CN108397270B - 用于运行用于废气净化设备的加热元件的装置和方法 - Google Patents

用于运行用于废气净化设备的加热元件的装置和方法 Download PDF

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CN108397270B
CN108397270B CN201810117210.7A CN201810117210A CN108397270B CN 108397270 B CN108397270 B CN 108397270B CN 201810117210 A CN201810117210 A CN 201810117210A CN 108397270 B CN108397270 B CN 108397270B
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P.泽曼
F.莫尔登豪尔
H.克莱因克内希特
M.柴诺伊克斯
M.施瓦茨
T.布勒斯特尔
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Robert Bosch GmbH
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种用于确定具有正温度系数电阻特性(PTC)的加热元件的当前温度的方法，利用该加热元件能够加热用于净化内燃机的废气中的氮氧化物的尿素水溶液。根据本发明能够设置：由加热元件的最小电阻与参考加热元件的最小电阻的商来确定校正因子；将在所述加热元件的当前温度下所确定的电阻与所述校正因子相乘；并且由所述校正的电阻值和所述参考加热元件的电阻的温度相关性来确定所述加热元件的当前温度。根据本发明的方法实现了对加热元件的温度的更准确的确定和调节。

Description

用于运行用于废气净化设备的加热元件的装置和方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于确定具有正温度系数电阻特性(PTC)的加热元件的当前温度的方法，利用该加热元件能够加热用于净化内燃机的废气中的氮氧化物的尿素水溶液。
此外，本发明涉及一种用于确定具有正温度系数电阻特性（PTC）的加热元件的当前温度的装置，该加热元件加热用于净化内燃机的废气中的氮氧化物的尿素水溶液，并且其中在用于该加热元件的控制器中存储了参考加热元件的电阻的温度相关性。
背景技术
用于使内燃机的废气脱硝（Entstickung）的废气净化系统使用尿素水溶液，该尿素水溶液在用于选择性催化还原的催化器（SCR-催化器）之前配量到废气中。尿素水溶液（“Ad-Blue”）在低于-11℃的温度下冻结，并且因此必须在低温的环境条件下被加热。冷冻的溶液会膨胀并且能够损坏配量系统。此外，冷冻的溶液不能被配量，并且废气会含有不允许的、较高值的氮氧化物。为了加热尿素水溶液由于其自身安全性使用具有正温度系数电阻特性的加热元件（PTC-加热器，正温度系数）。从材料相关的转换温度起，加热元件的电阻随着温度的增加而强烈增加，并且因此在恒定的运行电压下降低加热功率，从而基本上不能够超过该转换温度。根据所需的加热功率，加热元件能够由多个并联的PTC加热元件组成。即使在未被尿素水溶液覆盖的加热元件的情况下，通过PTC特性阻止的是：由于减少的热量输出而过于剧烈地加热所述加热元件。对于解冻（Auftauen）尿素水溶液，需要比PTC加热元件的转换温度低得多的温度。因此期望的是，实现对加热元件和尿素水溶液的温度的调节和限制，而不需要额外的温度传感器。
文献DE 10 2013 108 501 A1描述了用于制造具有电PTC加热部的输送模块的方法，用于安装在料箱（Tank）中并且用于储存液态添加剂的方法，所述方法至少包括以下步骤：
a）确定提供给输送器模块的最大电功率，
b）确定所述输送模块从电PTC加热部的位置到所述料箱中的导热能力，
c）由最大电功率和导热能力计算PTC加热部的转换温度，和
d）将用于PTC加热部的、具有相应的转换温度的PTC材料安装在该位置上。
在DE 10 2013 108 501 A1中确定了PTC加热元件的工作温度，所述工作温度在预先给定的所期望的加热功率的情况下被达到。作为用于加热元件的材料，选择了具有与工作温度相对应的转换温度的PTC材料。由此，由加热部吸收的功率被限制到期望的数值上。
文献DE 10 2012 110 985 B4公开了一种用于确定位于料箱中的还原剂的温度范围的方法，所述还原剂用于具有内燃机的机动车的废气后处理系统，该方法包括以下方法步骤：
a.)检测所述料箱的温度（TT），
b.)检测所述机动车的环境温度（TU），
c.)检测所述料箱的温度（TD）与所述机动车的环境温度的差，
d.)借助于在步骤a）至c）中检测的温度来确定位于所述料箱中的还原剂的温度（TR），和
e.)存储在步骤a）至d）中检测或确定的温度,和
f.)在预定义的时间段之后重复步骤a）至e）。
还原剂的温度针对其对于废气后处理的最佳配量来确定。
文献DE 10 2010 038 361 A1公开了一种用于测量介质温度的方法，其中所述介质与至少一加热装置（18）接触，并且该加热装置（18）具有至少一个PTC元件，所述方法包括以下方法步骤：
- 检测在加热装置（18）的运行期间表征在PTC元件上的电流和/或电压和/或电阻的至少一个量，
