CN108389480B - Elastic sphere collision experiment instrument - Google Patents
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- CN108389480B CN108389480B CN201810479147.1A CN201810479147A CN108389480B CN 108389480 B CN108389480 B CN 108389480B CN 201810479147 A CN201810479147 A CN 201810479147A CN 108389480 B CN108389480 B CN 108389480B
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Abstract
The invention relates to a novel elastic sphere collision experiment instrument, which comprises: the device comprises a base, a supporting side wall, a protractor, a slideway, an experiment plane rotating handle and an elastic sphere; the upper ends of the supporting side walls on the two sides are firmly connected with the protractor, a graduated scale is arranged on the inner ring of the protractor, a slide way is arranged on the outer ring of the protractor, an experiment plane sliding shaft is arranged in the slide way and is locked with the slide way through an experiment plane sliding shaft fixing screw, and the experiment plane sliding shaft is connected with an experiment plane; the protractor center is equipped with experiment plane rotation axle sleeve, and experiment plane upper end is equipped with experiment plane axis of rotation, and experiment plane axis of rotation rotates in being connected to the experiment plane rotation axle sleeve in the protractor center. The beneficial effects of the invention are as follows: the invention can realize the elastic collision experiment of the elastic ball body on the vertical plane, and can also enable the elastic ball body to carry out the elastic collision experiment by rotating the rotating plane to different angles.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to an experimental instrument, in particular to an elastic sphere collision experimental instrument.
Background
Momentum is an important concept in university physical teaching, momentum is the product of the mass of an object and the speed of a moving object, and momentum conservation is an important experiment in university physical teaching when an object group is not subjected to external force and two momentums of the object group in any two states are equal, so that how to verify the momentum conservation is also an important experiment in university physical teaching; the traditional test for verifying conservation of momentum is not limited to two types of elastic collision testers: firstly, two elastic objects on a horizontal plane collide, two objects with identical mass are impacted, a moving object collides with a static object, the moving object completely transfers own momentum to the static object, the moving object is static, and the original static object obtains the same momentum and moves; secondly, a plurality of elastic balls with equal mass are tied by adopting a plurality of ropes, the elastic balls are hung on a cross beam one by one, the lengths of the ropes are adjusted to ensure that the balls are different in equal height, the distance between the ropes is just equal to the diameter of the balls, one ball and the ropes are straightened on the same plane as the other ropes in the experiment, a larger angle is formed between the two balls and the original position, then hands are loosened, the balls do circular motion, when the balls reach the lowest point, the first ball can completely transfer momentum to the second ball, the second ball can transfer to the third ball, and the like until the last ball is transferred, and the last ball can rise to the same height as the first ball; both of the above experimental instruments were used to demonstrate the law of conservation of momentum. However, if the law of conservation of momentum of two elastic spheres of identical mass on any inclined slope is still satisfied, there is no experimental instrument so far that two elastic spheres of identical mass are pulled by a wire on any inclined slope to collide with the experimental instrument.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects in the prior art and provides an elastic sphere collision experiment instrument.
This kind of elasticity spheroid collision experiment appearance includes: the device comprises a base, a supporting side wall, a protractor, a slideway, an experiment plane rotating handle and an elastic sphere; the upper ends of the supporting side walls on the two sides are firmly connected with the protractor, a graduated scale is arranged on the inner ring of the protractor, a slide way is arranged on the outer ring of the protractor, an experiment plane sliding shaft is arranged in the slide way and is locked with the slide way through an experiment plane sliding shaft fixing screw, and the experiment plane sliding shaft is connected with an experiment plane; the center of the protractor is provided with an experiment plane rotating shaft sleeve, the upper end of the experiment plane is provided with an experiment plane rotating shaft, and the experiment plane rotating shaft is rotationally connected into the experiment plane rotating shaft sleeve of the center of the protractor; an experiment plane rotating handle is arranged in the middle of the rear end of the experiment plane; the elastic ball adopts a ball lead and is fixedly screwed on a ball lead fixed length-adjusting threaded hollow screw hole on the experimental plane rotating shaft through a ball lead fixed length-adjusting threaded hollow screw.
As preferable: the experimental plane rotating handle is fixedly connected with the experimental plane through a rotating handle and an experimental plane fixing edge, and the experimental plane rotating handle and the rotating handle are reinforced through an experimental plane fixing handle firm ring.
As preferable: the lower end of the sphere lead fixed length-adjusting threaded hollow screw is provided with a thin lead perforation at the lower end of the adjusting screw, and the upper end is provided with a special thick hole for placing a coil with a rough length for adjusting the lead.
