat ring 10 second
Component 12 is preferably all by a kind of and identical material manufacture.Preferably, in this case, second component 12 includes first
First material of the first part 13 of component 11.Then this for example ensures that two the good of component 11,12 connect by welding
Property.
Therefore, the present invention proposes a kind of seat ring 10 of the brand new class of the scavenging air valve for internal combustion engine.Seat ring 10
At least component 11 for being exposed to high mechanical load and high heat load include the composite constructions of at least two different pieces 13,14
Composition, at least two different piece 13,14 is manufactured by different materials, i.e., by first of the first material with higher-strength
The second part 14 of part 13 and the second material with high thermal conductivity.
Particularly preferably one embodiment, wherein seat ring 10 in the Part III of the bottom section as valve body by
Third material manufacture with high ductibility.
List of reference signs
10 seat rings
11 components
12 components
13 first parts
14 second parts
15 Part III
16 surfaces
17 cooling devices
18 weld seams
Claims (13)
1. a kind of seat ring of the scavenging air valve of cylinder for internal combustion engine（10）, the wherein valve body of scavenging air valve can lean against on seat ring
To be closed scavenging air valve, and wherein valve body can be removed from seat ring to open scavenging air valve, which is characterized in that seat ring（10）Exist
The first part of first material（13）Neutralize the second part of the second material（14）Include different material, wherein the first material
The intensity with bigger compared with the second material, and wherein the second material has higher thermal conductivity compared with the first material.
2. seat ring according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the first part formed by the first material（13）Form three
Tie up structure, and second part（14）By filled with the second material hollow space or free space formed.
3. seat ring according to claim 2, which is characterized in that the three-dimensional structure is regular texture, especially honeycomb
Structure.
4. seat ring according to claim 2, which is characterized in that the three-dimensional structure is irregular structure, is especially steeped
Foam structure.
5. seat ring according to any one of claim 1 to 4, which is characterized in that first material is the first metal
Material.
6. seat ring according to any one of claim 1 to 5, which is characterized in that second material is the second metal
Material.
7. seat ring according to any one of claim 1 to 6, which is characterized in that the seat ring（10）In third portion
Point（15）In formed by third material, wherein the third material compared with the first material and the second material with bigger extension
Property.
8. seat ring according to claim 7, which is characterized in that the Part III（15）Limit seat ring（10）Table
Face region（16）, the valve body can lean against the surface region（16）On to be closed scavenging air valve.
9. seat ring according to claim 7 or 8, which is characterized in that the third material is third metal or ceramic material
Material.
10. seat ring according to any one of claim 1 to 9, which is characterized in that the seat ring（10）By multiple portions
Part is formed, wherein the first component for interacting and being cooled with the valve body（11）Including part made of different materials
（13,14,15）, and the second component for wherein being used to be assembled in seat ring in internal combustion engine（12）All by a kind of material structure
At two of which component（11,12）It is connected to each other in a fixed manner.
11. a kind of scavenging air valve of internal combustion engine, the seat ring with valve body and for valve body（10）, which is characterized in that the valve
Seat ring（10）It is formed according to any one of claim 1 to 10.
12. manufacture is according to the seat ring of any one of claims 1 to 10（10）Method, which is characterized in that in first step
In, first part（13）By the first material manufacture to form three-dimensional structure, and then forming second part（14）Second
In step, the hollow space or free space of three-dimensional structure are filled with the second material.