- 由检测的数值形成至少一个电导值，
- 由与时间相关的电导值形成至少一个预测器（100；200）,和
- 评估所述至少一个预测器（100；200）以推断所述介质的温度。
在该文献中提到,由加热装置的电导值能够推断出将其包围的介质的温度。因此，也能够从所述加热元件的电阻推断其温度，该温度在很大程度上对应于周围介质的温度。
然而，具有PTC特性的加热元件经受制造公差，由此其电阻与其温度之间的关系也经受公差。
因此本发明的任务是提供一种方法和一种装置,该方法和装置用于更精确地调节和限制在加热装置中的加热元件的温度，该加热装置用于下述液体，该液体用于使内燃机的废气脱硝。
发明内容
本发明的、涉及所述方法的任务通过以下方式解决：由加热元件的最小电阻与参考加热元件的最小电阻的商来形成校正因子；将在加热元件的当前温度下所确定的电阻与所述校正因子相乘；并且由校正的电阻值和参考加热元件的电阻的温度相关性来确定该加热元件的当前温度。通过校正制造散射（Fertigungsstreuungen）对加热元件的电阻的影响，能够更精确地确定加热元件的温度。由此能够改善温度的调节和限制。温度的限制和调节不仅能够到PTC加热元件的转换温度上，还能够到另一个较低的温度上。
如果在确定加热元件的电阻时减去引入电缆的电缆电阻，则能够更精确地确定加热元件的电阻，并且由此更精确地确定加热元件的当前温度。 PTC加热元件是相对低电阻的，从而使得引入电缆的电缆电阻能够歪曲加热元件的电阻的真实数值。
本发明的、涉及所述装置的任务通过以下方式解决，即在控制器中存在下述电路或程序流程：所述电路或程序流程用于由加热元件的最小电阻与参考加热元件的最小电阻的商来确定校正因子；用于将在所述加热元件的当前温度下所确定的电阻与所述校正因子相乘；并且用于由所述校正的电阻值和所述参考加热元件的电阻的温度相关性来确定当前温度。如果所述控制器如此设置，使得加热元件的温度被调节和/或被限制到比其转换温度更低的数值上，则能够改善其使用寿命。即使在加热元件没有被尿素水溶液覆盖的情况下，也能够避免温度升高。
附图说明
下面借助于在附图中示出的实施例来对本发明进行详细解释。其中:
图1 示出了PTC加热元件的电阻曲线图。
具体实施方式
图1示出了用于加热元件的电阻曲线图10，该加热元件利用正温度系数电阻（PTCpositive temperature coefficient）加热，该加热元件用于下述尿素水溶液：该尿素水溶液用于使内燃机的废气脱硝。这种加热元件是必需的，因为尿素水溶液在-11℃时冻结，并且于是不能再配量到废气通道中。此外，冻结的尿素水溶液膨胀，并且能够损坏配量系统。PTC加热元件的电阻曲线12沿着电阻轴11和温度轴15在电阻曲线图10中绘出。电阻沿着电阻轴11以对数方式绘制。在低温时，电阻低并且从转换温度16开始急剧上升。转换温度16取决于PTC的材料。由于电阻从转换温度16起增加，在加热元件的恒定运行电压下加热功率降低，从而一温度出现在转换温度16的范围中。由于制造公差，批量生产的实际的加热元件的电阻曲线处于下部的公差带13和上部的公差带14之间的范围内。电阻曲线12因此表示参考加热元件的电阻的温度相关性。在考虑批量生产的公差时，在系统的平衡状态下出现的温度同样也带有（behaftet）并且处于围绕转换温度16的公差范围内。
在用于除硝系统的加热部（Heizung）的运行期间，远低于转换温度16的温度就足够了。因此确定加热元件的电阻，并由这个电阻确定加热元件的温度。在解冻和加热尿素水溶液期间，只要加热元件的温度不超过最大允许的温度，则能够输出最大可能的加热功率（该加热功率表示安全的运行）。由于制造公差，所述温度确定会带有公差。因此根据本发明如此设置，对于装入所述系统中的个别的（individuell）加热元件确定最小电阻值Rmin,HE，至于参考加热元件的最小电阻Rmin,Ku则由所述电阻曲线12来设置。这样形成的
校正因子：K = Rmin,HE / Rmin,Ref
被用于校正在个别加热元件上确定的电阻值。由此改善了对加热元件的当前温度的确定，并且由此也改善了温度控制和温度限制。

Claims (3)

1.用于确定具有正温度系数电阻特性PTC的加热元件的当前温度的方法，利用所述加热元件能够加热用于净化内燃机的废气中的氮氧化物的尿素水溶液，其特征在于：由所述加热元件的最小电阻与参考加热元件的最小电阻的商形成校正因子；将在所述加热元件的当前温度下确定的电阻与所述校正因子相乘；并且由校正的电阻值和所述参考加热元件的电阻的温度相关性确定所述加热元件的当前温度。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，在确定所述加热元件的电阻时，减去引入电缆的电缆电阻。
3.用于确定具有正温度系数电阻特性PTC的加热元件的当前温度的装置，所述加热元件加热用于净化内燃机的废气中的氮氧化物的尿素水溶液，并且其中在用于所述加热元件的控制器中存储了参考加热元件的电阻的温度相关性，其特征在于，在所述控制器中存在电路或程序流程，所述电路或程序流程用于由加热元件的最小电阻与参考加热元件的最小电阻的商来确定校正因子；所述电路或程序流程还用于将在所述加热元件的当前温度下所确定的电阻与所述校正因子相乘；并且所述电路或程序流程还用于由校正的电阻值和所述参考加热元件的电阻的温度相关性来确定当前温度。
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