As preferable: the middle of the rough adjustment lead length winding coil is a winding coil, two ends are concentric circular sheets with the radius larger than that of the winding coil, the lower end of the rough adjustment lead length winding coil is a circular sheet, the edge of the rough adjustment lead length winding coil is provided with equidistant rough adjustment lead length winding coil clamping grooves, the upper end of the rough adjustment lead length winding coil is a holding end of the rough adjustment winding coil, and the rough adjustment lead length winding coil is cylindrical and protrudes out of the upper surface of the sphere lead fixed length adjustment threaded hollow screw.
As preferable: the lower part of the elastic sphere is provided with a thick lead eyelet, the upper part of the elastic sphere is provided with a thin lead eyelet, and the center of the sphere is arranged between the thick lead eyelet and the thin lead eyelet.
The beneficial effects of the invention are as follows:
1. the invention can realize the elastic collision experiment of the elastic ball body on the vertical plane, and can also enable the elastic ball body to carry out the elastic collision experiment by rotating the rotating plane to different angles.
2. In order to realize collision experiments of elastic spheres at any angle, the invention adopts the protractor to measure the rotating angle of the inclined plane, and the precision of the angle gauge reaches 30 minutes.
3. In order to realize the frontal collision of the elastic sphere, the invention designs a method for punching holes on the rotating shaft of the experimental plane in the direction parallel to the experimental plane and adjusting the length of the lead by adopting a hollow screw with fixed length adjusting threads for the lead of the sphere.
4. The invention adopts the hand-held handle structure to rotate the experimental plane to change the inclination angle of the experimental plane, thereby being convenient for realizing the frontal collision of the elastic spheres on different inclined planes.
5. According to the invention, the grid diagram is drawn on the experimental plane, so that the positions of the elastic ball before and after collision can be observed more clearly.
6. The invention adopts the bolt ball technique of punching with unique diameter of elastic ball, the center is the boundary, the upper part is thin, the lower part is thick, the lead wire is penetrated from the lower end to the upper end and is penetrated out, and the middle is blocked after knotting.
7. The invention adopts the unique structure of the sphere lead fixed length-adjusting thread hollow screw, coarse adjustment is carried out on the lead through roughly adjusting the length winding coil of the lead, and fine adjustment is carried out by adopting the whole up-down screw of the sphere lead fixed length-adjusting thread hollow screw, thus the invention has the characteristics of innovation and creativity.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the overall structure of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a side view of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a front view of an experimental planar rotary protractor;
FIG. 4 is a side view of the handle, experimental plane, and sphere suspension connection;
FIG. 5 is a schematic view of an experimental plane, a rotating shaft and a sphere lead fixed length-adjusting threaded hollow screw hole;
FIG. 6 is a schematic view of a ball lead fixed length adjustment threaded cannulated screw;
FIG. 7 is a front view of a resilient ball and a wire passing hole;
FIG. 8 is a front view of an experimental planar grid;
FIG. 9 is a vertical frontal view of the elastic sphere;
FIG. 10 is a perspective view of the rotation angle θ of the experimental instrument;
FIG. 11 shows the rotation angle θ of the experimental instrument and the rotation of the sphere in a direction parallel to the planeAn angular perspective view.
Reference numerals illustrate: 1. the device comprises a base, 2, a supporting side wall, 3, a protractor, 3-1, a graduated scale, 4, a slideway, 5, an experiment plane sliding shaft, 6, an experiment plane sliding shaft fixing screw, 7, an experiment plane rotating shaft sleeve, 8, an experiment plane, 8-1, an experiment plane rotating shaft, 8-2, a sphere lead fixed length adjusting threaded hollow screw hole, 9, an experiment plane rotating handle, 9-1 experiment plane fixed handle firm rings, 9-2, a rotating handle and experiment plane fixed edge, 10, an elastic sphere, 10-1, a sphere lead, 10-2, a sphere lead fixed length adjusting threaded hollow screw, 10-21, an adjusting screw lower end fine lead perforation, 10-22, a rough adjusting lead long and short coil, 10-23, a rough adjusting lead long and short coil clamping groove, 10-24, a rough adjusting coil holding end, 10-3, a lead rough eye hole, 10-4, a sphere center, 10-5 and a lead fine eye hole.
Detailed Description
The invention is further described below with reference to examples. The following examples are presented only to aid in the understanding of the invention. It should be noted that it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and adaptations of the invention can be made without departing from the principles of the invention and these modifications and adaptations are intended to be within the scope of the invention as defined in the following claims.