13. manufacture is according to the seat ring of any one of claims 1 to 10（10）Method, which is characterized in that pass through generative nature
Manufacturing method, first part（13）By the first material manufacture, and second part（14）It is manufactured simultaneously by identical material.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102017102544.8 | 2017-02-09 | ||
| DE102017102544.8A DE102017102544A1 (en) | 2017-02-09 | 2017-02-09 | Valve seat ring of a gas exchange valve, gas exchange valve and method of manufacturing the valve seat ring |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN108412570A true CN108412570A (en) | 2018-08-17 |
Family
ID=62909770
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201810134030.XA Pending CN108412570A (en) | 2017-02-09 | 2018-02-09 | Seat ring, scavenging air valve and the method for manufacturing seat ring of scavenging air valve |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JP2018128019A (en) |
| KR (1) | KR20180092858A (en) |
| CN (1) | CN108412570A (en) |
| CH (1) | CH713420A2 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE102017102544A1 (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN114183268A (en) * | 2020-09-15 | 2022-03-15 | 通用汽车环球科技运作有限责任公司 | Cylinder head valve seat with high thermal conductivity and multi-material cross-section |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE102019130852A1 (en) | 2019-11-15 | 2021-05-20 | Man Energy Solutions Se | Valve seat insert of a gas exchange valve and gas exchange valve |
Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS56121810A (en) * | 1980-03-01 | 1981-09-24 | Riken Corp | Valve seat insert ring and its manufacturing |
| DE3528526A1 (en) * | 1985-08-08 | 1987-02-19 | Kloeckner Humboldt Deutz Ag | Reciprocating-piston internal combustion engine |
| JPH07279627A (en) * | 1994-04-07 | 1995-10-27 | Yamaha Motor Co Ltd | Press-in type valve seat |
| CN1704563A (en) * | 2004-06-02 | 2005-12-07 | 曼·B及W柴油机公开股份有限公司 | Cool seat ring |
| CN104428500A (en) * | 2012-07-04 | 2015-03-18 | 布莱史塔生产有限两合公司 | Highly thermally conductive valve seat ring |
Family Cites Families (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS5844410U (en) * | 1981-09-07 | 1983-03-25 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | Valve seats for internal combustion engines |
| JPS61104048A (en) * | 1984-10-24 | 1986-05-22 | Toyota Motor Corp | Sliding member and manufacture thereof |
| DE10255447A1 (en) | 2002-11-28 | 2004-06-24 | Daimlerchrysler Ag | Valve seat and method for producing a valve seat |
| DE102011007140A1 (en) | 2011-04-11 | 2012-10-11 | Man Diesel & Turbo Se | Valve seat ring for a gas exchange valve of internal combustion engine, has a flow-through opening defining the base body, where valve seat is formed at section of base body in area of through-flow opening, |
| KR102199856B1 (en) | 2014-07-30 | 2021-01-11 | 두산인프라코어 주식회사 | A valve seat |
-
2017
- 2017-02-09 DE DE102017102544.8A patent/DE102017102544A1/en not_active Withdrawn
-
2018
- 2018-01-18 CH CH00058/18A patent/CH713420A2/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2018-02-06 KR KR1020180014486A patent/KR20180092858A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2018-02-08 JP JP2018020767A patent/JP2018128019A/en active Pending
- 2018-02-09 CN CN201810134030.XA patent/CN108412570A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS56121810A (en) * | 1980-03-01 | 1981-09-24 | Riken Corp | Valve seat insert ring and its manufacturing |
| DE3528526A1 (en) * | 1985-08-08 | 1987-02-19 | Kloeckner Humboldt Deutz Ag | Reciprocating-piston internal combustion engine |
| JPH07279627A (en) * | 1994-04-07 | 1995-10-27 | Yamaha Motor Co Ltd | Press-in type valve seat |
| CN1704563A (en) * | 2004-06-02 | 2005-12-07 | 曼·B及W柴油机公开股份有限公司 | Cool seat ring |
| CN104428500A (en) * | 2012-07-04 | 2015-03-18 | 布莱史塔生产有限两合公司 | Highly thermally conductive valve seat ring |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN114183268A (en) * | 2020-09-15 | 2022-03-15 | 通用汽车环球科技运作有限责任公司 | Cylinder head valve seat with high thermal conductivity and multi-material cross-section |
| CN114183268B (en) * | 2020-09-15 | 2023-10-27 | 通用汽车环球科技运作有限责任公司 | Cylinder head valve seat with high thermal conductivity and multi-material cross section |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| KR20180092858A (en) | 2018-08-20 |
| DE102017102544A1 (en) | 2018-08-09 |
| JP2018128019A (en) | 2018-08-16 |
| CH713420A2 (en) | 2018-08-15 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| CB02 | Change of applicant information | ||
| CB02 | Change of applicant information |
Address after: Augsburg Applicant after: Mann Energy Solutions Ltd. Address before: Augsburg Applicant before: Man Diesel & Turbo SE |
|
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| WD01 | Invention patent application deemed withdrawn after publication | ||
| WD01 | Invention patent application deemed withdrawn after publication |
Application publication date: 20180817 |