As shown in fig. 1 to 5, the elastic sphere collision experiment instrument is characterized in that two equally large supporting side walls 2 are vertically fixed on two sides of a base 1, the upper ends of the supporting side walls 2 on two sides are respectively and firmly connected with a protractor 3, a graduated scale 3-1 for measuring angles is arranged on the inner ring of the protractor 3, an experiment plane sliding shaft 5 and a slideway 4 are arranged on the outer ring of the protractor 3, the experiment plane sliding shaft 5 slides and rotates along with an experiment plane 8 in the slideway 4, and after the rotation angle of the experiment plane 8 is determined, the experiment plane sliding shaft 5 and the slideway 4 are firmly locked by adopting an experiment plane sliding shaft fixing screw 6; an experiment plane rotating shaft sleeve 7 for rotating an experiment plane 8 is arranged in the center of the protractor 3, an experiment plane rotating shaft 8-1 with a rotating angle (right angle) is arranged at the upper end of the experiment plane 8, the experiment plane rotating shaft 8-1 is rotationally connected into the experiment plane rotating shaft sleeve 7 in the center of the protractor 3, the experiment plane 8 can continuously rotate around the experiment plane rotating shaft sleeve 7 of the protractor 3, an experiment plane rotating handle 9 is arranged in the middle of the rear end of the experiment plane 8, the experiment plane rotating handle 9 is fixedly connected with the experiment plane 8 through a rotating handle and an experiment plane fixing edge 9-2, and the experiment plane rotating handle 9 and the rotating handle are reinforced through an experiment plane fixing handle fixing ring 9-1; the elastic ball 10 adopts a ball lead 10-1 and is screwed on a ball lead fixed length adjusting threaded hollow screw hole 8-2 on the experimental plane rotating shaft 8-1 through a ball lead fixed length adjusting threaded hollow screw 10-2, and the ball lead fixed length adjusting threaded hollow screw 10-2 can adjust the length of the ball lead 10-1 so that the elastic ball 10 is at the same height.
As shown in FIG. 6, the spherical lead fixed length-adjusting threaded hollow screw 10-2 has a small lead perforation 10-21 at the lower end of the adjusting screw, an extra-large hole at the upper end for placing the rough adjusting lead length-adjusting coil 10-22, a middle winding of the rough adjusting lead length-adjusting coil 10-22, concentric discs with the radius larger than that of the winding coil at both ends, a circular sheet at the lower end, equidistant rough adjusting lead length-adjusting coil clamping grooves 10-23 at the edge for clamping wires, and a holding end 10-24 at the upper end of the rough adjusting coil, which is cylindrical and protrudes out of the upper surface of the spherical lead fixed length-adjusting threaded hollow screw 10-2, so as to facilitate the convenient winding by grasping and pulling by hand.
As shown in fig. 1, 2, 4, 5, 6 and 7, a ball lead 10-1 is threaded from a thick lead eyelet 10-3 at the lower end of an elastic ball 10 and passes through a thin lead eyelet 10-5, the lower end of the ball lead 10-1 is knotted in a rough lead eyelet 10-23 of the thin lead eyelet 10-5 and is blocked at the ball center 10-4 between the thick lead eyelet 10-3 and the thin lead eyelet 10-5, the upper end of the ball lead 10-1 is threaded from the lead eyelet, then the ball lead is threaded through a through hole 10-21 at the lower end of an adjusting screw of a ball lead fixed-length adjusting screw 10-2, and is wound on a spherical body 10-22 with a proper length after the ball lead 10-1 is clamped in a rough adjusting lead length eyelet neck 10-23 of the spherical body 10-22, the spherical body lead fixed-length adjusting screw 10-2 is placed in a corresponding position of the ball lead fixed-length adjusting screw, the ball lead fixed-2 is mounted on a spherical body rotary shaft 8-2 with a proper length corresponding to the spherical body fixed-2, and the spherical lead is screwed down-2 with the spherical body fixed-2 with a hollow spherical body fixed-2 screw fixed-2, and the spherical lead 10-2 is screwed down in a hollow spherical body fixed-2-fixed-threaded hollow body fixed-2 is mounted on the spherical body 10-2 with a hollow spherical body fixed-2-threaded hollow screw fixed-2, and the spherical body fixed-threaded hollow screw is fixed 2 is screwed with a spherical body fixed 2.
Experimental steps and methods:
1. vertical complete elastic sphere collision experiment
(1) The experimental plane rotating handle 9 is grasped by hands and rotated by a small angle in the anticlockwise direction so as not to cause the elastic sphere 10 to move to collide with the experimental plane 8, and the experimental plane sliding shaft 5 and the slideway 4 are fixed together by the experimental plane sliding shaft fixing screw 6, as shown in figure 1;
(2) The elastic ball a is grasped by hands to straighten the lead wire, the lead wire rotates along anticlockwise phi, then the lead wire is released, the elastic ball a performs circular motion, the lead wire reaches the normal position to be in direct collision with the elastic ball b, then the elastic ball b collides with the elastic ball c, the elastic ball c collides with the elastic ball d, the elastic ball d collides with the elastic ball e, the elastic ball e collides with the elastic ball f, the elastic ball f collides with the elastic ball j, if the elastic ball collision process has no energy loss, the elastic ball j can obtain the same velocity v as the elastic ball a after collision as shown in the formula (5), the conservation of momentum j ＝v a Finally, the rising height of the elastic sphere j is the same as the lifting position of the elastic sphere a, namely, the lead angle between the lead and the original position of the elastic sphere j reaching the highest position is also phi, as shown in fig. 9.
2. Full elastic collision experiment in the tilting direction
(1) The experimental plane rotating handle 9 is grasped by hands to rotate clockwise by theta, and the experimental plane sliding shaft 5 and the slideway 4 are fixed together by the experimental plane sliding shaft fixing screw 6, as shown in figures 1, 2 and 10;
(2) The elastic ball a is grasped by hand to straighten the lead wire, the lead wire rotates anticlockwise by phi, then is released, and the elastic ball can recover under the restoring force F at the moment 1 Under the action, do circular motion;
(3) When the elastic ball a arrives at the original position, the elastic ball b collides with the elastic ball c, the elastic ball c collides with the elastic ball d, the elastic ball d collides with the elastic ball e, the elastic ball e collides with the elastic ball f, the elastic ball f collides with the elastic ball j, if the collision process of the elastic balls has no energy loss, the elastic ball j can obtain the same velocity v as the elastic ball a after collision by (5) conservation of momentum j ＝v a Finally, the rising height of the elastic sphere j is the same as the lifting position of the elastic sphere a, namely, the lead angle between the lead and the original position of the elastic sphere j reaching the highest position is also phi, as shown in fig. 11.
Experimental principle:
defined according to the law of conservation of momentum: if a certain mechanical system is not subjected to external force or the vector sum of the external force is zero, the total momentum of the system is kept unchanged. If the mass m of the first elastic sphere 1 The speeds before and after collision are v 1 、v′ 1 Mass m of second elastic sphere 2 The speeds before and after collision are v 2 、v′ 2 According to the law of conservation of momentum
m 1 v 1 +m 2 v 2 ＝m 1 v′ 1 +m′ 2 ......(1)
Since the collision process is a complete elastic collision, the mechanical energy is conserved
Solving (1) and (2) to obtain
If the two elastic spheres have the same mass, the second elastic sphere is stationary before collision, m 1 ＝m 2 ，v 2 =0, then the formula (3), (4) can be: v' 1 ＝0，v′ 2 ＝v 1 . That is, when two elastic spheres with identical mass collide one moving sphere with the other stationary sphere, the moving sphere is stationary, and the original stationary sphere can obtain the same speed as the original moving sphere to move along the moving direction of the original sphere.
Experiment one: vertical complete elastic sphere collision experiment
And (3) a complete elastic collision experiment in the vertical direction, namely, observing whether the last elastic ball j is collided and lifted to the same height as the original elastic ball a or not under the condition that the included angle between the ball lead and the vertical plane is 0 DEG, namely, whether the initial lifting position of the elastic ball a is the same as the highest point position of the elastic ball j or not.
The mass of the ball a, b, c, d, e, f, j is m a 、m b 、m c 、m d 、m e 、m f 、m j And (2) and
m a ＝m b ＝m c ＝m d ＝m e ＝m f ＝m j ......(5)
if the elastic ball a is pulled up and the lead wire of the elastic ball a is phi with the original vertical direction, the elastic ball a falls to the lowest point velocity v after being released a The elastic ball b collides with the elastic ball b, the elastic ball c collides with the elastic ball d, the elastic ball d collides with the elastic ball e, the elastic ball e collides with the elastic ball f, the elastic ball f collides with the elastic ball j, if the collision process of the elastic balls has no energy loss, the elastic ball j can obtain the same velocity v as the ball a after collision by (5) conservation of momentum j ＝v a And finally, the rising height of the elastic sphere j is the same as the initial lifting position of the elastic sphere a, namely, the included angle between the lead wire of the elastic sphere j and the vertical original direction is phi. Such a result is observed through experimental demonstration.
Experiment two, complete elastic Collision experiment in oblique direction
If the experimental plane rotates by an angle theta, namely an included angle theta between the plane where the elastic ball leads are located and the vertical plane, then the elastic ball a is grasped by hands to straighten the leads and rotate by phi along the direction parallel to the experimental plane, at the moment, the elastic ball a is placed on the inclined plane, and the situation of stress analysis of the elastic ball a is carried out, as shown in fig. 11, the gravity m of the elastic ball vertically downwards a g, the lead wire pulls the elastic ball body along the direction of the lead wire, and the inclined plane pulls the elastic ball body upwards, namely the elastic ball body has the upward elasticity N
N＝mg sinθ......(6)
f＝mgcosθcosφ(7)
Gravity can be decomposed into positive pressure, namely the elasticity N '=mgsinθ of the sphere to the inclined plane, wherein N' and N are acting force and reacting force; the sliding force F=mgcos θ along the inclined plane, which can be decomposed into two forces, respectively recovering F 1 Reaction force F to wire ball pulling force F (in tangential direction) 2 I.e.
At restoring forceUnder the action, the elastic sphere a moves circularly to the original position to collide with the elastic sphere b, then the elastic sphere b collides with the elastic sphere c, the elastic sphere c collides with the elastic sphere d, the elastic sphere d collides with the elastic sphere e, the elastic sphere e collides with the elastic sphere f, the elastic sphere f collides with the elastic sphere j, if the energy loss of each elastic sphere is not generated in the collision process, the elastic sphere j can obtain the same velocity v as the sphere a after collision due to the conservation of (5) and momentum j ＝v a Finally, the rising height of the elastic sphere j is the same as the initial lifting height of the elastic sphere a, namely the included angle between the lead wire of the elastic sphere j and the original position (along the gradient direction of the inclined plane) is still phi. Such a result is observed through experimental demonstration.
Claims (2)
1. An elastic sphere collision experiment instrument, comprising: the device comprises a base (1), a supporting side wall (2), a protractor (3), a slideway (4), an experiment plane (8), an experiment plane rotating handle (9) and an elastic sphere (10); support side walls (2) are vertically fixed on two sides of the base (1), the upper ends of the support side walls (2) on two sides are firmly connected with the protractor (3), a graduated scale (3-1) is arranged on the inner ring of the protractor (3), a slide way (4) is arranged on the outer ring of the protractor (3), an experiment plane slide shaft (5) is arranged in the slide way (4), the experiment plane slide shaft (5) is locked with the slide way (4) through an experiment plane slide shaft fixing screw (6), and the experiment plane slide shaft (5) is connected with an experiment plane (8); an experimental plane rotating shaft sleeve (7) is arranged at the center of the protractor (3), an experimental plane rotating shaft (8-1) is arranged at the upper end of the experimental plane (8), and the experimental plane rotating shaft (8-1) is rotationally connected into the experimental plane rotating shaft sleeve (7) at the center of the protractor (3); an experiment plane rotating handle (9) is arranged at the middle of the rear end of the experiment plane (8); the elastic ball (10) adopts a ball lead (10-1) and is screwed on a ball lead fixed length-adjusting threaded hollow screw hole (8-2) on the experimental plane rotating shaft (8-1) through a ball lead fixed length-adjusting threaded hollow screw (10-2); the lower end of the sphere lead fixed length-adjusting thread hollow screw (10-2) is provided with a thin lead perforation (10-21) at the lower end of the adjusting screw, and the upper end is provided with an extra-thick hole for placing a winding coil (10-22) for roughly adjusting the length of the lead; the middle of the rough adjustment lead length winding coil (10-22) is a winding coil, two ends are concentric circular sheets with the radius larger than that of the winding coil, the lower end of the rough adjustment lead length winding coil (10-22) is a circular sheet, the edge of the rough adjustment lead length winding coil is provided with equidistant rough adjustment lead length winding coil clamping grooves (10-23), the upper end of the rough adjustment lead length winding coil (10-22) is a rough adjustment winding coil holding end (10-24) which is cylindrical and protrudes out of the upper surface of the sphere lead fixed length adjustment thread hollow screw (10-2); the lower part of the elastic ball body (10) is provided with a lead thick eyelet (10-3), the upper part of the elastic ball body is provided with a lead thin eyelet (10-5), and a ball center (10-4) is arranged between the lead thick eyelet (10-3) and the lead thin eyelet (10-5); the surface of the experimental plane (8) is provided with a grid pattern.
2. The elastic sphere collision experiment apparatus according to claim 1, wherein: the experimental plane rotating handle (9) is fixedly connected with the experimental plane fixing edge (9-2) and the experimental plane (8) through the rotating handle, and the experimental plane rotating handle (9) and the rotating handle are reinforced with the experimental plane fixing edge (9-2) through the experimental plane fixing handle firm ring (9-1).
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